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Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for maize growth and development, as well as an important factor in sustainable maize production. Timing and rate of nitrogen fertilizer application can influence maize grain yield, N uptake, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) parameters. Efficient nitrogen fertilizer management is essential for achieving economic yields and for enhancing N use efficiency. The experiment was conducted at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia situated at N 45° 19’, E 19° 50’. An experiment was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a factorial arrangement with four replications during the two years. Four divergent maize, NS-4023, NS-6010, NS-6030 and NS-640 were grown under eight nitrogen combinations: fertilizer combinations with nitrogen addition in autumn and spring. The following factors were studied: N1: P60K60; N2: P60K60 + Nmin spring; N3: P60K60 + N40autumn + Nmin spring [(nitrogen added based on mineral nitrogen content in spring (NO3-N)]; N4: P60K60 + N60spring; N5: P60K60 + N100spring; N6: P60K60 + N40autumn + N60spring + Zn; N7: P60K60 + N40autumn + N80spring + Zn; N8: P60K60 + N160spring + Zn in both years of study. Zinc was applied as zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) in the amount of 1.0 kg ha-1 with foliar spraying, in the fourth and sixth week after sowing. Plant tissue analyses included contents of nitrogen in leaves and grain. Leaf samples (25 leaves) were taken under the cob in the silking stage (the second half of July). After maize harvest from each elementary plot cobs were taken for nitrogen analysis in grain. Results showed a fairly wide variability for leaf (1.91-2.58%) and grain N concentration (1.22-1.42%), amongst the hybrids, across different nitrogen systems fertilization. The two-way interaction of year and fertilization rate, fertilization rate and genotype significantly affected leaf and grain nitrogen concentration, respectively. Future studies need to be done in differ

Identifying the contributions of climate factors and fertilization to maize yield is significant for the assessment of climate change impacts on maize production under semiarid conditions. This experiment was conducted with an overall objective to find how N fertilization and cultivar interactions along with climatic conditions determine the mineral composition and maize yield responses of four divergent maize cultivars grown under eight different fertilization levels. The results showed that element contents were significantly affected by year (Y), cultivar (C), N fertilization, and N × C interaction. The element contents of grains were mainly influenced by N rate or N × C interactions. The results showed that maize yield was significantly affected by year (Y), genotype (G), N fertilization (N), and Y × G × N interaction. These results implied that the maize yield was significantly affected by changes in genotypes and environments. Overall, our findings are a result of the interactions of genetic, environmental, and agronomic management factors. Future studies could evaluate more extreme plant densities, N fertilizer levels, and environments to further enhance our understanding of management effects on the mineral composition and maize yield in calcareous soil.

Broj klasova po jedinice površine ima značajan uticaj na formiranje prinosa kroz osobine, dužinu klasa, broj klasaka u klasu, broj semena u klasu, masu klasa, masu semena u klasu i masu 1000 semena. Cilj rada je izučavanje variranja broja klasova pšenice u različitim rokovima i gustinama setve. U istraživanja su uključene dve sorte pšenice (Prima i Simonida), u ogledu sa dva roka i tri gustine setve u dve vegetacione sezone. Rezultati su pokazali značajne razlike u broju klasova m-2, između sorti, prema gustini setve, po rokovima setve i između dve vegetacione sezone. U obe vegetacione sezone, najmanji broj klasova m-2 je nađen pri gustini setve 350 semena m-2 kod obe sorte i to 504,50 i 350,33 kod Prime i 520,50 i 371,83 kod Simonide, dok je najveći broj klasova m-2 utvrđen pri najvećoj gustini setve (750 semena) i to 558,32 i 372,50 kod sorte Prima i 590,17 u prvoj i 622,17 klasova kod sorte Simonida u drugoj godini. Broj klasova m-2 je varirao zavisno od genotipa, gustine setve, vremena setve i uslova u vegetacionoj sezoni.

