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Grazing way of breeding allows small ruminant's constant contact with transient hosts, eggs and larval forms of parasites. Permanent pastures pose the greatest danger from the health point of view, especially if used unplanned and for many years. Uncultivated pastures with poor floristic composition cause nutritive imbalances, but cultivated pastures also represent a place of constant parasitic infections. The solution can be sought in the form of mixed and persecuted breed, and a limitation on the number of animals on the pasture. Are same time, the cultivation of pastures and biosecurity measures contribute to the successful prevention of parasitic diseases.

The grazing method of feeding allows small ruminants - goats and sheep, constant contact with transitional hosts and eggs and larval forms of parasites, so that there is no sheep that is not infected with at least one parasite species. Permanent pastures represent the greatest health risk for sheep and goats, especially if they have been used unplanned for many years. Uncultivated pastures with poor floristic composition cause nutritional imbalances, but cultivated pastures that are used improperly are also a place for constant infections, especially parasitic agents. The cultivation of pasture directly depends on the geological and pedological composition of the soil, hydrological conditions (standing, running water) and microclimatic conditions. The main goal of cultivation is to obtain a pasture that contains a minimum of infectious agents in the soil, which is maximally free from vectors and transitional hosts of certain diseases (molluscs, arthropods) and infectious forms of parasites. At the same time, the grass must be of optimal quality, density and nutritional value. Successful cultivation must be based on real data. This means that in addition to the floristic and pedological composition of the soil, parasitological control of the soil and grass must be done. Interventions on pastures can be a good prerequisite for controlling and preventing parasitic diseases. The solution can be sought in the form of grazing - it can be mixed and grazing, and also the limitation of the number of individuals in the pasture can be applied. Mixed grazing implies the grazing of different herbivores on one pasture, which certainly has a positive effect on the reduction of parasitic infections. Cross-country grazing is a method of using pastures to move animals from one part of the pasture to another at certain time intervals and return to them only after a certain period of rest.

The research was conducted in the population of the Pirot's autochthonous sheep in the area of Stara Planina Mountain, East Serbia. The production characteristics of sheep, milk yield and body weight, were observed. Oestrus is most pronounced in July (58%), then in August (33%), while lambs reach a weight of 22 kg at three months. Before experiment flock from which separated animals from examination we were examined to presence of parasitic infection, with coprological examination. A total of 21 animals were examined after slaughter. We revealed same gastrointestinal helminths: Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Dictyocaulus filaria, Ostertagia circumcincta, Os.ostertagi, Trchostrongylus axe, Tr colubriformis, Nematodirus filicollis, N,spathige, Haemonchus contortu, Marshallagia marshalli, Chabertia ovina, Oesophagostomum venulosumand Bunostomum trigonocephalum. After that, from herd were separated 100 one year old sheep and individually coprological examined to confirm the presence of parasite infections. The sheep were divided into two groups of 50 animals each - experimental and control group. First group has treated with the albendazole-based anthelmintic in dose 7.5 mg/kg through food. The second group has treated after the examination with same anthelmintic. A comparison of the obtained results indicates that in the group of treated animals body weight was average higher by 4.4 kg and milk yield was average higher by 231.08 g. The parasites significantly affected the weight and daily milk yield of sheep. The conclusion is that serious prevention in terms of sheep parasites is necessary.

