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In recent years, a special type of electronic, i.e. digital currency, which is better known as cryptocurrency, has been developed. The increasing use of cryptocurrencies in the world leads to many new opportunities in the world of electronic commerce, and the formation of a completely new, decentralized payment system. Degree of adoption of cryptocurrencies on a global level varies from country to country. In some more developed countries, cryptocurrencies are slowly becoming a regular system for payment of goods and services, so most sites offer the possibility of paying in cryptocurrencies. In our country, that system has not been much developed yet and there are not many sellers who receive cryptocurrency as compensation for sold goods. The goals of this research study are to examine what opportunities cryptocurrency owners have for exchanging cryptocurrencies for traditional money, what opportunities for purchasing goods and services are available to cryptocurrency owners, and which cryptocurrencies are most widely used in the Republic of Serbia.

Digital marketing is a marketing term for the marketing of products and services using digital technologies. The goal of this research is to explore the magnitude and impact of online marketing on customers, to explore social media methods, and introduce the best way to reach out to customers. The aim is to show if marketing methods used by companies are appealing to customers as well as to find out which marketing strategy is most successful for a target market by organizing a survey that is focused on social media and email marketing, and to predict where the customers want to see business marketing.

Electronic banking presents a general term used to denote a process allowing legal and physical entities to perform personal and commercial banking transactions by using electronic and telecommunication networks. It covers various jobs such as assets transfers, current account statements, bill payments, the closest ATM locating, attaining the information about financial products and services, loan applications, and some other activities performed with the use of a computer, smartphone, or some other technical devices. The subject of this research study is the analysis of the e-banking usage during COVID-19 pandemics in the Republic of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. COVID-19 pandemics influenced a great number of transactions to be done online, i.e. by using digital payment options. Furthermore, it affected banks to develop extra benefits for their users, as well as, to promote current e-architecture referring to the possibilities of e-banking use.

Aristolochic acids, compounds derived from Aristolochiaceae plant species, are associated with significant renal nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Aristolochic acid I (AAI), the most predominant and potent of these compounds, is a primary etiological agent in acute and chronic kidney diseases such as Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy (AAN) and Balkan Endemic Nephropathy (BEN). Due to the kidneys' critical role in xenobiotic excretion, they are the primary organs affected by AAI toxicity. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have highlighted mitochondrial dysfunction as a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of these kidney diseases. This review provides an update on the recent advances in understanding the causes of acquired mitochondrial dysfunction within the context of AAN and BEN. Key findings include the identification of mitochondrial DNA depletion, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased ATP production as significant contributors to kidney damage. Additionally, oxidative stress markers and inflammatory mediators have been implicated in disease progression. Potential therapeutic approaches, such as the use of antioxidants like vitamin C and catalpol, have shown promise in mitigating AAI-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, future predictive approaches like pharmacogenomics could pave the way for novel mitochondria-targeted treatments. A comprehensive characterization of mitochondrial function, its underlying molecular mechanisms, and specific biomarkers could offer valuable insights and potential therapeutic options, significantly impacting the current management of AAN and BEN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kidney failures in infants are mostly caused by congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), which are among the most common congenital birth disorders worldwide when paired with cardiac abnormalities. People with CAKUT often have severe kidney failure as a result of a wide range of abnormalities that can occur alone or in conjunction with other syndromic disorders. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression pattern of CAKUT candidate genes alpha-8 integrin (ITGA8) and Van Gogh-like 2 (VANGL2) in fetal tissues of healthy and CAKUT-affected kidneys using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. We found that under CAKUT circumstances, the expressions of ITGA8 and VANGL2 are changed. Additionally, we showed that VANGL2 expression is constant during fetal aging, but ITGA8 expression varies. Moreover, compared to normal healthy kidneys (CTRL), ITGA8 is poorly expressed in duplex kidneys (DKs) and dysplastic kidneys (DYS), whereas VANGL2 is substantially expressed in dysplastic kidneys (DYS) and poorly expressed in hypoplastic kidneys (HYP). These results point to VANGL2 and ITGA8 as potential prognostic indicators for CAKUT malformations. Further research is necessary to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying this differential expression of ITGA8 and VANGL2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study examines the immunoexpression patterns of Megalin, Cubilin, Caveolin-1, Gipc1 and Dab2IP in the embryonic development (E) and postnatal (P) mouse kidney, with a focus on differentiating patterns between wild-type (wt) and yotari, Dab1−/− (yot) mice. Immunofluorescence revealed raised immunoexpression of receptors Megalin and Cubilin at the ampulla/collecting ducts and convoluted tubules across all developmental stages, with the most prominent immunoexpression observed in the convoluted tubules and the parietal epithelium of the Bowman's capsule. Quantitative analysis showed a higher percentage of Megalin and Cubilin in wt compared to yot mice at E13.5. Co-expression of Megalin and Cubilin was observed at the apical membrane of convoluted tubules and the parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule. The staining intensity of Megalin varied across developmental stages, with the strongest reactivity observed at the ampulla and collecting ducts at embryonic day (E) 13.5 in wt mice. In contrast, Caveolin-1 exhibited high immunoexpression in the metanephric mesenchyme, blood vessels, and the border area between the metanephric mesenchyme and renal vesicle, with a decrease in immunoexpression as development progressed. Gipc1 showed diffuse cytoplasmic staining in metanephric mesenchyme, convoluted tubules and collecting ducts, with significant differences in immunoexpression between wild-type and yot mice at both investigated embryonic time points. Dab2IP immunofluorescent staining was most prominent in renal vesicle/glomeruli and ampulla/collecting ducts at E13.5, with mild staining intensity observed in the distal convoluted tubules postnatally. Our findings elucidate distinct immunoexpression of patterns and potential parts of these proteins in the development and function of the kidney, highlighting the importance of further investigation into their regulatory mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "digital marketing" is simple to describe. There are many ways to market your organization online, according to Optimizely.com. E-mail, pop-up ads, social media, search engine optimization, Google AdWords, and other forms of internet marketing are examples. Traditional marketing focuses on promoting your company using physical flyers, billboards, television, and radio, whereas digital marketing focuses on promoting your company over the internet. On the other hand, web marketing provides far more promotion alternatives. The purpose of this thesis is to determine the significance, application, and efficacy of digital marketing in today's surroundings. In addition to this, the goal is also to identify the most effective digital promotion methods in Serbia.

