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1. Cytoprotective effects of lithium on endothelial integrity and immune profiles induced by rift valley fever virus on huvec and raw 264.7 cells

Author

Makola, Raymond Tshepiso, Matsebatlela, T. M., Paweska, J. T., Jan Van Vuren, Petrus, Makola, Raymond Tshepiso, Matsebatlela, T. M., Paweska, J. T., and Jan Van Vuren, Petrus

Abstract

Introduction: Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arthropod-born RNA zoonotic virus causing Rift Valley fever (RVF) disease. RVFV is prevalent across sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian Peninsula with no existing effective and approved antiviral remedies for humans or animals. RVFV has developed mechanisms to hide from immune recognition and induce anti-apoptosis processes to keep the infected host cells viable in an attempt to advance their viral progeny. RVFV is a single-stranded enveloped RNA genome virus composed of 3 segments; the L, M and S segments. The S segment is known to encode a non-structural protein (NSs) identified to be the main virulence factor promoting viral replication through immune suppression. RVFV elicits a set of diverse symptoms ranging from a febrile illness to more severe symptoms that usually culminate in life-threatening haemorrhagic fever with high fatality rates. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the efficacy of lithium as a potential drug for reduction of RVFV load and amelioration of imbalanced and dysregulated inflammatory responses observed in Huvec and Raw 264.7 macrophages infected with this virus. Methods and results: The MTT and Cyquant viability assays were used to demonstrate that lithium exerts no cytotoxic effects on non-infected Raw 264.7 macrophage cells but rather promotes cell growth and proliferation. Conversely, lithium was shown to significantly induce cell death in RVFV-infected Raw 264.7 macrophages. The Annexin-V/PI apoptosis assay was employed to demonstrate that RVFV induces apoptosis as a mode of cell death on Raw 264.7 cells. RVFV-induced apoptosis was accompanied by antagonistic Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression ratios. RVFV-infected cells treated with lithium resulted in higher levels of apoptosis signals compared to untreated RVFV-infected cells. Analysis of apoptosis stages using the real-time cell analyser (RTCA) also revealed that lithium induced early forms of apoptosis in RVFV-infected cells. In, Poliomyelitis Research foundation and National Research Foundation

Published
2022

8. COVID-19 and beyond : a call for action and audacious solidarity to all the citizens and nations, it is humanity’s fight

Author

Auffray, C., Balling, R., Blomberg, N., Bonaldo, M. C., Boutron, B., Brahmachari, S., Bréchot, C., Cesario, A., Chen, S. -J, Clément, K., Danilenko, D., Meglio, A. D., Gelemanović, A., Goble, C., Gojobori, T., Goldman, J. D., Goldman, M., Guo, Y. -K, Heath, J., Hood, L., Hunter, P., Jin, L., Kitano, H., Knoppers, B., Lancet, D., Larue, C., Lathrop, M., Laville, M., Lindner, A. B., Magnan, A., Metspalu, A., Morin, E., Ng, L. F. P., Nicod, L., Noble, D., Nottale, L., Nowotny, H., Ochoa, T., Okeke, I. N., Oni, T., Openshaw, P., Oztürk, M., Palkonen, S., Paweska, J. T., Pison, C., Polymeropoulos, M. H., Pristipino, C., Protzer, U., Roca, J., Rozman, D., Santolini, M., Sanz, F., Scambia, G., Segal, E., Serageldin, I., Soares, M. B., Sterk, P., Sugano, S., Superti-Furga, G., Supple, D., Tegner, J., Uhlén, Mathias, Urbani, A., Valencia, A., Valentini, V., van der Werf, S., Vinciguerra, M., Wolkenhauer, O., Wouters, E., Auffray, C., Balling, R., Blomberg, N., Bonaldo, M. C., Boutron, B., Brahmachari, S., Bréchot, C., Cesario, A., Chen, S. -J, Clément, K., Danilenko, D., Meglio, A. D., Gelemanović, A., Goble, C., Gojobori, T., Goldman, J. D., Goldman, M., Guo, Y. -K, Heath, J., Hood, L., Hunter, P., Jin, L., Kitano, H., Knoppers, B., Lancet, D., Larue, C., Lathrop, M., Laville, M., Lindner, A. B., Magnan, A., Metspalu, A., Morin, E., Ng, L. F. P., Nicod, L., Noble, D., Nottale, L., Nowotny, H., Ochoa, T., Okeke, I. N., Oni, T., Openshaw, P., Oztürk, M., Palkonen, S., Paweska, J. T., Pison, C., Polymeropoulos, M. H., Pristipino, C., Protzer, U., Roca, J., Rozman, D., Santolini, M., Sanz, F., Scambia, G., Segal, E., Serageldin, I., Soares, M. B., Sterk, P., Sugano, S., Superti-Furga, G., Supple, D., Tegner, J., Uhlén, Mathias, Urbani, A., Valencia, A., Valentini, V., van der Werf, S., Vinciguerra, M., Wolkenhauer, O., and Wouters, E.