Držanje i eksploatacija nerastova na komercijalnim farmama imaju za cilj proizvodnju doza sperme za sopstvenu upotrebu. Životni vek nerastova a samim tim i dužina njihove eksploatacije u velikoj meri zavise od njihovog zdravstvenog stanja. Zbog toga kontrola zdravstvenog stanja nerastova, kontrola kvaliteta sperme za veštačko osemenjavanje kroz nadzor nad celokupnim procesom od uzimanja sperme do kvaliteta osemenjivačke doze, optimizacija ambijentalnih i sveobuhvatnih uslova držanja (smeštaj, mikroklimat, ishrana, napajanje, odnos zaposlenih), predstavljaju važne parametre sa aspekta zdravstvene kontrole samih nerastova, zdravstvene kontrole čitavog zapata ali i ekonomskih parametara produktivnosti farme kao i rentabilnosti čitave proizvodnje. Jedan od često prisutnih zdravstvenih probelma predstavljaju oboljenja lokomotornog sistema nerastova koji na farmama komercijalnog tipa imaju najveće učešće kada su u pitanju uzroci isključenja nerastova iz procesa proizvodnje. Problemi se često javljaju već posle prvog skoka, kao posledica slabe okoštalosti hrsakvice butne kosti (raskrečenost zadnjih nogu). Kod mladih zdravih nerastova šepanje nastaje kao rezltat oštećenja jastučića papaka i prskanja rožine infekcije. Kao posledica smeštaja na betonskoj podlozi javljaju se poremećaji u stavovima nogu, krivljenje distalnih delova ekstremiteta i posledična šepavost, odbijanje skoka i isključenje takvih nerastova na samom početku eksploatacije. U toku eksploatacije nerasta treba omoguciti da ishrana obezbedjuje njegov razvoj i normalnu priplodnu kondiciju. Priplodna kondicija se obezbedjuje precizno normiranom i kontroloisanom ishranom.

Askaridoza svinja je parazitsko oboljenje koje izaziva nematoda Ascaris suum Za askaridozu slobodno možemo reći da predstavlja najčešće, najznačajnije i najraširenije parazitsko oboljenje domaćih i divljih svinja. Ova parazitoza ima globalnu rasprostranjenost i ustanovljena je i u organskoj i ekstenzivnoj proizvodnji i na industrijskim farmama svinja. Gubici koji proističu od askaridoze su ravni, čak i veći od mnoštva zaraznih bolesti. Osim velikih zdravstvenih problema koje nanosi svinjarskoj proizvodnji askaridoza je zoonotsko obolenje., Pig ascariasis is a parasitic disease caused by the nematode Ascaris suum We can say that ascariasis is the most common, most significant and widespread parasitic disease of domestic and wild pigs. This parasitosis has a global distribution and has been established both in organic and extensive production and in industrial pig farms. Losses from ascariasis are flat, even higher than many infectious diseases. Apart from the major health problems it causes to pig production, ascariasis is a zoonotic disease.key wors: askaridoza, Ascaris suum, svinje.

Stajski način držanja ovaca sa velikim brojem životinja na realtivno malom prostoru, sa ujednačenim mikroklimatom i dubokom prostirkom pogoduju nastanku protozoarnih infekcija, posebno kokcidijama, naročito kod mlađih kategorija životinja. Na osnovu istraživanja u svetu i kod nas utvrđeno je da ova obolenja dominiraju kod jagnjadi i po prevalenci i po incidenci i praćena su značajnim morbiditetom i malim do umerenim mortalitetom. Fecesom inficiranih jedinki izlučuju se oociste ovih protozoa koje nisu sporulisane (i zbog toga su neinfektivne) a postaju infektivne nakon sporulisanja u spoljnoj sredini. Kada se kaže kokcidioza uobičajeno se misli na oboljenje uzrokovano protozoa iz familije Eimeridae – rod Eimeria. Osim familije Eimeridae, u rod kokcidija spadaju daleko opasnije zoonotske vrste - Cryptosporidium sp, Toxoplasma gondii i Sarcocysta sp., ali zadnje dve su u malom procentu prisutne kod nas. Kako su kokcidije iz roda Eimeria a zatim i Cryptospora primarni i najznačajniji uzročnici obolenja jagnjadi u radu je dat prikaz biosigurnosnih mera koje se koriste u njihovoj kontroli., The stable way of sheep breding with a large number of animals in a relatively small space, with a uniform microclimate and a deep mat favors the occurrence of protozoan infections, especially coccidia, especially in younger categories of animals. Based on research in the world and in our country, it was determined that these diseases dominate in lambs both in terms of prevalence and incidence and are accompanied by significant morbidity and low to moderate mortality. In the feces of infected individuals, oocysts of these protozoa are excreted, which are not sporulated (and therefore non-infectious), and become infectious after sporulation in the external environment. When we say coccidiosis, we usually mean the disease caused by protozoa from the family Eimeridae - genus Eimeria. Apart from the Eimeridae family, the coccidia genus includes far more dangerous zoonotic species - Cryptosporidium sp., Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocysta sp. but the last two are present in a small percentage here. Since coccidia from the genus Eimeria and then Cryptospora are the primary and most important causes of illness in lambs, the paper presents the biosecurity measures used in their control.

