31 results on '"Pawling, R."'
Search Results
2. Ship impact model for technical assessment and selection of Carbon dioxide Reducing Technologies (CRTs)
- Author
-
Calleya, J., Pawling, R., and Greig, A.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Considerations For Future Fuels in Naval Vessels
- Author
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null Pawling, R, null Bucknall, R, and null Greig, A
- Published
- 2022
4. SEMI-AUTOMATIC DISTRIBUTED SHIP SERVICE SYSTEMS ROUTING FRAMEWORK FOR SUBMARINE EARLY-STAGE DESIGN
- Author
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Mukti, M H, primary, Pawling, R J, additional, and Andrews, D J, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. THE ZOOM YEARS: UCL MSC STUDENT WARSHIP DESIGNS THROUGH THE PANDEMIC
- Author
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Pawling, R J, primary
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF FUTURE ALTERNATIVE FUELS ON NAVAL VESSELS
- Author
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Pawling, R J, primary
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. DESIGN FOR AN ALL-ELECTRIC DESIGN FOR SUPPORT IN INITIAL DESIGN USING THE NETWORK BLOCK APPROACH: A SUBMARINE EXAMPLE
- Author
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Mukti, M H, primary, Pawling, R J, additional, and Andrews, D J, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Distributed Ship Service Systems Architecture in The Early Stages of Designing Physically Large and Complex Vessels: The Submarine Case
- Author
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Mukti, M H, primary, Pawling, R J, additional, and Andrews, D J, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. RENEWABLE: AN INNOVATIVE UCL CONCEPT SUBMARINE DESIGN FOR AN ALL-ELECTRIC BOAT
- Author
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Pawling, R, primary, Dos Santos, J, additional, Yigit Oguz, M, additional, Weatherall, D, additional, and Lango, B, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Pushing the Limit: The Role Less Multirole Warship
- Author
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Pawling, R. J., primary and Bradbeer, N. I. C., additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Studious Ship Design: A Review of UCL MSC Warship Designs
- Author
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Pawling, R. J., primary and Savage, C., additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. The Advanced Technology Corvette - Railgun (ATK-R) Design Study - Future Weapons and Small Ship Power Systems
- Author
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Pawling, R J, primary, Farrier, L, additional, and Bucknall, R, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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13. A positive touch: C-tactile afferent targeted skin stimulation carries an appetitive motivational value
- Author
-
Pawling, R, Trotter, PD, Francis, FP, Walker, SC, Pawling, R, Trotter, PD, Francis, FP, and Walker, SC
- Abstract
The rewarding sensation of touch in affiliative interactions is hypothesised to be underpinned by an un- myelinated system of nerve fibres called C-tactile afferents (CTs). CTs are velocity tuned, responding optimally to slow, gentle touch, typical of a caress. Here we used evaluative conditioning to examine whether CT activation carries a positive affective value. A set of neutral faces were paired with robotically delivered touch to the forearm. With half the faces touch was delivered at a CT optimal velocity of 3 cm/s (CT touch) and with the other half at a faster, non-CT optimal velocity of 30 cm/s (Control touch). Heart-rate and skin conductance responses (SCRs) were recorded throughout. Whilst rated equally approachable pre-conditioning, post-con- ditioning faces paired with CT touch were judged significantly more approachable than those paired with Control touch. CT touch also elicited significantly greater heart-rate deceleration and lower amplitude SCRs than Control touch. The results indicate CT touch carries a positive affective value, which can be acquired by socially relevant stimuli it is associated with.
- Published
- 2017
14. The role of emotion in learning trustworthiness from eye-gaze: Evidence from facial electromyography
- Author
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Manssuer, L.R., Pawling, R., Hayes, A.E., and Tipper, S.P.
