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Objective: To describe the use of bioreactors for hematopoeitic stem cell and progenitor cell culture and comparing the various bioreactors to know which one is the best. Materials and Method: We conducted a data search on PubMed in December 18, 2021 and January 18, 2022. We used "Bioreactor" AND "Hematopoietic stem cell" OR "progenitor" as keywords. Data collection procedure: search results were filtered and selected so that only articles, which contained data about the type of bioreactor, mechanism of bioreactor, and cell source of HSC and progenitors, were used. Result and Discussion: The search yielded nine articles that were used to compose this narrative review. There are two main bioreactor classification, perfusion and stirred tank bioreactor. There are various models, which can be adapted easily according to research needs, such as microfluidic, hollow fibre, continuous perfusion and micro-cavity array bioreactors. Conclusion: Comparison between those bioreactors showed that perfusion bioreactor is more advantageous and widely used for research purposes that are related to HSCs and progenitors. This fact is due to the possibility of a simpler type and more benefits than stirred types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To give an overview and evaluation of the biocompatibility of hydrogels that support tissue engineering. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed/Medline and Science. org databases. The keywords used were 'hydrogel' AND 'biocompatible' AND 'tissue engineering'. The search was limited to the studies carried out on humans or animals. Results and Discussions: From the search of the related literature, we obtained seven studies that described hydrogel biocompatibility that was used in tissue engineering. The hydrogels were amorphous calcium phosphate and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh-ACP), collagen, polyaniline cryogel, bioink GLgel, nanocomposite hydrogel (nSi Gel), host-guest supramolecular hydrogel (HGSM-GelMA), and synthesized succinylated chitosan (SSC). Recent advances in the use of hydrogels in tissue engineering provide justification for further research and testing in clinical settings. Conclusion: The hydrogels that were used in the seven examined studies did not trigger the immune system rejection, had no negative effect on surrounding tissues or cells, and were highly biocompatible with living tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To outline progress in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in generating iPSC-derived cardiovascular cell lineages, and cardiac tissue engineering. Materials and methods: A data search for original articles was conducted on PubMed, using keywords: "induced pluripotent stem cells" OR "iPSCs" AND "myocardial infarction" OR "heart failure" AND "cardiomyocyte" on December 18, 2021. Search results were filtered and selected by titles and abstract to get relevant articles, which contained data on iPSC-related tissue engineering for heart tissue repair after myocardial infarction. Data were grouped and synthesize as text. Results and Discussion: we got 35 articles that provide information on cell based therapy, iPSCs, advancement in creating efficient techniques for generating iPSC-derived cardiovascular cell lineages, and recent cardiac tissue engineering advances in myocardial infarction animal models. iPSCs can be derived from skin fibroblasts by expressing four transcription factors that were found to be critical for cellular reprogramming into inner cell mass derived ESC-like cells, namely Oct3/4, c-Myc, Sox2 and Klf4. Cardiomyocytes can be produced from iPSC using special medium and supplements. Tissue engineering can be made possible by 3D printing technique and showed promising results upon transplantation. Conclusion: Tissue engineering using patient-derived human iPSC-cardiomyocytes holds great potential in medicine because it might avoid the problem of possible immune rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing number of non-communicable diseases demands practical therapy innovations, including adipose-derived stem cell application. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of adipose stem cell therapy on non-communicable disease patients. The method used in this study was a systematic review according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The database search was done on PubMed, Google Scholar, Proquest, and the EBSCO host database between 2016 and 2021. ROBINS-I tool and RoB-2 were used to assess the risk of bias in the clinical trial study. The first literature search identified a total of 2615 articles. After exclusion for some reason, 6 articles were included in this systematic review study. A total of five studies were included in this study. Based on the risk of bias assessment of the included studies, it was found that all studies had a low risk of bias in all domains. This study showed that the efficacy of adipose-derived stem cell therapy was inconsistent; however, the results were promising. In addition, the results showed that adipose-derived stem cell therapy was safe without significant side effects. Further study was needed to identify therapeutic strategies based on Evidence-based Medicine (EBM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose -- Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), both endogenous and exogenous, enhance chondrocyte proliferation by stimulating collagen type II. Secretome, an MSC derivate, has shown to also provide this mechanism through a paracrine effect. We aimed to evaluate the use of secretome and MSC in the management of early osteoarthritis (OA). Animals and methods -- 19 (1 control) male sheep (Ovies aries), which were operated on with total lateral meniscectomy to induce knee OA, were divided into 3 groups: the secretome group, hyaluronic acid group, and MSC group. Each group was injected with the respective substances and was evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. The Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) score was calculated for all subjects and a descriptive and comparative statistical analysis was undertaken. Results -- The macroscopic analysis of the treated groups revealed better OARSI score in the secretome group compared with the other 2 groups. The secretome group showed a significantly better microscopic score compared with the hyaluronic acid group (mean difference [MD] 6.