Ispitivanje krpelja u Srbiji ima dugu tradiciju i rađeno je sistematski. U ovom radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja krpelja kod ovaca na širem područja Beograda u periodu od 2011. do 2018. godine. Ukupno je pregledano 97 stada (2 297 ovaca) poreklom iz 43 sela u okolini Beograda. Tokom ovih istraživanja, kod ovaca na području Beograda su ustanovljeni I. ricinus (41,91%), Dermacentor marginatus (32,91%), Rhipicephalus bursa (17,22%), R. sanguineus (6,72%), Haemaphysalis punctata (2,21%) i D. pictus (1,09%). Odnos polova kod dominantnih vrsta krpelja je bio sledeći: od ukupnog broja prikupljenih krpelja, 52,35% su bile ženke, a 47,65% mužjaci. Odnos polova nađenih vrsta krpelja ukazao je na veći broj ženki u četiri vrste: I. ricinus, Ha. punctata, R. sanguineus i D. marginatus, dok je veći broj mužjaka otkriven kod jedne vrste – R. bursa i jednak broj kod krpelja D. pictus. U martu su nađeni I. ricinus, R. sanguineus, D. marginatus i Ha. punctata. U aprilu su pronađeni D. pictus i R. bursa. Maksimum brojnosti u aprilu dostižu D. marginatus i Ha. punctata, a u maju I. ricinus i D. pictus. U junu, populacijski pik imaju R. sanguineus i R. bursa, koje su najčešće nalažene vrste i u julu i u avgustu. U septembru je zapažen porast populacije I. ricinus i D. marginatus, dok je u oktobru uočen porast R. sanguineus., The examination of ticks in Serbia has a long tradition and is carried out systematically. In our work, we present results of research on ticks in sheep from the wider area of Belgrade in the period from 2011. to 2018. A total of 97 flocks (2 297 sheep) originating from 43 villages in the vicinity of Belgrade were examined. During these investigations, Ixodes ricinus (41.91%), Dermacentor marginatus (32.91%), Rhipicephalus bursa (17.22%), R. sanguineus (6.72%), Haemaphysalis punctata (2.21%) and D. pictus (1.09%) were found in sheep in the Belgrade area. The gender ratio of the dominant species of ticks was as follows: of the total number of ticks collected, 52.35% were females and 47.65% males. The sex ratio of the tick species found, showed a higher number of females in four species I. ricinus, Ha. punctata, R. sanguineus and D. marginatus, while a higher number of males was detected in one species - R. bursa and an equal number in D. pictus ticks. In March, I. ricinus, R. sanguineus, D. marginatus and Ha. punctata were found. D. pictus and R. bursa were found in April. D. marginatus and Ha. punctata reach their maximum abundance in April and I. ricinus and D. pictus in May. In June, the population peak were recorded for R. sanguineus and R. bursa, which were the most frequently found species in both July and August. In September, we observed an increase in the population of I. ricinus and D. marginatus, while in October we observed an increase in R. sanguineus presence.

Metastrongylidosis or pulmonary strongylidosis of pigs is a disease caused by several species of nematodes from the genus Metastrongylus. Metastrongylides belong to biohelminths whose causative agents use transitional hosts for their development and maintenance of the biological cycle, in this case numerous species of lumbricides (earthworms). The larvae acquire infectivity only when they eat by earthworms - intermedial host. The seasonal variation of microclimate conditions in the soil has a large part in the life of earthworms, and the inhibitory factors in their seasonal dynamics are directly related to the spread of metastrongylidosis. Overview of research conducted in the five-year period in the area of Belgrade it was established that the dominant species of earthworms which are intermediate hosts to lungworm: Eisenia foetida, Eisenia rosea, Dandreobena rubida, Allopbophora caliginosa, Allopbophora jassyensis, Lubricus terrestris and Lubricus rubbelus. Also, species occur as transitional hosts of metastrongylidosis was Eisenia veneta, Eisenella tetraedra, Allopbophora longa, Octolasium complanatuum, Octolasium lacteum, Octolasium rebeli, Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena subrubicunda, Dendrobaena mariupoliensis, Bimastus tenius and less often species from the genus Heledrillus spp.