The quality of wheat seed protein is determined by encoding gene alleles, but percentage content varies depending from genotypes, environmental factors and interaction genotype/ environmental conditions. The aim of this work is analysis of seed protein content, sedimentation volume and their relationship with gliadin and high molecular weight glutenin subunits in bread wheat. The 10 wheat genotypes included in experimental field study in two vegetation seasons (2015/16 and 2016/17) with different climatic conditions. The results showed that seed protein content and sedimentation volume, varied in wheat genotypes within and between vegetation season. The highest seed protein content in both vegetation season was found in the genotype G-3617-1 (14.00% and 14.80%) and the least in genotype G- 3634-2 (11.40% and 12.00%). The value of protein sedimentation volume in both vegetation season was the highest in genotype G-3622-1 (52.00 ml and 56.00 ml), while the least in genotype G-3601-4 (33.00 ml and 36.00 ml). Genotypes were grouped according to the presence of the same allele at all six loci for gliadins and three loci for high-molecular-weight glutenins, and found that with high value of seed protein content associate Gli-B1b, Gli-D2b, and Glu-A1b, Glu-B1c, Glu-D1d, allele, and that with high value of sedimentation protein volume associated Gli-B1b, Gli-B2b and Glu-A1b, Glu-B1c, Glu-D1d allele.

The storage proteins influence technological quality value of grain wheat, dough quality traits and loaf quality. The aim of this study estimation of variability grain protein content, sedimentation volume, dry gluten content, loaf volume and their relationships with encoding allele of gliadin and glutenins. For investigation used wheat genotypes grown in two vegetation season (2015/16 and 2016/17). The analysed technological quality traits varied in wheat genotypes within and between vegetation season. In both vegetation season were established the highest grain protein content in G-3627-1 (14.40% and 14.60%), the highest protein sedimentation volume in G-3606-5 (46.0 ml and 52.0 ml), the highest dry gluten content in G-3621-1 (30.23% and 31.15%) and the highest value of loaf volume in the G-3621-1 (530 ml and 540 ml). In both vegetation were found the least protein sedimantation volume in genotypes G-3636-3 (34.0 ml snd 36. ml), the least grain protein content in G-3606-4 (13.10% and 13.00%), the least dry gluten content was in G-3606-6 (25.42% and 25.98%) and the least loaf volume in G-3606-6 (380 ml and 390 ml). The composition of gliadin and glutenin alleles at the analyzed wheat geneotypes was different. In analysed wheat genotypes at six Gli- loci were identified 24 alleles and at three Glu-1 loci eight alleles. Genotypes carrying Gli-B1b, Gli-D1b, Gli-D2b and Glu-A1b, Glu-B1c, Glu-D1d had the highest sedimentation volume, genotype that carried Gli-B1l and Glu-A1b, Glu-B1c, Glu-D1d had high volume of bread. The results showed relationships of gliadin and glutenin alleles with analysed grain, flour and bread traits quality.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal worldwide. Climatic conditions significantly affect the maize productivity. Identifying the contributions of climate factors and fertilization to maize yield is significant for the assessment of climate change impacts on maize production. This two-year field study investigated the effects of four N levels (T1: 0, T2: 60, T3: 120, and T4: 150 kg N ha−1) on the grain yield of four divergent maize cultivars (NS-4023, NS-640, NS-6010 and NS-6030). The results showed that maize yield were significantly affected by year (Y), genotype (G), N fertilization (N), and Y × G × N interaction.