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15-12), but no significant difference compared with the MSC group (MD 1.0, CI -4.8 to 6.8). Conclusion -- Intra-articular injection of secretome is effective in managing early-stage osteoarthritis in the animal model compared with hyaluronic acid and has similar efficacy to MSC injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To highlight collagen and chitosan as natural material, and their modifications to be used as scaffold in tissue engineering. Materials and methods: PubMed and Google scholar searches were performed using keywords: 'scaffold', 'biomaterial', 'natural polymer', 'collagen modification biomaterial' AND 'tissue engineering', and 'chitosan modification biomaterial' AND 'tissue engineering'. The information was tabulated and presented as text and Tables. Results and discussion: Tissue engineering has the intention to restore the structures and functions of impaired or damaged tissues. Scaffolds, which are supporting biomaterials mimic the structure and function of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), play an important role in tissue engineering. Collagen and chitosan are natural polymers that have suitable properties to be used in tissue engineering. Both are the most abundant biopolymer and can be extracted in large quantities from a wide range of sources. However, collagen scaffolds have some drawbacks due to their poor mechanical properties. To eliminate the drawbacks of collagen and enhance the capacity of chitosan as natural materials, combinations to form a composite with other materials are needed. Conclusion: Combination of collagen or chitosan with other materials, such as synthetic polymer, other bioactive materials, such as glass or ceramics or other natural products are conducted in several studies and showed that the modified product could be applied in various tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To discuss the potential and molecular mechanism of Carthamus tincorius derived hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) as an alternative herbal adjuvant that may regulate various signaling pathways that might be related to the regulatory effects in COVID-19 patients with ALI and ARDS. Methods: We search Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus using keywords: Carthamus tinctorius, adjuvant, cytokine storm, COVID-19, SARS-Cov-2, acute lung injury (ALI), and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), on 11 September 2020, and 18 December 2020. Results and Discussions: In COVID-19 patients, SARS-CoV-2 replication might be associated with hyper induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine, which is known as a cytokine storm, and may cause acute lung injury (ALI) that leads to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Carthamus tincorius derived HSYA were used in many studies, in vivo in animal models or in vitro in cell lines and showed inhibition of multiple inflammatory pathways that were involved in ALI and ARDS, which might occur in covid-19 patients. HSYA showed pleiotropic effects in regulating cytokine levels. It regulated TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-β, and showed protective effect by blocking TLR4, MyD88, TRIF, IRF3, NF-B to avoid cytokine storm and prevent tissue damage. HSYA was showed to reduce oxidative stress-mediated damage, and down-regulate inflammatory cytokines. Further, it was relatively safe when studied as an adjuvant in HIV and cancer patients. Conclusion: We supposed that HSYA could be used as an alternative adjuvant in COVID-19 patients with ARDS. However, clinical trials are needed to prove its efficacy in COVID-19 patients with ARDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article aims to explore the aging of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) during cell expansion and available methods to restore their quality. Materials and methods: we searched articles in PubMed/Medline and our library to collect relevant publications of MSC aging, their microenvironment (niche), and various approaches to prevent MSC aging. Results and Discussion: MSC expansion during culture may cause cell aging, which is reflected by change in growth, genotype, and phenotype that can be seen in morphology and function. There are various approaches that can be used to prevent MSC aging. Approaches to prevent MSC aging in culture can be done by various methods, including by determining donor characteristics, genetic engineering approaches, regulating stem cells microenvironment in vitro, and in vitro physical modification Conclusion: Prevention of MSC aging during culture can be done by selection of MSC sources, genetic modification, and microenvironment and physical adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article aims to explain the mechanism of recovery of peripheral nerve injury, current management and progress in nerve tissue engineering, which are promising to overcome the problems of peripheral nerve injury. Materials and Methods: we searched various sources, i.e. Pubmed, Scopus, and Google scholar to collect relevant publications of peripheral nerve injury and its management, including nerve tissue engineering. Results: The development of tissue engineering has made it possible to regenerate nerve tissue by a combination of cell therapy, appropriate design of scaffolds and the use of supporting elements. Discussion: Under current management, severe peripheral nerve injury especially injury to the proximal and large diameter nerves still has a poor prognosis. Poor prognosis is mainly due to a mismatch in nerve autograft in both structure and diameter to the host nerve. The advantage of tissue engineering techniques in the management of peripheral nerve injuries is that the engineered nerve tissue can be designed according to the structure and diameter of the damaged nerve. Conclusion: Nerve tissue engineering might overcome the problems in peripheral nerve regeneration by a combination of stem cell