Abstract

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) belongs to a subgroup of coronaviruses rampant in bats for centuries. It caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Most patients recover, but a minority of severe cases experience acute respiratory distress or an inflammatory storm devastating many organs that can lead to patient death. The spread of SARS-CoV-2 was facilitated by the increasing intensity of air travel, urban congestion and human contact during the past decades. Until therapies and vaccines are available, tests for virus exposure, confinement and distancing measures have helped curb the pandemic. Vision: The COVID-19 pandemic calls for safeguards and remediation measures through a systemic response. Self-organizing initiatives by scientists and citizens are developing an advanced collective intelligence response to the coronavirus crisis. Their integration forms Olympiads of Solidarity and Health. Their ability to optimize our response to COVID-19 could serve as a model to trigger a global metamorphosis of our societies with far-reaching consequences for attacking fundamental challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. Mission: For COVID-19 and these other challenges, there is no alternative but action. Meeting in Paris in 2003, we set out to "rethink research to understand life and improve health." We have formed an international coalition of academia and industry ecosystems taking a systems medicine approach to understanding COVID-19 by thoroughly characterizing viruses, patients and populations during the pandemic, using openly shared tools. All results will be publicly available with no initial claims for intellectual property rights. This World Alliance for Health and Wellbeing will catalyze the creation of medical and health products such as diagnostic tests, drugs and vaccines that become common goods accessible to all, while seeking further alliances with civil society to bridge with socio-ecological an, QC 20220519

Published
2020
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23. The European Virus Archive goes global: A growing resource for research

Author

Romette, JL, Prat, CM, Gould, EA, de Lamballerie, X, Charrel, R, Coutard, B, Fooks, AR, Bardsley, M, Carroll, M, Drosten, C, Drexler, JF, Gunther, S, Klempa, B, Pinschewer, D, Klimkait, T, Avsic-Zupanc, T, Capobianchi, MR, Dicaro, A, Ippolito, G, Nitsche, A, Koopmans, Marion, Reusken, Chantal, Gorbalenya, A, Raoul, H, Bourhy, H, Mettenleiter, T, Reiche, S, Batten, C, Sabeta, C, Paweska, J T, Eropkin, M, Zverev, V, Hu, Z, Mac Cullough, S, Mirazimi, A, Pradel, F, Lieutaud, P, Romette, JL, Prat, CM, Gould, EA, de Lamballerie, X, Charrel, R, Coutard, B, Fooks, AR, Bardsley, M, Carroll, M, Drosten, C, Drexler, JF, Gunther, S, Klempa, B, Pinschewer, D, Klimkait, T, Avsic-Zupanc, T, Capobianchi, MR, Dicaro, A, Ippolito, G, Nitsche, A, Koopmans, Marion, Reusken, Chantal, Gorbalenya, A, Raoul, H, Bourhy, H, Mettenleiter, T, Reiche, S, Batten, C, Sabeta, C, Paweska, J T, Eropkin, M, Zverev, V, Hu, Z, Mac Cullough, S, Mirazimi, A, Pradel, F, and Lieutaud, P

Published
2018

25. Discussions and decisions of the 2012-2014 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Filoviridae Study Group, january 2012-june 2013

Author

Bukreyev, A. A., Chandran, K., Dolnik, O., Dye, J. M., Ebihara, H., Leroy, Eric, Muhlberger, E., Netesov, S. V., Patterson, J. L., Paweska, J. T., Saphire, E. O., Smither, S. J., Takada, A., Towner, J. S., Volchkov, V. E., Warren, T. K., and Kuhn, J. H.

Abstract

The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Filoviridae Study Group prepares proposals on the classification and nomenclature of filoviruses to reflect current knowledge or to correct disagreements with the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN). In recent years, filovirus taxonomy has been corrected and updated, but parts of it remain controversial, and several topics remain to be debated. This article summarizes the decisions and discussion of the currently acting ICTV Filoviridae Study Group since its inauguration in January 2012.

Published
2014

42. Phylogeny of Sindbis virus isolates from South Africa.

Author

Storm, N., Weyer, J., Markotter, W., Leman, P. A., Kemp, A., Nel, L. H., and Paweska, J. T.