- Subjects
InformationSystems_MODELSANDPRINCIPLES ,InformationSystems_INFORMATIONINTERFACESANDPRESENTATION(e.g.,HCI) ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION - Abstract
Gaze direction can be used to rapidly and reflexively lead or mislead others’ attention as to the location of important stimuli. When perception of gaze direction is congruent with the location of a target, responses are faster compared to when incongruent. Faces that consistently gaze congruently are also judged more trustworthy than faces that consistently gaze incongruently. However, it’s unclear how gaze-cues elicit changes in trust. We measured facial electromyography (EMG) during an identity-contingent gaze-cueing task to examine whether embodied emotional reactions to gaze-cues mediate trust learning. Gaze-cueing effects were found to be equivalent regardless of whether participants showed learning of trust in the expected direction or did not. In contrast, we found distinctly different patterns of EMG activity in these two populations. In a further experiment we showed the learning effects were specific to viewing faces, as no changes in liking were detected when viewing arrows that evoked similar attentional orienting responses. These findings implicate embodied emotion in learning trust from identity-contingent gaze-cueing, possibly due to the social value of shared attention or deception rather than domain-general attentional orienting.
- Published
- 2016
15. Ship impact model for technical assessment and selection of Carbon dioxide Reducing Technologies (CRTs)
- Author
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Calleya, J., Pawling, R., and Greig, A.
- Subjects
Abatement measures ,Carbon dioxide reducing technology ,Ship design ,Environmental Engineering ,Ocean Engineering ,Carbon dioxide reducing measure ,Greenhouse gas ,Decision support - Abstract
It is not unreasonable to imagine that the future may herald higher energy prices and greater regulation of shipping׳s Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. With the introduction of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) into MARPOL Annex VI, tools are needed to assist Naval Architects and Marine Engineers to select the best solutions to meet evolving requirements for reduced fuel consumption and associated carbon dioxide emissions. To that end, a concept design tool, the Ship Impact Model (SIM), has been developed for quickly calculating the technical performance of a vessel with one or more Carbon dioxide Reducing Technologies (CRTs) at an early design stage. The underlying basis for this model is the calculation of changes from known ‘baseline ships’. The Ship Impact Model has been used in two projects to assess which selection (individual or combination) of Carbon dioxide Reducing Technologies (CRTs) have the most potential, in terms of cost-effectiveness and under other technical, operational and regulatory influences.
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Pupil Size Changes Influence Lasting Person Perceptions
- Author
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Pawling, R, Wolohan, F, and Tipper, S
- Subjects
genetic structures ,BF ,sense organs ,eye diseases - Abstract
Pupil size changes represent a subtle social cue, often processed outside of conscious awareness. Despite this subtlety, changes in pupil size affect our perceptions of the character and emotions of others. In a series experiments we demonstrated for the first time that pupil size changes are also encoded into long-term memory. In the experiments participants were exposed 51 Poster abstracts to faces whose pupils dilated or constricted. In a subsequent task they were asked to judge the faces for friendliness and interest. Importantly, at this later stage all the faces displayed pupils of the same size. Despite not noticing the pupil size changes in the previous task, participants’ ratings were influenced by whether a face had displayed dilated or constricted pupils. This effect interacted with the gender and trustworthiness of the facial stimuli, and affected participants differently if they had been primed to feel socially excluded. Extending this last finding we present unpublished data examining the influence of loneliness on pupil-memory effects. We found participants who were high in loneliness demonstrated a lack of sensitivity to pupil size changes. Conversely those who were less lonely showed the predicted pup
17. Reestablishment of Ovarian Periodicity After Transplantation to the Syrian Hamster Cheek Pouch.
- Author
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Caldwell, B. V., primary, Pawling, R. S., additional, and Wright, P. A., additional
- Published
- 1966
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Design for support in the initial design of naval combatants
- Author
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Esbati, Syavash, Andrews, D., and Pawling, R.