The variations in temperature and rainfall patterns under climate change are threatening crop production systems, and optimizing fertilization practices is a prerequisite for sustainable cereal production. This two‐year field study investigated the effects of eight treatments (T1: P60K60; T2: P60K60 + Nmin spring; T3: P60K60 + N40autumn + Nmin spring; T4: P60K60 + N60spring; T5: P60K60 + N100spring; T6: P60K60 + N40autumn + N60spring + Zn; T7: P60K60 + N60autumn + N80spring + Zn; and T8: P60K60 + N160spring + Zn) on the grain yield and quality of four divergent maize cultivars (NS‐4023, NS‐640, NS‐6010 and NS‐6030). The observations on climatic data showed substantial variations in monthly and cumulative rainfall only, which was 174 and 226 mm for 2011 and 2012, respectively, and much less than the historical cumulative rainfall of 339 mm. However, temperature during growth years showed little deviation from the historical data. The data showed that treatment and maize cultivar significantly influenced grain yield; however, grain yield remained lower in 2012 than in 2011 for each treatment and cultivar. Applying N as split doses in combination with Zn, resulted in higher grain yields than adding at once. However, the treatments and cultivars affected grain quality variables differently, including oil, thiol SH, phytate, inorganic P, soluble protein, starch, total phenol, protein, total sugars and tryptophan contents. Despite the pronounced difference in grain yields between 2011 and 2012 for each treatment and cultivar, grain quality did not always vary significantly between cultivars. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the relationships between grain yield and grain quality varied significantly during 2011 and 2012. The changes in rainfall patterns at critical growth maize stages seemed to be a more important factor than temperature in regulating the response of maize cultivars in terms of grain yield and quality to various fertilization regimes in th

Proizvodnja i potražnja pšenice i potrebe za poboljšanje kvaliteta pšenice su povećani u svetu u cilju dobijanja bezbednih proizvoda za ishranu i očuvanja zdravlja ljudi. Danas se najčešće koristi rafinisano belo brašno za dobijanje proizvoda, čija prekomerna upotreba kod ljudi može izazvati gojaznost, alergije, intoleranciju i bolesti intestinalnog trakta. Mogući rizici za zdravlje ljudi, nameću zadatak za poboljšanje kvaliteta, proteina, ugljenih hidrata. Potrebno je u oplemenjivanju stvoriti sorte pšenice sa poželjnom kompozicijom glutena, polisaharida, skroba, koje će se koristiti za proizvodnju hrane bezbedne za zdravlje i da komercijalna proizvodnja obezbedi da, proizvodi budu, po kvalitetu, ceni i snabdevenosti, dostupni i pristupačni za korisnike., Wheat production and demand for improving wheat quality have increased worldwide in order to obtain safe food products and preserve human health. Today, refined white flour is most often used to obtain products, the excessive use of which in humans can cause obesity, allergies, intolerance and diseases of the intestinal tract. Possible risks to human health impose the task of improving the quality of protein and carbohydrates. It is necessary to create wheat varieties with the desired composition of gluten, polysaccharides, starch, which will be used for the production of food safe for health. Also, that commercial production to ensures that products are available ensures that products are available at quality and cost and are affordable to users.