Unapređenje ovčarske proizvodnje vezano je za rešavanje niza različitih problema, koji imaju za cilj prvenstveno povećanje ekonomičnosti uz očuvanje zdravlja i dobrobiti životinja. Načinom gajenja koji je u već vekovima ustaljen kod ovaca stiče se niz uslova koji pogoduju razvoju i održavanju velikog broja oboljenja različite etiologije. Među njima, jedno od vodećih mesta zauzimaju parazitske infekcije. U okviru ovog tehničkog rešenja cilj je bio uvođene mera za adekvatnu i sveobuhvatnu kontrolu parazitskih infekcija ovaca na pašnjacima u cilju pobolšanja proizvodnih rezultata ovaca.

Pesticides used for crop protection can have an indirect effect on target and non-target organisms and are considered to be one of the main causes of insect decline.Insects may come into touch with polluted surfaces, products, or eating or drinking from contaminated sources.Pesticide residues collected over bee plants thus they accumulate in the larvae and inside the hive. Also, the consequence of the accumulation of pesticides in bees can be their presence in bee products. Bee exposure pesticide residues can have similar long-term effects on their cognitive capacities, their behavior and fitness. Bee poisoning is often associated with exposure to pesticides. Bees can be exposed to toxic compounds through contaminated flowers, direct contact with the poison or contact with residues. Dusting crops during the flowering period can increase the risk of pesticide poisoning for bees. Rapeseed plants are very attractive to beneficial insects, especially honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)., Pesticidi koji se koriste za zaštitu useva mogu imati indirektan uticaj na ciljne i neciljne organizme i smatraju se jednim od glavnih uzroka opadanja broja insekata.Insekti mogu doći u dodir sa zagađenim površinama, proizvodima ili jesti ili piti iz kontaminiranih izvora.Ostaci pesticida se sakupljaju preko pčelinjih biljaka i tako se akumuliraju u larvama i unutar košnice. Takođe, posledica akomulacije pesticida u pčelama može biti prisustvo i u pčelinjim proizvodima. Izloženost pčela ostacima pesticida može imati slične dugoročne efekte na njihov kognitivni kapaciteti, njihovo ponašanje i kondiciju. Trovanje pčela je često povezano sa izlaganjem pesticidima. Pčele mogu biti izložene toksičnim jedinjenjima kroz kontaminirano cveće, direktan kontakt sa otrovom ili kontakt sa ostacima. Zaprašivanje useva tokom perioda cvetanja može povećati rizik od trovanja pesticidima za pčela. Biljke uljane repice su veoma privlačne za korisne insekte, posebno za medonosne pčele (Apis mellifera L.).

Med, prirodna hrana sa nutritivnim i terapeutskim značajem, takođe zahteva toplotnu obradu tokom proizvodnje serije. Med je neophodno preraditi pre nego što se stavi u promet, jer se sirovi med lako kristališe posle izvesnog vremena i može sadržati neke mikroorganizme i nečistoće kao što su pčelinji vosak, koje mogu negativno uticati na senzorna svojstva. Hidroskimetilfurfural (HMF) se obično koristio kao indikator svežine i smatra se jednim od najvažnijih faktora u predviđanju kvaliteta uzoraka meda. Iz tog razloga je količina i stvaranje HMF pod uticajem tretmana grejanja i skladištenja na uzorcima meda iz Srbije ispitivano u ovom istraživanju., Honey, a natural food with nutritional and therapeutic significance, also requires heat treatment during batch manufacture. It is necessary to process honey before it is put on the market, because raw honey crystallizes easily after a certain time and contains some microorganisms and impurities such as beeswax, which can negatively affect the sensory properties. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was typically utilized as a freshness indicator and is regarded as one of the most crucial factors in predicting the quality of honey samples. For this reason, the amount and formation of HMF under the influence of heating and storage treatment on honey samples from Serbia was investigated in this study.

