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This article presents the shear strength characteristics of Petobo Silty Sand which are treated with Calcium Oxide and Guar Gum. The purpose of this experimental works is looking for other binding agents to replace the application of cement which is considered not an environmentally friendly material. The shear strength of treated soils was examined using the direct shear test. Guar gum and Calcium Oxide provides additional cohesion to Petobo silty sand. The cohesion and internal friction angle could increase to about 900 kPa and 47.5°, respectively. The treated sample also shows the dilation behavior in dry conditions. However, after 24 hours soaking period, the soil behavior returned to the contraction behavior. This behavior is unfavorable in the case of the treated sample below the groundwater table. Hence, these two binding agents are effective for dry soil conditions. In addition, Scanning Electron Microscope images of treated silty sand were obtained which aims to examine the microscopic behavior of the fibers and matrices that were formed through the hydration process.

A 42-inch pipeline traverses a predominantly flat right-of-way (ROW), running from south to north in East Kalimantan. Adjacent to the ROW, a coal mine concession was located on the western side, while the Mahakam River lies a further 3 km to the east. A mining waste dump has been constructed since 2010, situated in an area underlain by soft alluvium soil (Qa). The waste was stacked, reaching heights of up to 75 meters, with its toe approximately 200 m from the edge of the ROW. In 2016, a failure occurred in the ROW, causing the 42-inch pipeline to shift a maximum of 6.8 m horizontally, and rise by 2.0 m within a 300 m span. A geotechnical investigation was then conducted, consisting of 7 CPTu with dissipation testing. The CPTu results indicated high pore pressure, with a layer of soft clay ranging from 15 to 32 m thickness found in the ROW area. A hypothesis was formulated suggesting that the soft clay was not fully consolidated. Hence, the failure of the pipeline was possibly caused by the migration of excess pore water pressure accumulated during the construction of the waste dump. Results of the investigation indicated that the permeability coefficient was 2.5 times greater in the horizontal direction compared to the vertical ones (kh/kv = 2.5), allowing the pore water pressure to migrate more easily in the horizontal direction. This study aims to elucidate how the migration of excess pore water pressure in the horizontal direction influences ground stability. The analysis was conducted using finite element software MIDAS GTS NX, with the kh/kv varying from 2.5 to 100 times to explore excess pore pressure movement behaviors. Theresultsofthis study confirm that excess pore pressure migration can occur horizontally if the horizontal permeability coefficient is larger than its vertical counterpart. Thus, this study highlights that the greater the permeability coefficient and the larger the ratio, the further the excess pore pressure travels. Moreover, the horizontal displacement increases with the permeability coefficient ratio.

SMA Swasta Panglima Polem is one of the high schools located in Labuhan Batu districts. This school has been accredited A and has 2 (two) majors, namely Natural Sciences (IA) and Social Sciences (IS). The problem that occurs is that there is a gap between accounting subjects and their application in the world of work today. This is not in line with the development of the accounting sector which has utilized Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Students need the ability and knowledge in using accounting applications. In addition, students also need to be instilled with a thorough attitude and the ability to solve problems so that every job can be completed properly and correctly. Students' understanding of accounting is only obtained through theory and practice from books, so students do not have an idea of ​​how the flow of the accounting system runs in a company. Accurate 5 training is given to students for 3 days starting with the opening of the training, introduction of applications, conducting financial transactions, viewing and analyzing financial reports, to conducting post-tests to students. The training went good and showed good results. This is shown by the enthusiasm of the students, the appreciation of the principal, and the results of the training which show an increase in students' understanding of accounting applications, especially Accurate 5.