Advantages or disadvantages of intercropping system can estimate through expression of components of yield on the base of values of productive organs (spike, pod). The aim of this work was study of variation of spike index in cereals species and pods index in pea of spring intercropping. For investigation included spring species of small grains: wheat, triticale, oat and spring legume pea. The investigation was carried out in field condition in experiment with randomised block design of 5m2 plots, with 4 replications. Each species (cereals and pea) were sown sole and in intercrops wheat+pea, triticale+pea and oat+pea. At the maturity stage used 40 plants (10 plants/replication) for determining harvest index of spike in cereal species and index of pea pods on the base of analysis of spike mass and pod mass and seed mass spike-1 and seed mass pod-1 . Seed mass spike-1 of small grains species genotypes variate in ratio of 0.85 g (wheat+pea) and 1.59 g (oat intercrops) with average 1.19 g for all crops of cereals and variant of cultivation. The spike mass variate in range of 1.37 g (triticale intercrop) and 2.23 g (wheat intercrops) with average 1.72 g for all cereals and variant of cultivation. Harvest index of spike variate between 62.5% (triticale sole) and 89.2% (oat sole). The value of spike mass was the higher in wheat intercrops than in wheat sole, while for triticale and oat spike mass is lower in intercrops. In the same of analyzed small grain species, seed mass was the higher in sole crops than in mixture with pea. The spike index, only in intercrop triticale+pea (63.2%) was slightly higher than in single crop of triticale (62.5%). Pod mass and seed mass pod-1 of pea was the higher in pea intercrops than in pea sole. The highest pod mass was in intercrop pea+triticale (0.72 g) and the least in single crop of pea (0.45 g) with average 0.62 g for all crops. The highest seed mass pod-1 was the highest intercrop pea+triticale (0.56g) and the least in monocrop of p, Prednosti i nedostaci združenih useva mogu se oceniti prema ispoljavanja komponenti prinosa na osnovu vrednosti produktivnih organa (klas, mahuna). Cilj ovog rad je izučavanje varijabilnosti žetvenog indeksa klasa pšenice, tritikalea, ovsa i žetvenog indeksa mahune kod graška gajenim u pojedinačnim i združenim usevima. U istraživanja je uključen po jedan genotip jarih formi pšenice, tritikalea, ovsa i graška. Eksperiment je izveden na oglednom polju Rimski šančevi u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo Novi Sad. Genotipovi strnih žita i graška su sejani na parcelicama 5 m2 u 4 ponavljanja u monokulturi i u združenoj setvi pšenica + grašak, tritikale + grašak i ovas+grašak. U vreme fiziološke zrelosti vršena je žetva biljke koje su korišćene za analizu osobina klasa i metlice kod strnih žita i osobina mahune kod graška. Za analize je korišćeno 40 biljaka (10 biljaka po ponavljanju) za svaki genotip iz pojedinačnih i združenih useva. Analizirane su osobine: masa klasa, masa semena po klasu, masa mahune i masa semena po mahuni. Na osnovu vrednosti ovih osobina izračunat je žetveni indeks klasa kod pšenice, tritikalea i ovsa kao i žetveni indeks mahune kod graška. Masa klasa je varirala između 1.37 g kod tritikalea u združenom usevu sa graškom, do 2.23 g kod pšenice u združenom usevu sa graškom, a prosečna masa klasu za sve genotipove u obe varijante gajenja je iznosila 1.72 g. Masa semena po klasu je varirala od 0.85 g kod pšenice u združenom usevu (pšenica+grašak) i u do 1.52 g kod ovsa u združenom usevu sa graškom, a prosečna masa semena po klasu za sve genotipove u obe varijante gajenja je iznosila 1.19 g. Žetveni indeks klasa je bio najmanji 62.5% kod tritikalea u pojedinačnm usevu a najveći kod ovsa 86.5% takodje u monokulturi. Vrednosti mase klasa i mase semena po klasu su bile različite u zavisnosti od vrste strnih žita i načina setve i gajenja useva. Masa klasa kod pšenice u združenom usevu sa graškom je bila veća nego kod pšenice u pojedinačnom usevu. Kod trit

Rezime: Poznavanja mobilnosti teških metala Pb, Cd, Zn i radionuklida U predstvalja jedan od ciljeva zaštite, uređenja i racionalnog korišćenja poljoprivrednog zemljišta sa aspekta proizvodnje zadravstveno bezbedne hrane. Cilj istraživanja disertacije je proučavanje efikasnosti prirodnih mineralnih sirovina na bazi zeolita i apatita sa domaćih nalazišta u mobilnosti teških metala i radionuklida u zemljištima različitih fizičko- hemijskih karakteristika (pseudoglej i černozem) koristeći test kulture slačicu (Sinapis Alba L.) i suncokret (Hellianthus annuus L.). Afinitet, efikasnost, mehanizmi adsorpcije zeolita i