- Subjects
623.8 - Abstract
The decline of defence budgets coupled with the escalation of warship procurement costs have significantly contributed to fleet downsizing in most major western navies despite little reduction in overall commitments, resulting in extra capability and reliability required per ship. Moreover, the tendency of governments to focus on short-term strategies and expenditure has meant that those aspects of naval ship design that may be difficult to quantify, such as supportability, are often treated as secondary issues and allocated insufficient attention in Early Stage Design. To tackle this, innovation in both the design process and the development of individual ship designs is necessary, especially at the crucial early design stages. Novelty can be achieved thanks to major developments in computer technology and in adopting an architecturally-orientated approach to early stage ship design. The existing technical solutions aimed at addressing supportability largely depend on highly detailed ship design information, thus fail to enable rational supportability assessments in the Concept Phase. This research therefore aimed at addressing the lack of a quantitative supportability evaluation approach applicable to early stage naval ship design. Utilising Decision Analysis, Effectiveness Analysis, and Analytic Hierarchy Process, the proposed approach tackled the difficulty of quantifying certain aspects of supportability in initial ship design and provided a framework to address the issue of inconsistent and often conflicting preferences of decision makers. Since the ship's supportability is considered to be significantly affected by its configuration, the proposed approach utilised the advantages of an architecturally-orientated early stage ship design approach and a new concept design tool developed at University College London. The new tool was used to develop concept level designs of a frigate-sized combatant and a number of variations of it, namely configurational rearrangement with enhancement of certain supportably features, and an alternative ship design style. The design cases were then used to demonstrate the proposed evaluation approach. The overall aim of proposing a quantitative supportability evaluation approach applicable to concept naval ship design was achieved, although several issues and limitations emerged during both the development as well as the implementation of the approach. Through identification of the research limitations, areas for future work aimed at improving the proposal have been proposed.
- Published
- 2018
19. Concept exploration for a novel submarine concept using innovative computer-based research approaches and tools
- Author
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Purton, I. M., Andrews, D. J., and Pawling, R. J.
- Subjects
623.8 - Abstract
The concept of an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) “Mothership” submarine (designated Submersible Ship Host (Nuclear), SSH(N)) has already been explored at UCL using the Design Building Block approach by Pawling and Andrews (2011). This thesis builds upon that study, further investigating the design of a large mother-ship submarine. The incorporation of a novel technology such as UUVs into submarines suggests that the traditional evolutionary approach to concept exploration for new submarine designs is questionable. A novel approach to exploring, within the design solution space, novel SSH(N) concepts has been investigated in this thesis. The significance of incorporating UUVs into submarine design has been explored by conducting an Operational Analysis (OA) of the mix of UUVs required supporting a range of scenarios. This OA gave a coherent justification for a mixed and significant total displacement of UUVs as the main payload for SSH(N)s. A MATLAB computer program, Submarine Preliminary Exploration of Requirements by Blocks (SUPERB), has been produced to generate and assess submarine concept designs. SUPERB also uses a novel generic arrangement approach called, “Compartment X-Listing”, which systematically allocates compartments within the pressure hull and then compares individual concept-level submarine designs to typical existing arrangements. Validation of SUPERB and Compartment X-Listing is presented and discussed using two existing submarine designs and two radical concept design proposals. A novel approach of modifying a nominal Pareto Front representation for complex novel designs called the Notional Pareto Front (NPF) has been used with SUPERB to generate designs and is considered to be an innovation in marine design practice. The NPF approach seeks to bound the solution space and focus concept exploration on a smaller region. This is seen to have the potential to inform an extensive early stage exploration of the design solution space, as a research approach for future concept level investigations, such as for SSH(N)s. Recommendations are made as to how this design approach may be taken forward.
- Published
- 2016
20. Ship design decision support for a carbon dioxide constrained future
- Author
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Calleya, J. N., Greig, A., and Pawling, R.
- Subjects
621 - Abstract
The future may herald higher energy prices and greater regulation of shipping's greenhouse gas emissions. Especially with the introduction of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), tools are needed to assist engineers in selecting the best solutions to meet evolving requirements for reducing fuel consumption and associated carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. To that end, a concept design tool, the Ship Impact Model (SIM), for quickly calculating the technical performance of a ship with different CO₂ reducing technologies at an early design stage has been developed. The basis for this model is the calculation of changes from a known baseline ship and the consideration of profitability as the main incentive for ship owners or operators to invest in technologies that reduce CO₂ emissions. The model and its interface with different technologies (including different energy sources) is flexible to different technology options; having been developed alongside technology reviews and design studies carried out by the partners in two different projects, ``Low Carbon Shipping - A Systems Approach'' majority funded by the RCUK energy programme and ``Energy Technology Institute Heavy Duty Vehicle Efficiency - Marine'' led by Rolls-Royce. The model has been used alongside a wider economic and logistic model of the international shipping system, the focus of which is on large cargo ships engaged in ocean-crossing trade, to potentially advise on regulation and what CO₂ emission reductions are possible from shipping. The Ship Impact Model (SIM) allows a large design space to be explored quickly, incorporating economic considerations at a single ship level and supporting combinations of technologies and design and operational parameters. Whilst considering that comparisons against actual ship data have been limited, the model has a high enough fidelity and accuracy to be used as a decision tool in the selection between different technologies (providing the technologies are adequately described).