Makalah berikut menyajikan evaluasi nilai shear strength dan stress history tanah lunak menggunakan CPTu. Lokasi penelitian berada di Kosambi Tangerang, pada tanah Jakarta marine clay. Pada area penelitian dilakukan pematangan lahan menggunakan prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) yang dikombinasikan dengan vacuum preloading sebesar 80 kPa. Dalam penelitian ini disebut metode konsolidasi vakum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur efektifitas pekerjaan konsolidasi metode vacuum preloading. Metode pengukuran efektivitas konsolidasi vakum menggunakan evaluasi nilai shear strength dan stress history dari CPTu. Hasil analisis dapat menunjukkan beban vacuum preloading yang diterima di setiap lapisan tanah. Besar derajat konsolidasi menggunakan analisis settlement plate tidak selalu mencerminkan besar peningkatan nilai kuat geser tanah. Nilai derajat konsolidasi tanah pada vacuum preloading lebih mendekati kondisi aktual jika menggunakan acuan peningkatan kuat geser tanah daripada hasil analisis settlement plate. Tanah Jakarta marine clay memiliki nilai α berkisar 2.5 dan nilai Ch mendekati nilai Cv. The following paper shows an evaluation of the shear strength and stress history values of soft soils using CPTu. The research location is in Kosambi, Tangerang, on Jakarta marine clay soil. In the research area, ground preparation was carried out using a prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) combined with a vacuum preloading of 80 kPa. In this study it is called vacuum consolidation method. This study aims to measure the effectiveness of consolidation using vacuum consolidation method by using the evaluation of shear strength values and stress history of CPTu. The results of the analysis can show the vacuum preloading load received in each soil layer. The result of consolidation degree using analysis of settlement plate does not always indicate the increase of shear strength in the soil. The value of degree consolidation on the vacuum preloading is closer to the actual condition when using the increasing shear strength compared to the result analysis from the settlement plate. Jakarta marine clay soil has an α value of around 2.5 and the Ch value is close to the Cv value.

Indonesia is a country that is classified as prone to disasters because of its territory that has a lot of tectonic activity and is located between the ring of fire. Given the urgency of improving people's preparedness for disasters, studies are needed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors associated with disasters. One of which is disaster preparedness, that is influenced by public awareness of disasters. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between current awareness level of the community towards disaster and Community preparedness for disaster preparedness efforts in Indonesia. The design of this study was cross‑sectional. Data were collected by a self‑administered online survey. The study respondents were community that are accessible and were willing to fill out questionnaires voluntarily. The research was conducted in March‑October 2021 with the nation as the research location. The size of the sample was 400 respondents obtained from the calculation of estimation in finite population. Respondents with lower current awareness level of the community towards disaster had higher risk 1.49 times to have lower community preparedness for disaster preparedness efforts compared to respondents with higher community preparedness for disaster preparedness efforts (PR=1.49, 95%CI=1.25‑1.76, P0.001). Increasing public awareness about disaster preparedness is very important. The government can work with non‑governmental organizations and community leaders to provide understanding and training to the community to deal with disasters.

Efforts to move the Capital of Indonesia to Kalimantan are intended to solve the problem of overpopulation in Jakarta, so it’s possible there are massive infrastructure development in the future. In this study conducted Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) and made an earthquake hazard map that serves to analyze earthquake-resistant buildings for the New Capital of Indonesia. The PSHA and earthquake map was developed for 2% probability exceeded in 50 years or 2500-return period. The results of the analysis on three important periods, comprised of PGA, Ss, and S1 with a return period of 2500 years have higher acceleration at bedrock if performed by GMPE 2017 rather than GMPE 2010 for the period between PGA and 0.1s. Maximum earthquake acceleration on bedrock resulting from the creation of earthquake hazard maps in New Capital of Indonesia for period of PGA, 0.2s, and 1.0s at bedrock for return period of 2500 years is 0.2-0.25g, 0.4-0.5g, and 0-0.15g, respectively. The earthquake threat index in the New Capital of Indonesia is categorized as low according to Indonesia's National Board for Disaster Management (BNPB) regulations (PGA

Pengolahan empulur pohon sagu secara tradisional yang dilakukan oleh petani sagu Iwai dengan cara tokok sagu membutuhkan waktu kerja minimal sekitar 7 hari dan menghasilkan pati sagu bermutu lebih rendah. Solusi atas permasahan mitra tersebut adalah dengan memberikan pelatihan dan pendampingan pengolahan sagu secara semi mekanis menggunakan mesin parut sagu serta bantuan mesin parut sagu melalui program Kosabangsa. Kegiatan pelatihan dan pendampingan pengolahan sagu secara semi mekanis sangat membantu meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan Mitra. Hasil evaluasi kegiatan ini menunjukkan bahwa kelompok petani sagu Iwai telah terampil dalam menerapkan teknologi pengolahan empulur sagu secara semi mekanis menggunakan mesin parut sagu sehingga pekerjaan mereka lebih efisien waktu serta meningkatkan kuantitas dan kualitas pati sagu. Penggunaan mesin parut sagu sangat mempermudah dan mempercepat pekerjaan mitra dalam mengolah empulur sagu menjadi pati sagu. Keberhasilan kegiatan ini yaitu adanya peningkatan sebesar 100% kemampuan mitra dalam mengolah empulur sagu secara mekanis, peningkatan sebesar 90% kemampuan mitra dalam mengoperasikan dan merawat mesin parut sagu, serta peningkatan sebesar 100% jumlah empulur sagu yang terolah.