precipitacije apatita utvrđeni su u sistemu kolona sa konstantnim pritiskom, pri različitim pH vrednostima (5.00, 7.00) osnovnog kontaminiranog rastvora (Pb, Cd, Zn, U) 300 mg l -1 u vremenskim intervalima 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minuta. U svim varijantama došlo je do značajnih promena pH vrednosti filtrata. Najviše promene pH vrednosti filtrata, minimalna kolebanja u vremenskom intervalu, pri pH=5.00, zabeležili su osnovni rastvori Pb (7.69-7.87) i U (7.77-7.93) kroz kolonu sa apatitom i nešto nižim promenama za Cd i Zn. Promene pH vrednosti osnovnih kontaminiranih rastvora, pH =5.00, zabeležene su i nakon propuštanja kroz kolone sa zeolitom ali znatno manjeg intenziteta sa trendom promena U>Pb>Cd>Zn. Trend promena između apatita i zeolita nastupile su i kod osnovnog kontaminiranog rastvora pH =7.00. Zeolit i apatit procesima adsorpcije/precipitacije uspešno su imobilisali Pb, pri pH vrednosti osnovnog rastvora 5.00 i 7.00. U kolonama apatit je bolje imobilisao U, zeolit je bolji za imobilizaciju Cd, dok su za Zn pokazali veoma sličan afinitet. Zeolit i apatit dodati u količini od 20 g kg-1 zemljišta smanjuju sadržaj vodnorastvorljivih i lakopristupačnih oblika Pb, Cd i Zn u nekontaminiranom i kontaminiranom zemljištu. Kontaminacija pseudogleja i černozema sa Pb i U je negativno uticala na morfofiziološke osobine suncokreta, dok je uticaj za Cd i Zn zavisio od, SUMMARY: Knowledge of the mobility of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Zn and radionuclides U represents one of the goals of protection, regulation and rational use of agricultural soils from the aspect of production of safe food. The aim of the research thesis is the study of the efficiency of natural mineral materials based on zeolite and apatite from domestic deposits in the mobility of heavy metals and radionuclides in the soils of the different physicochemical characteristics (pseudogley and chernozem) using a test culture mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and sunflower (Hellianthus annuus L.). Affinity, efficiency, zeolite adsorption mechanisms and apatite adsorption precipitation were determined in a constant-pressure column system at 300 mg l-1 for different pH values (5.00, 7.00) of the basic contaminated solution (Pb, Cd, Zn, U) at time intervals 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes. In all variants, significant changes in the pH of the filtrate occurred. The most significant changes in the pH of the filtrate, minimal fluctuations in the time interval, at pH = 5.00, recorded the basic solutions of Pb (7.69-7.87) and U (7.77-7.93) through the column with apatite and somewhat lower changes for Cd and Zn. Changes in the pH of the basic contaminated solutions, pH=5.00, were also recorded after leaking through the zeolite columns but with significantly lower intensity with the trend of changes U> Pb> Cd> Zn. The trend of changes between apatite and zeolite also occurred in the basic contaminated solution pH=7.00. Zeolite and apatite adsorption/precipitation processes successfully immobilized Pb at pH of the basic solution 5.00 and 7.00. In colonies, apatite better immobilized U, zeolite is better for immobilisation of Cd, while for Zn, they showed a very similar affinity. Zeolite and apatite are added in an amount of 20 g kg-1 soil to reduce the content of watersoluble and easily accessible forms of Pb, Cd and Zn in uncontaminated and contaminated soil. Contamination of pseudogley and che