therapy, and appropriate design of scaffolds to provide nerve conduits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A liver organoid is an in vitro reconstruction of the liver that mimics the in vivo liver microstructure and performs liver functions. Liver organoids can be used for drug testing, as a model of liver disease pathogenesis, and as a bioartificial liver prototype material to develop promising alternative therapies for liver failure. In this study, we reconstructed liver organoids using primary rat hepatocytes, a hepatic stellate cell line (LX2), human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs), and human umbilical cord blood (UCB)-CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Suspensions of primary rat hepatocytes, LX2 cells, UC-MSCs, and UCB-CD34+ cells were co-cultured using 11 ratio sets, and spheroid formation was evaluated for 2 days. Ratio sets with a positive liver organoid appearance were cultured in four different culture media, and after they were harvested, their viability was compared with that of a hepatocyte monoculture. Liver organoids were further analyzed for 14 days to assess albumin and urea production as well as relative gene expression. We found that a 5:1:2:2 cellular density ratio of hepatocytes:LX2 cells:UC-MSCs:UCB-CD34+ cells, respectively, and Williams E medium supplemented with platelet lysate, ITS, and dexamethasone were the most suitable conditions for liver organoid reconstruction. Expression of the albumin and GPT1 genes and CD31 in the liver organoid increased until day 14, while urea secretion increased until day 5. Liver organoids reconstructed through the 3D co-culture of primary rat hepatocytes, LX2 cells, UC-MSCs, and UCB-CD34+ cells at a specific cellular ratio using an economical medium with a simple composition maintained their functions until day 14. As a future direction, these organoids can be used to develop a bioartificial liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The liver microenvironment plays a key role in liver fibrosis and carcinogenesis. This study aimed to fill the gap in knowledge on the interaction between hepatic stellate cells and endothelial progenitor cells with biomarkers of liver fibrosis and/or carcinogenesis, including Col1A1, TGF-ß, and tenascin-C. Methods: CD34+ stem cells were isolated from umbilical-cord-blood mononuclear cells. 2D and 3D co-culture of CD34+ UCB SCs and LX2 was performed. The cells were incubated in a CO2 incubator for three days. Morphological observation, qRT-PCR of TGF-ß1 and COL1A1, and immunocytochemistry of tenascin-C were performed. Results: CD34+ UCB SCs were viable in the 2D and 3D co-culture for 24 h. 3D co-culture of CD34+ UCB SCs and LX2 inhibited in vitro liver fibrosis by lowering Col 1A1 expression as compared to control. We observed lower TGF-ß expression in 3D co-culture on days 1 and 2 followed by higher expression of TGF-ß on day 3. 2D co-culture of CD34+ UCB SCs and LX2 showed a different level of COL1A1 and TGF-ß expression compared with 3D co-culture. Spheroids from 2D co-culture of CD34+ UCB SCs and LX-2 showed immunoreactivity against tenascin-C. Conclusion: Interaction between LX-2 and CD34+ UCB SCs in 3D co-culture inhibits in vitro liver fibrosis. The viability of CD34+ UCB SCs is essential for attenuation of TGF-ß signaling in LX-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19, which is caused by SARS-CoV-2, quickly spreads in many countries and was declared as a pandemic. To date, there is no effective drug that is proven against COVID-19. Curcumin has various beneficial effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties. Curcumin containing herbal drink is famous to boost immune response, and curcumin was shown to bind to viral S1 protein, which is important for viral entry, in an in silico study. Therefore, administration of curcumin containing herbal drink may be beneficial to prevent COVID-19 and cytokine storm in severe form of COVID-19. However, high dose curcumin was showed to increase expression of ACE2 in myocardial fibrosis rat model. Therefore, there is a fear that curcumin may help viral entry into the cell, as ACE2 is the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. However, looking at the dose of curcumin in the herbal drink, it is unlikely that the dose will cause an increase in ACE2. In conclusion, curcumin may be beneficial as adjuvant to other drugs to prevent COVID-19 and cytokine storm in severe COVID-19, but studies are needed to get more robust prove, and to determine the optimal dose and timing of administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived conditioned medium (CM) has recently garnered worldwide interests due to the growth factors contained within. The objective of this study was to identify the quantity of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in adipose tissue MSC (AT-MSC), umbilical cord MSC (UCMSC) secretome and bone marrow MSC (BM-MSC) invitro. Methods: Secretome samples from BM-MSCs, AT-MSCs and UC-MSCs were grouped based on the presence/absence of serum in culture medium and harvesting time and were analyzed using Human BMP-2, VEGF, and EGF ELISA Kits. This study identified whether BMP-2 was present in the secretome of all three MSCs sources and measured the levels of BMP-2, EGF and VEGF in the secretome. Results: The distribution of value for BMP-2 was centered around zero in all sources of MSC secretome. The levels of EGF and VEGF were significantly different between different donor samples for AT-MSC secretome (p < 0.009 and p < 0.005). The level of VEGF in AT-MSC and UCMSC secretomes were approximately 1473.5 pg/mL and 0 pg/mL, respectively. In AT-MSC secretome, the level of EGF was found decreased with increasing passage (p < 0.009), while the level of VEGF was found increased with increasing passage (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The level of BMP-2 was found to be really low in any MSC secretome sources. Different donor samples gave a significantly different level of EGF and VEGF in AT-MSC secretome, but not for UC-MSC secretome. The level of VEGF was found high in AT-MSC secretome and was constantly high regardless of the timing of secretome collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]