Earthquake is one of the most common natural disasters in Indonesia and usually destroys both high and low-rise buildings as well as triggers liquefaction and Tsunami. This means it is important to provide a robust building design with the ability to resist earthquake load and other induced phenomena. One of the methods commonly used to determine the relevant response spectrum of the bedrock is seismic hazard analysis which can be either Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) or Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA). The application of PSHA allows the representation of the response spectrum of an earthquake using the return period, thereby providing the engineers with the flexibility of selecting the appropriate natural period. Meanwhile, DSHA is based on geological observations and empirical data that can be easily understood. This research discussed the greater influence of seismic hazard analysis on the bedrock response spectrum of near-fault areas including Bandung situated at a distance of 12.9 km from Lembang Fault, Palu at 3 km from Palu Fault, and Yogyakarta at 8.5 km from Opak Fault. Moreover, EZFRISK Program was used to generate a response spectrum at bedrock and the results showed that PSHA is consistently more conservative than DSHA. It was also noted that there are significant differences at shorter periods for Palu site but these differences were observed at the natural period between 1s and 2s for Bandung and Yogyakarta sites.

The church founded by the Lord Jesus is an exclusive fellowship in matters of faith and salvation in the Lord Jesus Christ. On the other hand, the church is also an open (inclusive) communion that wants to work with others. The problem is the concept of the church as an open communion and the Biblical open missional paradigm. Using a qualitative descriptive method with a literature and hermeneutic approach, this study aims to explain the concept of the church as an open communion and explain an open missional paradigm based on the prayer of Jesus in John 17:18-19. The results of this study: first, the church as an open community is a union between church members based on the relational unity of the Trinity of God by developing an attitude of solidarity among fellow members and moving beyond the church community based on love. Second, the open missional paradigm manifests in three ways: Jesus is the central mission, the delegation of mission tasks, and sanctification in truth.

The mini-scale pneumatic conveying ring dryer (PCRD) type sago starch dryer with a capacity of 80 kg / day has been applied to the processing of sago starch to produce dry sago starch. To increase the production capacity of the PCRD dryer, a recirculation pipe was modified. The modified pipe section is the venturi pipe diameter and the upriser vertical pipe increased. The diameter of the vertical upriser pipe is 2.5 times larger than that of the ubend pipe and the downcomer vertical pipe so that a buffer is formed. In addition, the difference in the diameter of the recirculation pipe can increase the residence time of the material. The purpose of this study was to simulate using ansys fluent to determine the temperature profile, air flow velocity, and pressure in the pneumatic conveying ring dryer (PCRD) type sago starch dryer pipe with a capacity of 1 ton per day. Simulations were carried out using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique using ansys fluent software package. The simulation results show that the temperature along the pipe has decreased by about 2oC at various variations of the input air velocity and variations in the outlet at the boundary conditions. Likewise, the air velocity at the end of the outlet pipe (vertical downcomer pipe) increases due to the difference in diameter with the inlet pipe. The pressure on the vertical upriser pipe is higher than the pressure on the ubend pipe and downcomer vertical pipe. The simulation results show that the recirculation pipe design is very well used so that it can be continued for the manufacture of PCRD-type sago starch dryer on a scale of 1 ton per day.

Pokem or Wheat Papua is one of the local food sources for the Papuan people which has a very strategic cultural value, especially at Numfor Island as a center for pokem production in Papua. Postharvest handling of pokem, specifically, threshing is still done conventionally with very limited threshing capacity. To optimize postharvest handling of pokem, specifically in the threshing process, a threshing machine is needed that can work more quickly and efficiently. The purpose of this study was to develop a prototype mechanical pokem thresher with a throw-in system with a combustion motor in order to further increase the efficiency and capacity of threshing. This research was conducted by designing a prototype mechanical pokem thresher and then performing a performance evaluation. The result of this research is that a prototype mechanical pokem thresher with a throw-in system has been formed which has functioned as a mechanical pokem thresher. The average results of the pokem thresher evaluation obtained threshing capacity of 36.29 kg/hour, threshing efficiency of 92.5% and percentage losses of 7.33%.