Rezime: Predmet istraživanja doktorske disertacije je proučavanje uticaja različitih načina gajenja jarog ječma na morfološke, produktivne i osobine kvaliteta zrna. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata utvrđen je najpovoljniji način gajenja za četiri ispitivane sorte jarog dvorednog ječma u agroekološkim uslovima Požarevca (gustina setve i količina azotnog đubriva). Eksperimentalna proučavanja su obavljena u trogodišnjem periodu, od 2012. do 2014. godine, na oglednom polju Poljoprivredne škole sa domom učenika „Sonja Marinković“ Požarevac u Požarevcu. Ogledom je obuhvaćeno četiri sorte jarog dvorednog ječma: Novosadski 448, Novosadski 456, Dunavac i Jadran. U ogledu su primenjene tri gustine setve (350, 450 i 550 klijavih zrna m‒2) i četiri doze azotnog đubriva (45, 45+30, 45+60 i 45+90 kg ha‒1 čistog azota). Tokom trogodišnjeg perioda ispitivanja praćeno je ukupno 17 parametara, koji su grupisani u 3 celine, i to: morfološke osobine (visina biljaka, opšte bokorenje, koeficijent produktivnog bokorenja i broj biljaka m–2), komponente prinosa i prinos zrna (broj klasova m–2, dužina klasa, broj zrna po klasu, masa zrna po klasu, masa 1000 zrna, žetveni indeks i prinos zrna) i osobine kvaliteta zrna (hektolitarska masa zrna, sadržaj zrna debljine ≥2,5 mm, sadržaj zrna debljine od 2,2 do 2,5 mm, energija klijanja, ukupna klijavost zrna i sadržaj proteina u zrnu). Proučavanjem uticaja različitog načina gajenja na morfološke, produktivne i osobine kvaliteta zrna jarog ječma u trogodišnjem periodu, ustanovljen je pozitivan uticaj rastuće gustine setve na povećanje visine biljaka, broja biljaka po jedinici površine, broja klasova po jedinici površine, prinosa zrna, sadržaja zrna debljine od 2,2 do 2,5 mm i sadržaja proteina u zrnu. Povećana gustina setve je imala negativan uticaj na opše bokorenje, koeficijent produktivnog bokorenja, dužinu klasa, broj zrna po klasu, masu zrna po klasu, žetveni indeks, masu 1000 zrna, hektolitarsku masu zrna, sadržaj zrna debljine ≥2,5 mm i neznatn, Summary: The research topic of this doctoral dissertation focuses on the effect of growing method on the morphological characteristics, yield performance and grain quality traits of spring barley. Based on the experimental results, the most favorable growing method was determined for four cultivars of spring two–row barley tested under the agroenvironmental conditions of Požarevac (seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer rate). Experimental research was conducted during a three-year period, from 2012 to 2014, at the trial field of the Sonja Marinković Agricultural Boarding School in Požarevac. The experiment included four cultivars of spring two–row barley: ‘Novosadski 448’, ‘Novosadski 456’, ‘Dunavac’ and ‘Jadran’. Three seeding rates (350, 450 and 550 viable seeds m‒2) and four rates of nitrogen fertilizer (45, 45 + 30, 45 + 60 and 45 + 90 kg ha‒1) were used. During the three-year study period, a total of 17 parameters classified into 3 groups were evaluated, i.e. morphological characteristics (plant height, general tillering, productive tillering coefficient, and number of plants m‒2), yield components and grain yield (number of spikes m–2, spike length, number of kernels per spike, kernel weight per spike, 1000 kernel weight, harvest index, and grain yield) and grain quality traits (test weight, percentage of kernels a thickness ≥2.5 mm, percentage of kernels with a thickness of 2.2 to 2.5 mm, germination energy, total germination, and grain protein content). The evaluation of the effect of growing method on the morphological characteristics, yield performance and grain quality traits of spring barley over the three-year period indicated that increasing seeding rate had a positive effect on plant height, number of plants per unit area, number of spikes per unit area, grain yield, percentage of kernels with a thickness of 2.2 to 2.5 mm, and grain protein content. Increased seeding rate had a negative impact on general tillering, productive tillering coefficient, spi

In diallel crosses of four genetically divergent wheat cultivars (Jugoslavija, Osječanka, Žitnica, and NS Rana 2) the variability and inheritance of grain protein content (GPC) were studied. The mode of inheritance, gene effect, combining ability of parent cultivars and F1 hybrids plant for protein content were investigated. The different mode of inheritance: intermediate, partial dominance, dominance and over-dominance for analyzed trait were established. The highest protein contents among parent cultivars had Novosadska Rana 2. The combination Žitnica/NS Rana 2 in F1 generation was the best for protein content.