Feline coccidiosis is a disease of mostly young animals and regardless of the large number of infected animals, the disease rarely appears. The causative agents are coccidia from the genus Cystoisospora (Isospora) (C. felis, C. bigemina and C. rvolta) and Eimeridae (Eimeria felina and E. cati). Infection is produced orally by coccidia oocysts. Parasites are located in the mucosa of the small intestine. Infections pass in most cases asymptomatic. In severe infections, in kittens long-term bloody diarrhea occurs, there is a general weakness and loss of appetite, and the animals lose weight quickly. Depending on the severity of the infection, death is possible, especially with infections with Cystoisospora felis. In animals that have recovered, the symptoms subside 5 to 7 days. During 2021 we examined feces of 81 pets cats that had symptoms of dysentery, diarrhea, weight loss, fainting and abdominal pain. It usually occurs in young animals. A fecal sample is examined for oocysts using fecal flotation (saturated salt or sucrose solutions). Speciation should be undertaken, and in puppies this may require artificial sporulation of the oocysts with potassium dichromate. Infection with Cystoisospora felis we established in 22.13%, with C. rvolta in 3.27% and with Eimeria cati in 11.18% of examined cats.

Trace elements include microelements and heavy metals. Some of them are essential for plant nourishment, but when used in greater amounts, they are harmful to the environment. There are also trace amounts of other elements (Cd, Hg, and Pb) in the soil, although these are not essential to plants and are major soil pollutants. Microelements are crucial to plant nutrition and are necessary for healthy plant growth and development. They have a role as cofactors and take part in a number of metabolic activities, including respiration and photosynthesis. Rocks (minerals), the fundamental substrate on which the soils were formed, are where microelements and heavy metals in the soil originate. The majority of the time, the naturally occurring concentration of heavy metals in soil is modest and has no effect on the agro-ecosystem's pollution. Trace elements can reach the soil in a variety of ways, and how they behave there depends on the kind and source of the substance. Most frequently, they enter the soil through a variety of anthropogenic methods, including transportation, burning fossil fuels, extraction and smelting, the production of non-ferrous metals, collection of urban and industrial waste, use of waste sludge and other waste as fertilizer, irrigation, atmospheric deposition from industrialand urban emissions, as well as the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. This research was conducted in order to determine trace elements in soil intended for growing grass in the territory of Vojvodina, Sremski district, geographical coordinates 44.96003149334459, 20.27415379860020. Trace elements were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy using PinAAcle 900T (PerkinElmer, US). The results of the test gave the average level of the content of trace elements, which is: Cd (0.15 ± 0.03), Cu (12.08 ± 3.04), Pb (26.46 ± 5.45), Zn (24.74 ± 1.24), Hg (0.03 ± 0.01), As (4.68 ± 0.87), and Fe (89.30 ± 17.51) mg/kg. On the basis of this research, it can be co