Abstrak Perbaikan tanah lunak dengan pra-beban (preloading) dimaksudkan untuk mereduksi penurunan pada masa operasional dan meningkatkan kekuatan tanah. Preloading dalam perbaikan tanah lunak biasanya dikombinasikan dengan Prefabricated Vertical Drain (PVD) guna mempercepat proses disipasi air pori. Metode preloading dapat dilakukan dengan cara konvensional menggunakan timbunan ataupun dengan tekanan vakum. Untuk mengetahui perilaku preloading dengan tekanan vakum ini digunakan metode elemen hingga 2D menggunakan program bantu ABAQUS (berasal dari nama alat hitung Abacus). Hasil analisis menunjukan pada hari ke 217 perbaikan preloading vakum menghasilkan penurunan sebesar 1,23 m dan preloading timbunan menghasilkan penurunan sebesar 1,18 m, namun pola penurunan yang terjadi dengan preloading vakum terlihat lebih besar pada 35 hari pertama perbaikan. Pada perubahan tekanan air pori preloading vakum menunjukan reduksi tekanan air pori, sedangkan dengan preloading timbunan tekanan air pori meningkat pada masa konstruksi dan tereduksi pada masa perbaikan. Lebih lanjut pada perilaku deformasi lateral di kaki timbunan, metode preloading vakum menunjukan pergerakan lateral ke arah dalam area perbaikan sedangkan dengan preloading konvensional pergerakan lateral tanah terjadi ke arah luar area perbaikan. Kata kunci: ABAQUS, Elemen Hingga 2D, Perbaikan Tanah, Vakum Preloading Abstract Improvement of soft soil by preloading is intended to lower the settlement of operation time and increasing soil strength. Preloading in the improvement of soft soil usually combined with Prefabricated Vertical Drain (PVD) to accelerate the pore water dissipation process. The preloading method can be done in a conventional way using the embankment or vacuum pressure. To find out the behaviour of preloading with this vacuum pressure, we used the finite element method 2D by using the ABAQUS support program. The result of the analysis shows on the 217th day, vacuum preloading improvement produces a settlement by 1.23 m and the embankment preloading produce 1.18 m, but the settlement pattern that occurs with preloading vacuum was seen to be greater in the first 35 days of improvement. In terms of changes in pore water pressure on vacuum preloading shows that the pattern of pore water pressure is reduced, while with pore eater pressure on preloading heap increased during construction and reduced during improvement. Further on the lateral movement behaviour in the toe of the embankment, the vacuum preloading method shows the lateral movement towards the improvement area while embankment preloading shows the lateral movement occurs towards the outside of the improvement area. Keywords: ABAQUS, Finite Element 2D, Soil Improvement, Vacuum Preloading

Abstract. Society 5.0 is the concept of a new life order that focuses on humans and based on digital technology to support human work. Meanwhile, the Church has the task to carry out the Great Commission of Christ according to Matthew 28:18-20. The problem is how to implement the Great Commission of Christ in this 5.0 society era. The method used in this study is grammatical and lexical study of Matthew 28:18-20. Through this study, it could be concluded that the actualization of the Great Commission of Christ requires new innovations, from previously on-site-based missions to digital missions. Missionaries are required to have capabulity in mission activities innovation through digital technology. Abstrak. Masyarakat 5.0 adalah konsep tatanan kehidupanbaru yang berfokus pada manusia dan berbasiskan teknologi digitaluntuk mendukung pekerjaan manusia.Sedangkan Gereja memiliki tugas untuk melaksanakan Amanat Agung Kristus berdasarkan Matius 28:18-20.Problemnya adalah bagaimanakah implementasi Amanat Agung Kristus di era masyarakat 5.0 ini. Metode yang digunakan dalam kaijian ini adalah studi gramatikal dan leksikal Matius 28:18-20. Melalui kajian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa aktualisasi Amanat Agung Kristus menuntut inovasi baru, dari sebelumnya misi berbasis on site menuju digital mision.Misionaris dituntut untuk memiliki kemampuan berinovasi dalam aktivitas misi melalui teknologi digital.