- Published
- 2014
21. Emotional Responses in Virtual Reality Environments
- Author
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Baker, C, Fairclough, S, and Pawling, R
- Subjects
BF - Abstract
The use of virtual reality (VR) technology to induce emotional responses has recently become more common in psychological studies. The majority of these studies have been restricted to seated VR experiences where the participant remains in a sedentary position. The purpose of the current thesis is to utilise room-scale VR to increase presence, agency and potency of virtual environments (VE) designed to induce embodied emotional responses. The Evaluative Space Model (ESM) [Cacciopio et. al 2012] was used as the theoretical basis for this programme of research, which was particularly concerned with avoidance responses to negative stimuli, perception of threat and negativity bias. A number of unique VEs were created using Unreal Engine 4 designed to create an illusion of height and the potential for a virtual fall as a source of threat. These VEs were supplemented by additional tracking sensors and an integrated approach to data collection wherein behavioural interactions and movements within the VE were synchronised with ambulatory methods from psychophysiology, e.g. facial electromyography (fEMG), skin conductance level (SCL). The first study (N=20) utilised a VE that requires participants to walk on a wooden plank between the rooftops of two buildings, two versions of the VE were created: sedentary version operated via gamepad controller and a room scale version with natural sensorimotor mappings. The study revealed greater psychophysiological reactivity for the room-scale version of the environment. The second study (N=34) introduced an elaborated room-scale VE where participants must traverse a grid of translucent ice blocks suspended at height in order to reach an end-goal within a physical space of 9m2. This grid contained three types of ice block: solid (low-threat), crack (mid-threat) or fall (high threat). The number of crack and fall blocks were increased over three levels of the VE in order to manipulate threat. The foot movements of participants were tracked as the primary mode of interaction with the VE. The study revealed: (i) higher incidence of risk-averse behaviours as threat increased, (ii) this pattern of behaviour was enhanced for participants with higher levels of trait neuroticism, and (iii) greater reactivity from the corrugator muscle in the period following a two-feet movement. The third study (N=20) represented an extension of study two where a significantly larger version of the ice block VE was created in a physical space of 27m2. In this experiment, the level of threat (i.e. number of crack and fall blocks) was increased, sustained and decreased in order to study adaptation to reduced threat level. In addition, a ‘ground level’ version of the VE was utilised as a control to study the effect of virtual height in isolation. The results of this study revealed: (i) participants adjusted behaviour to increased threat and decreased threat, but only in the presence of virtual height, and (ii) increased activation of zygomaticus during interactions with crack blocks, which suggests this muscle may be associated with a ‘grimace’ response in this context. The final experimental chapter represents a re-analyses of the data from studies 2 and 3 designed to explore individual differences as predictors of risk averse behaviour in response to the threat. These analyses identified trait neuroticism and age as traits that significantly influenced the magnitude of the negativity gradient in response to threat. The implications of the research for studying emotional experiences in VR are discussed.
- Published
- 2021
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22. High frequency heart rate variability is associated with sensitivity to affective touch.