One of the central issues of the modern age is related to the prevention of excessive use of narcotics, but also the Internet and electronic devices in the everyday life of young people. This leads them to loneliness, distance from society, family, people, nature… In order to prevent these problems of the modern age, it is necessary to continuously look for solutions. Some of them are related to youth engagement programs through sports activities outside the regular curriculum. The aim of this paper is to alert the public, especially the intellectual ones, to the necessity of including this type of extracurricular activities in the development of young people's personalities. The results of the research provide an overview of sports activities that should first be introduced into the plan of extracurricular activities, and which will introduce young people to a healthy growing up, and contribute to their physical and intellectual progress. The paper seeks to point once again to the population as a significant driving force in the development of economies, sports as a significant export branch, a powerful weapon against addiction, and a means of combating crime.

Currently used diagnostic criteria in different endemic (Balkan) nephropathy (EN) centers involve different combinations of parameters, various cut-off values and many of them are not in agreement with proposed international guidelines. Leaders of EN centers began to address these problems at scientific meetings, and this paper is the outgrowth of those discussions. The main aim is to provide recommendations for clinical work on current knowledge and expertise. This document is developed for use by general physicians, nephrologists, urologist, public health experts and epidemiologist, and it is hoped that it will be adopted by responsible institutions in countries harboring EN. National medical providers should cover costs of screening and diagnostic procedures and treatment of EN patients with or without upper urothelial cancers.

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The text is a critical review of the book by Srđan and Marica Šljukić, authors who point out that the contribution of sociology and sociologists in conflict resolution is rather underestimated and reduced only to the notion of Marx's class struggle. It is this neglect of sociological insights into conflicts that has led the authors to devote part of their scientific activity to this topic. In their study, the authors presented the ideas of a significant part of thinkers, most of which do not belong to the mainstream of sociology, but also investigated certain social conflicts in ways that were available to them in the given circumstances.

The aim of this paper is to monitor the operation of the Flotation Plant Kopaonik - Leposavić, where the technological process of flotation of lead-zink ore is carried out, with special reference to the sources of pollution created during in the given technological process. The pollution caused by the technological process of lead-zinc ore flotation in the Flotation Plant 'Kopaonik' Leposavić can be divided into three groups: water pollution, soil pollution and air pollution. This work wants to emphasize the importance of mining production sustainable development in near future, strengthening of ecological awareness, development of ecological volunteer activities and implementation of more and more stringent environmental standards. The constant increase in the cost of protection to date is a consequence of continuous improvements of both legal regulations and general ecological awareness.

Different analytical techniques for the detection of mycotoxins have been developed in order to control the levels of mycotoxins in food and feed. Conventional analytical methods for mycotoxin determination are involving techniques such as thinlayer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC). Also, rapid methods for mycotoxin analysis have become increasingly important. Enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) is one of the most common rapid methods for determination of these natural contaminants. The aim of this study was to provide a comparison between two different methods of analysis (HPLC and ELISA) for the detection of different mycotoxins using data that originate from commercial proficiency tests. Based on the statistical evaluation of the results for both methods, in three proficiency tests for various mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxin and zearalenone), it could be concluded that both techniques can equally be used, although ELISA is considered to be the screening one. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III 46009]

The introduction of electronic payment system and enterprise resource planning should contribute to more efficient financial transactions and enable good business decisions to be made by the management of domestic companies. The subject of the research refers to specific multifunctional systems that can provide certain advantages to the company in performing business functions. Bearing in mind the important interest of the company for the economy of Serbia, the use of electronic payment systems is inevitable, in order to have the opportunity to be competitive in the global market. This work should provide information and new knowledge to employees in organizations wishing to engage in e-commerce and electronic payments, so that their organization is a competitive rival at the increasingly turbulent e-market.