Pondasi tiang-rakit merupakan kombinasi antara pondasi tiang dan pondasi rakit. Daya dukung pondasi tiang-rakit diperoleh dari konstribusi pemikulan beban oleh pondasi tiang maupun pondasi rakit. Namun dalam desain pondasi tiang pada umumnya selalu diasumsikan bahwa seluruh beban dipikul oleh pondasi tiang saja dan mengabaikan daya dukung pondasi rakit. Untuk menganalisis persentase beban yang dapat dipikul oleh pondasi rakit dilakukan pemodelan dengan menggunakan elemen hingga tiga dimensi pada studi kasus yang berlokasi di Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia. Pada proyek ini terdapat data instrumentasi berupa dua titik pressure cell yang dapat digunakan untuk memverifikasi model dan distribusi beban yang terjadi. Hasil analisis menunjukan hasil yang konsisten dengan hasil yang terukur, dimana persen beban yang dipikul pondasi rakit sekitar 33-42%.

Pre-stressed ground anchor systems or tieback systems are commonly used at wide and irregular-shaped excavations, with the advantage of lower cost and ease of construction compared to the braced excavations, but they come with the drawback on permits for excavations near buildings and tunnels. Research on tieback systems in sands was generally conducted. However, the studies on the correlation between the retaining wall deflection and pre-stress force are few. The objectives of this paper are to study the influence of pre-stress force, depth of excavation, wall embedment length, and soil shear strength that is represented by soil friction angle on the deflection and soil pressure acting on the retaining wall. The parametric study was conducted on an excavation in sand using the finite element method with the Hardening soil model. The results showed that a 50 kN/m increase in pre-stress force reduced the wall deflection on top of the wall by 0.005–0.083% of excavation depth. However, the pre-stressing influence in reducing wall deflection at excavations became less significant along with the sand density increase due to higher friction angle contribution to excavation stability. Moreover, the pre-stress force needed for stabilization of the wall with long embedment length is smaller than those on the wall with shorter embedment length, since the embedment length increase of 0.25 times of excavation depth reduces wall top deflection by 0.002–0.095% of excavation depth. Also, the increase of soil density reduces the need for wall embedment length, so at dense sand, the embedment length of 0.5 times of excavation depth is sufficient to support the excavation.

The role of believers and the church in actualizing the mission has a wrong mindset towards the basic concepts of missiology which results in not maximizing the preaching of the good news to others. Some people claim to be Christian but are reluctant to carry out the Great Commission and Paradigm that wrongly denounces the role of believers in evangelizing. For this reason, the church in Christian education is expected to be able to provide understanding to church members to be able to make Christian education the basis and means of evangelism. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this research can be started by describing the mission and nature of the mission that Christian education must begin with an understanding related to the nature of missiology as the basis and driving force for the mission. Furthermore, the mission in Christian Education must also be a curriculum that is continuously taught to regenerate the Lord's congregation to continue to actualize the mandate of the Great Commission. so that the Church and Mission as a source of actualization can be realized and become the lifestyle of believers as part of the church. Abstrak Peran orang percaya dan gereja dalam mengaktualisasi misi memiliki mindset yang salah terhadap konsep dasar misiologi yang mengakibatkan tidak maksimalnya pemberitaan kabar baik bagi orang lain. Adanya orang yang mengaku Kristen, tetapi enggan untuk melakukan Amanat Agung dan Paradigma yang salah mengakibatkan tidak maksimalnya peran orang percaya dalam menginjil. Untuk itu gereja dalam pendidikan Kristen diharapkan mampu memberikan pemahaman kepada anggota gereja untuk dapat menjadikan pendidikan Kristen sebagai dasar dan sarana penginjilan. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif penelitian ini dimulai dengan mendeskripsikan misi dan hakikat misi, selanjutnya pendidikan Kristen yang dimulai dengan pengertian yang berkaitan terhadap konsep dasar Misiologi sebagai motivasi atau penggerak dalam melakukan misi. Dan misi dalam Pendidikan Kristen juga harus menggunakan kurikulum misi yang terus diajarkan untuk meregenerasi jemaat Tuhan untuk terus mengaktualisasi mandat Amanat Agung. sehingga gereja dan misi sebagai sumber Aktualisasi dapat terwujud dan menjadi gaya hidup orang percaya sebagai bagian dari gereja.