Subjects
PHYLOGENY, SINDBIS virus, ALPHAVIRUSES, ARBOVIRUSES, GLYCOPROTEINS, NUCLEOTIDE sequence
Abstract

Sindbis virus (SINV), the prototype virus in the genus, Alphavirus, is an arbovirus with an extensive geographical distribution. Birds are the main vertebrate hosts for SINV, while Culex mosquitoes serve as vectors and occasionally transmit the virus to humans, causing a febrile illness with a maculopapular rash and arthritis. Currently, little information exists on the genetic diversity within SINV strains from South Africa. The E2 envelope glycoprotein gene was partially sequenced for a panel of 27 South African and African Sindbis virus isolates derived from a human case and from mosquito pools. A phylogenetic analysis was performed using these sequences, together with 65 partial E2 gene sequences from Sindbis virus isolates from elsewhere in the world. The resulting phylogenetic tree suggested five distinct Sindbis virus genotypes. The South African Sindbis virus isolates were grouped within genotype I, together with isolates from Sweden, Finland, Germany and Norway. The phylogeny of Sindbis virus reflects its geographical distribution and corresponds with the major migratory bird flyways, indicating that birds play a major role in Sindbis virus distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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47. A comparison of the susceptibility ofCulicoides imicolaandC.bolitinosto oral infection with eight serotypes of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus.

Author

Paweska, J. T., Venter, G. J., and Hamblin, C.

Subjects
*COMMUNICABLE diseases in animals, *VETERINARY virology, *HEMORRHAGIC diseases, *VETERINARY entomology, *CULICOIDES, *VIRUS diseases
Abstract

The mechanisms involved in introduction, maintenance and perpetuation of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) in South Africa are not fully understood. This paper reports on the susceptibility of South African livestock associatedCulicoides(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) species to oral infection with eight EHDV serotypes. Virus was recovered from eight of 17 field-collectedCulicoidesspecies 10 days after oral feeding on blood/virus mixtures. Six EHDV serotypes were recovered fromC.(Avaritia)imicolaKieffer, and seven serotypes were recovered fromC.(A.)bolitinosMeiswinkel. Virus recovery rates inC. imicolaranged from 0.4% for EHDV 2 to 14.4% for EHDV 7, and inC. bolitinosfrom 0.6% for EHDV 6 to 12.3% for EHDV 2.There was a significant difference in virus recovery rates between serotypes in both species. OtherCulicoidesspecies that yielded EHDV after 10 days extrinsic incubation includedC.(Meijerehelea)leucostictusKieffer,C.(Culicoides)magnusColaço,C.(Beltranmyia)nivosusde Meillon,C.(A.)gulbenkianiCaeiro,C.(Hoffmania)zuluensisde Meillon andC. onderstepoortensisFiedler.Culicoidesmidges shown in this study to be susceptible to oral infection with EHDV are widely distributed in South Africa but differ considerably in their abundance, host preference and breeding sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2005
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48. Vector competence ofCulicoidesspecies and the seroprevalence of homologous neutralizing antibody in horses for six serotypes of equine encephalosis virus (EEV) in South Africa.

Author

Paweska, J. T. and Venter, G. J.

Subjects
*EPIDEMIC encephalitis, *VIRUS diseases, *IMMUNOGLOBULINS, *VIRAL replication, *EQUINE encephalomyelitis, *HORSE viral diseases
Abstract

Field-collectedCulicoidesspecies (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) were fed on horse blood–virus mixtures containing one of the six serotypes of equine encephalosis virus (EEV1 to EEV6). The virus mean titres in the bloodmeals varied between 6.1 and 7.0 log10TCID50/mL. Of 19Culicoidesspecies assayed after 10 days extrinsic incubation at 23.5°C, five yielded the challenge virus, namelyCulicoides(Avaritia)imicolaKieffer (EEV1–6),C. (A.) bolitinosMeiswinkel (EEV1, 2, 4, 6),C. (Meijerehelea) leucostictusKiefer (EEV1, 2),C. (Culicoides) magnusColaço (EEV1) andC. (Hoffmania) zuluensisde Meillon (EEV2). Virus recovery rates ranged from 0.5 to 13%. The mean levels of viral replication differed between serotypes andCulicoidesspecies and ranged from 1.0 to 2.3 log10TCID50/midge.Culicoidesmidges shown in this study to be susceptible to oral infection with EEV are widely distributed in South Africa but differ considerably in their abundance, host preference and breeding sites. Of 1456 horses tested, 1144 (77%) had antibody to EEV. Homologous virus-neutralizing antibodies to all six serotypes were detected in individual horses from all eight geographical provinces of South Africa. The distribution, prevalence, and the rate of exposure to individual serotypes varied significantly between regions. The potential for vectoring of EEV in the field by severalCulicoidesspecies with unique ecologies and lack of cross-protection to re-infection with multiple serotypes highlights some of the mechanisms that are likely to play a role in the virus' natural maintenance cycle and the highly efficient level of countrywide transmission amongst South African horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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