- Author
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Pawling R, McGlone F, and Walker SC
- Subjects
- Humans, Male, Female, Adult, Young Adult, Touch Perception physiology, Affect physiology, Physical Stimulation, Adolescent, Heart Rate physiology, Touch physiology, Electrocardiography
- Abstract
C-tactile afferents (CTs) are a class of unmyelinated, mechanosensitive nerve fibre that respond optimally to skin temperature, slow moving touch typical of a caress. They are hypothesised to signal the rewarding value of affiliative tactile interactions. While CT firing frequency is positively correlated with subjective ratings of touch pleasantness, trait differences in sensitivity to the specific hedonic value of CT targeted touch have been reported. Inter-individual differences in vagally mediated, high frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) have been linked to variation in visual social cognition. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between resting state HF-HRV and sensitivity to socially relevant CT targeted touch. 58 healthy participants first had a 5-minute electrocardiogram. They then rated the pleasantness of 5 randomly presented velocities of robotically delivered touch. Three velocities fell within (1, 3, 10 cm/s) and two outside (0.3, 30 cm/s) the CT optimal range. Each velocity was delivered twice. On a group level, affective touch ratings were described by a negative quadratic function, with CT optimal velocities rated as more pleasant than slower and faster speeds. Simple regression analysis confirmed participants' HF-HRV was significantly predicted by the quadratic curve fit of their touch ratings, with higher HF-HRV associated with a better quadratic fit. These findings indicate that, in line with previous observations that higher HF-HRV is associated with enhanced sensitivity to visual social cues, trait differences in autonomic control could account for previously reported individual differences in CT sensitivity., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
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23. Congenital Anosmia and Facial Emotion Recognition.
- Author
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Drummond J, Makdani A, Pawling R, and Walker SC
- Subjects
- Humans, Adult, Emotions physiology, Fear physiology, Anger physiology, Facial Expression, Happiness, Facial Recognition, Olfaction Disorders congenital
- Abstract
Major functions of the olfactory system include guiding ingestion and avoidance of environmental hazards. People with anosmia report reliance on others, for example to check the edibility of food, as their primary coping strategy. Facial expressions are a major source of non-verbal social information that can be used to guide approach and avoidance behaviour. Thus, it is of interest to explore whether a life-long absence of the sense of smell heightens sensitivity to others' facial emotions, particularly those depicting threat. In the present, online study 28 people with congenital anosmia (mean age 43.46) and 24 people reporting no olfactory dysfunction (mean age 42.75) completed a facial emotion recognition task whereby emotionally neutral faces (6 different identities) morphed, over 40 stages, to express one of 5 basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, or sadness. Results showed that, while the groups did not differ in their ability to identify the final, full-strength emotional expressions, nor in the accuracy of their first response, the congenital anosmia group successfully identified the emotions at significantly lower intensity (i.e. an earlier stage of the morph) than the control group. Exploratory analysis showed this main effect was primarily driven by an advantage in detecting anger and disgust. These findings indicate the absence of a functioning sense of smell during development leads to compensatory changes in visual, social cognition. Future work should explore the neural and behavioural basis for this advantage., Competing Interests: Declarations of competing interest None, (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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24. Assessment of threat and negativity bias in virtual reality.
- Author
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Baker C, Pawling R, and Fairclough S
- Abstract
Negativity bias, i.e., tendency to respond strongly to negative stimuli, can be captured via behavioural and psychophysiological responses to potential threat. A virtual environment (VE) was created at room-scale wherein participants traversed a grid of ice blocks placed 200 m above the ground. Threat was manipulated by increasing the probability of encountering ice blocks that disintegrated and led to a virtual fall. Participants interacted with the ice blocks via sensors placed on their feet. Thirty-four people were recruited for the study, who were divided into High (HN) and Low (LN) Neuroticism groups. Movement data were recorded alongside skin conductance level and facial electromyography from the corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus major. Risk-averse behaviours, such as standing on 'safe' blocks and testing blocks prior to movement, increased when threat was highest. HN individuals exhibited more risk-averse behaviour than the LN group, especially in the presence of high threat. In addition, activation of the corrugator muscle was higher for HN individuals in the period following a movement to an ice block. These findings are discussed with respect to the use of room-scale VE as a protocol for emotion induction and measuring trait differences in negativity bias within VR.
- Published
- 2020
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25. A positive touch: C-tactile afferent targeted skin stimulation carries an appetitive motivational value.