Pesticidi su važan faktor u proizvodnji prehrambenih biljaka, kao i smanjenju populacije štetnih insekata i uništavanju glodara. Lipofilni karakter većine pesticida može dovesti do njihovog bioakomulacije u masti, što može imati štetne posledice po zdravlje ljudi i životinja. Cilj ovoga pregled je da predstave saznanja o prisustvu i određivanju pesticida u mleka, sa akcentom na određivanju sadržaja DDT. Razmatraju se rezultati dobijeni pri prvim kontrolama prisustva DDT, kao i oni najnoviji koji su dobijeni poslednjih godina upotrebom novih metoda ekstrakcije i kontrole savremenim tehnikama. I dalje postoje izazovi u samom načinu određivanja i razvoju jednostavnih tehnika i procedura za kontrolu. Ali su rezultati dobijeni poslednjih godina u svim zemljama ujednačeni i slažu se da je prisustvo DDT u mleku sve manje od prvih kontaminacija sedamdesetih godina prošloga veka., Pesticides are an important factor in the production of food plants, as well as reducing the population of harmful insects and destroying rodents. The lipophilic character of most pesticides can lead to their biaccumulation in fats, which can have harmful consequences for human and animal health. The aim of this review is to present knowledge about the presence and determination of pesticides in milk, with emphasis on the determination of DDT content. The results obtained during the first controls for the presence of DDT are discussed, as well as the most recentdeveloping simple techniques and procedures for control. But the results obtained in recent years in all countries are uniform and they agree that the presence of DDT in milk is decreasing since the first contaminations in the seventies of the last century. ones obtained in recent years using new methods of extraction and control using modern techniques. There are still challenges in the very way of determining and

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) represent important environmental pollutants from the group of persistent organic pollutants. Although the use of PCBs is banned in many countries, but they still figure in the environment. Due to its lipophilic character and accumulation in fats, food of animal origin is the one that is most exposed to accumulation and the possibility of the presence of PCB residues [2, 3]. It can be said that fish can be considered environmental indicators. Consumption of fish and fish products is growing globally, because consumers see fish as a natural and safe product. Fish safety control and testing for the presence of PCBs is important because it is an indicator of the state of the environment. The aim of this research is to present the current determination of PCBs in fatty tissue of tuna fish. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for the detection of selected polychlorinated biphenyls. The work was performed for validation of the most important congeners (PCB 28, 52, 101, 153, 138 and 180) which are defined by national and international legislation.

Mala buba košnice ili Aethina tumida se relativno skoro pojavila u patologiji pčelarske proizvodnje. Aethina tumida je insekt iz reda Coleoptera, familije Nitidulidae i roda Aethina. A. tumida potiče iz Afrike gde parazitira kod afričkih pčela (Apis mellifera scutellata), koje su razvile efikasan zaštitini mehanizam prema njima. Tokom devedesetih ona se proširila po svetu i do sada je ustanovljena subsaharskoj, centralnoj i Južnoj Africi, severnoj Americi (SAD, Kanada),centralnoj Americi, Aziji (na Filipinima i u Koreji), Australiji, a od 2015. i u Evropi, na jugu Italije u Kalabriji i na Siciliji. Odrasli insekti su tamno smeđe do crne boje i dugi oko 5–6 mm. Odlični su letači i mogu da prevale ogromne udaljenosti, do 20km godišnje., The small hive beatle or Aethina tumida appeared relatively recently in the pathology of beekeeping. Aethina tumida is an insect of the order Coleoptera, family Nitidulidae and genus Aethina. A. tumida comes from Africa, where it parasitizes African bees (Apis mellifera scutellata), which have developed an effective protection mechanism against them. During the nineties, it spread around the world and until now it has been established in sub-Saharan, central and South Africa, North America (USA, Canada), Central America, Asia (in the Philippines and Korea), Australia, and since 2015 in Europe, in the south of Italy in Calabria and Sicily. Adult insects are dark brown to black in color and about 5–6 mm long. They are excellent flyers and can cover huge distances, up to 20km per year.

Kokcidioza ovaca se javlja u akutnom i hroničnom toku, sa velikim morbiditetom, ređa klinička manifestacija koje se javlja kod jagnjadi. Osnovni cilj programa kontrole kokcidioze ovaca jeste podizanje zdravstvenog statusa ovaca u Republici Srbiji. Sprečavanjem pojave i širenja kocidioze preduzimanjem određenih biotehničkih i zdravstvenih mera koje imaju ulogu da smanje prevalenciju parazita, postiže se veći prirast i bolji proizvodni rezultati ovaca. Primena ovog integrisanog koncepta kontrole infekcije parazitima zahteva sistematsko praćenje infekcije na farmama, pre i posle primenjenih mera i zahteva uključivanje svih relevantnih subjekata, prvenstveno veterinarske službe, počev od farmi, pa do radnika sa životinjama.