- Author
-
Pawling R, Trotter PD, McGlone FP, and Walker SC
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Galvanic Skin Response physiology, Heart Rate physiology, Humans, Male, Physical Stimulation methods, Young Adult, Facial Recognition physiology, Motivation physiology, Neurons, Afferent physiology, Touch physiology, Touch Perception physiology
- Abstract
The rewarding sensation of touch in affiliative interactions is hypothesised to be underpinned by an unmyelinated system of nerve fibres called C-tactile afferents (CTs). CTs are velocity tuned, responding optimally to slow, gentle touch, typical of a caress. Here we used evaluative conditioning to examine whether CT activation carries a positive affective value. A set of neutral faces were paired with robotically delivered touch to the forearm. With half the faces touch was delivered at a CT optimal velocity of 3cm/s (CT touch) and with the other half at a faster, non-CT optimal velocity of 30cm/s (Control touch). Heart-rate and skin conductance responses (SCRs) were recorded throughout. Whilst rated equally approachable pre-conditioning, post-conditioning faces paired with CT touch were judged significantly more approachable than those paired with Control touch. CT touch also elicited significantly greater heart-rate deceleration and lower amplitude SCRs than Control touch. The results indicate CT touch carries a positive affective value, which can be acquired by socially relevant stimuli it is associated with., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Incidental retrieval of prior emotion mimicry.
- Author
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Pawling R, Kirkham AJ, Hayes AE, and Tipper SP
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Electromyography, Evoked Potentials, Facial Muscles physiology, Female, Humans, Individuality, Learning physiology, Male, Photic Stimulation, Recognition, Psychology physiology, Time Factors, Young Adult, Emotions physiology, Facial Expression, Imitative Behavior physiology, Mental Recall physiology
- Abstract
When observing emotional expressions, similar sensorimotor states are activated in the observer, often resulting in physical mimicry. For example, when observing a smile, the zygomaticus muscles associated with smiling are activated in the observer, and when observing a frown, the corrugator brow muscles. We show that the consistency of an individual's facial emotion, whether they always frown or smile, can be encoded into memory. When the individuals are viewed at a later time expressing no emotion, muscle mimicry of the prior state can be detected, even when the emotion itself is task irrelevant. The results support simulation accounts of memory, where prior embodiments of other's states during encoding are reactivated when re-encountering a person.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. C-tactile afferent stimulating touch carries a positive affective value.
- Author
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Pawling R, Cannon PR, McGlone FP, and Walker SC
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Facial Muscles physiology, Female, Humans, Male, Emotions physiology, Heart Rate physiology, Touch Perception physiology
- Abstract
The rewarding sensation of touch in affiliative interactions is hypothesized to be underpinned by a specialized system of nerve fibers called C-Tactile afferents (CTs), which respond optimally to slowly moving, gentle touch, typical of a caress. However, empirical evidence to support the theory that CTs encode socially relevant, rewarding tactile information in humans is currently limited. While in healthy participants, touch applied at CT optimal velocities (1-10cm/sec) is reliably rated as subjectively pleasant, neuronopathy patients lacking large myelinated afferents, but with intact C-fibres, report that the conscious sensation elicited by stimulation of CTs is rather vague. Given this weak perceptual impact the value of self-report measures for assessing the specific affective value of CT activating touch appears limited. Therefore, we combined subjective ratings of touch pleasantness with implicit measures of affective state (facial electromyography) and autonomic arousal (heart rate) to determine whether CT activation carries a positive affective value. We recorded the activity of two key emotion-relevant facial muscle sites (zygomaticus major-smile muscle, positive affect & corrugator supercilii-frown muscle, negative affect) while participants evaluated the pleasantness of experimenter administered stroking touch, delivered using a soft brush, at two velocities (CT optimal 3cm/sec & CT non-optimal 30cm/sec), on two skin sites (CT innervated forearm & non-CT innervated palm). On both sites, 3cm/sec stroking touch was rated as more pleasant and produced greater heart rate deceleration than 30cm/sec stimulation. However, neither self-report ratings nor heart rate responses discriminated stimulation on the CT innervated arm from stroking of the non-CT innervated palm. In contrast, significantly greater activation of the zygomaticus major (smiling muscle) was seen specifically to CT optimal, 3cm/sec, stroking on the forearm in comparison to all other stimuli. These results offer the first empirical evidence in humans that tactile stimulation that optimally activates CTs carries a positive affective valence that can be measured implicitly.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Memory for incidentally perceived social cues: Effects on person judgment.
- Author
-
Pawling R, Kirkham AJ, Tipper SP, and Over H
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Awareness, Female, Humans, Individuality, Social Perception, Young Adult, Cues, Facial Expression, Facial Recognition, Judgment, Memory, Trust psychology
- Abstract
Dynamic face cues can be very salient, as when observing sudden shifts of gaze to a new location, or a change of expression from happy to angry. These highly salient social cues influence judgments of another person during the course of an interaction. However, other dynamic cues, such as pupil dilation, are much more subtle, affecting judgments of another person even without awareness. We asked whether such subtle, incidentally perceived, dynamic cues could be encoded in to memory and retrieved at a later time. The current study demonstrates that in some circumstances changes in pupil size in another person are indeed encoded into memory and influence judgments of that individual at a later time. Furthermore, these judgments interact with the perceived trustworthiness of the individual and the nature of the social context. The effect is somewhat variable, however, possibly reflecting individual differences and the inherent ambiguity of pupil dilation/constriction., (© 2016 The British Psychological Society.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. The role of emotion in learning trustworthiness from eye-gaze: Evidence from facial electromyography.
- Author
-
Manssuer LR, Pawling R, Hayes AE, and Tipper SP
- Subjects
- Adult, Electromyography, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Young Adult, Emotions physiology, Eye Movements physiology, Facial Muscles physiology, Facial Recognition physiology, Learning physiology, Social Learning physiology, Social Perception, Trust
- Abstract
Gaze direction can be used to rapidly and reflexively lead or mislead others' attention as to the location of important stimuli. When perception of gaze direction is congruent with the location of a target, responses are faster compared to when incongruent. Faces that consistently gaze congruently are also judged more trustworthy than faces that consistently gaze incongruently. However, it's unclear how gaze-cues elicit changes in trust. We measured facial electromyography (EMG) during an identity-contingent gaze-cueing task to examine whether embodied emotional reactions to gaze-cues mediate trust learning. Gaze-cueing effects were found to be equivalent regardless of whether participants showed learning of trust in the expected direction or did not. In contrast, we found distinctly different patterns of EMG activity in these two populations. In a further experiment we showed the learning effects were specific to viewing faces, as no changes in liking were detected when viewing arrows that evoked similar attentional orienting responses. These findings implicate embodied emotion in learning trust from identity-contingent gaze-cueing, possibly due to the social value of shared attention or deception rather than domain-general attentional orienting.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Facial Mimicry and Emotion Consistency: Influences of Memory and Context.
- Author
-
Kirkham AJ, Hayes AE, Pawling R, and Tipper SP
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Young Adult, Emotions physiology, Facial Expression, Memory physiology, Pattern Recognition, Visual physiology, Reaction Time physiology, Recognition, Psychology physiology
- Abstract
This study investigates whether mimicry of facial emotions is a stable response or can instead be modulated and influenced by memory of the context in which the emotion was initially observed, and therefore the meaning of the expression. The study manipulated emotion consistency implicitly, where a face expressing smiles or frowns was irrelevant and to be ignored while participants categorised target scenes. Some face identities always expressed emotions consistent with the scene (e.g., smiling with a positive scene), whilst others were always inconsistent (e.g., frowning with a positive scene). During this implicit learning of face identity and emotion consistency there was evidence for encoding of face-scene emotion consistency, with slower RTs, a reduction in trust, and inhibited facial EMG for faces expressing incompatible emotions. However, in a later task where the faces were subsequently viewed expressing emotions with no additional context, there was no evidence for retrieval of prior emotion consistency, as mimicry of emotion was similar for consistent and inconsistent individuals. We conclude that facial mimicry can be influenced by current emotion context, but there is little evidence of learning, as subsequent mimicry of emotionally consistent and inconsistent faces is similar.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Reestablishment of ovarian periodicity after transplantation to the Syrian hamster cheek pouch.
- Author
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Caldwell BV, Pawling RS, and Wright PA
- Subjects
- Animals, Cheek, Cricetinae, Estrus, Female, Pregnancy, Pregnancy, Animal, Pseudopregnancy, Transplantation, Homologous, Ovary physiology, Ovary transplantation, Periodicity
- Published
- 1966
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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