Sago starch drying in remote areas or difficult to reach transportation requires artificial dryers to increase the quantity and quality of the dry sago starch. The purpose of this study was to test performance, and analyze the economic value of biomass powered pneumatic conveying ring dryer (PCRD) for drying sago starch for small scale commercial. This research was conducted in two stages, namely performance testing and financial analysis. Small scale (mini) PCRD has been created for drying sago starch with a capacity of 160 kg of dry sago starch per day. The resulting moisture content varies according to variations in temperature and initial moisture content of sago starch and has met the Indonesia National Standard (SNI) No. 3729 regarding the maximum water content of sago starch (13%), except at temperature variations of 50oC and 75oC with an initial moisture content of 41% that did not meet the SNI, which was greater than 13% (14.27% and 13.23%). The drying efficiency varies between 7.339% to 9.689%. Likewise, the yield of dry sago starch that was produced varied between 65% and 73%. PCRD is very feasible to be developed into a commercial scale sago starch dryer with a Pay back value of 2.66 years to return the initial capital of Rp. 186,879,200.

Downhole dynamic compaction (DDC) has been commonly used in China to stabilize collapsible soil through the application of construction and demolition waste material (CDW). DDC basically forms a column inside the soil stratum which is similar to a stone column except DDC materials are put in sequence and then compacted by using DDC hammer. Due to its attractive features such as its big diameter, feasibility of using oversized material particles, rapid and simple construction technique, it is used as one of the ground improvement methods for an airport project in Indonesia. Despite of all the advantages provided by DDC, it is difficult to obtain DDC parameters from laboratory tests as it is difficult to replicate the compaction effort induced by the DDC hammer and laboratory tests are not commonly employed for oversized materials. Hence, alternative method is required to evaluate DDC parameters. In this study, static load test is conducted to determine load-deformation curve of the DDC pile. Soil parameters are first determined through soil test data such as standard penetration test (SPT), laboratory test and also pressure meter tests. Correlation between pressure meter tests and SPT test result is also carried in order to interpret the soil parameter at the site. Axisymmetric finite element analysis is then carried by using MIDAS GTS NX in order to back analyses DDC parameters by matching the simulation curve with load settlement curve of the DDC. In this paper, it is shown that back analysis using hardening soil model for DDC material can be used to match simulation curve with the load-deformation curve.

Kasus galian dalam perlu mendapat perhatian yang khusus terkait defleksi dinding dan deformasi tanah yang dipicu akibat galian dalam itu sendiri. Hal ini dikarenakan defleksi dinding maupun deformasi tanah yang berlebihan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada struktur sekitarnya. Untuk memverifikasi performa maupun keamanan suatu pekerjaan galian dalam dapat dilakukan dengan analisis balik. Penelitian ini berfokus pada analisis balik terhadap pekerjaan galian dalam pada salah satu bangunan perkantoran tersohor di Indonesia. Galian dalam ini menggunakan metode konstruki top down dengan dinding diafragma setebal 0,8 m sebagai sistem penahan. Melalui penelitian ini, diketahui bagaimana jika parameter hasil analisis balik dengan metode elemen hingga 2-Dimensi digunakan dalam analisis 3-Dimensi. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan model material Hardening Soil dan analisis balik dilakukan dengan mengacu kepada hasil pengukuran inklinometer. Berdasarkan hasil analisis diperoleh bahwa analisis 3-Dimensi memberikan hasil defleksi dinding dan deformasi tanah yang underestimate jika dibandingkan dengan analisis 2-Dimensi menggunakan parameter input yang sama. Hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya efek 3-Dimensi yang berperan signifikan dalam kasus galian dalam ini. Jika dilakukan iterasi parameter agar diperoleh hasil defleksi dinding yang sesuai antara analisis 3-Dimensi dengan hasil pengukuran lapangan, nilai modulus tanah perlu direduksi hingga mencapai 80% pada kasus ini. Artinya, nilai modulus tanah menjadi parameter yang sangat berperan penting dalam memprediksi besarnya defleksi dinding akibat galian. Selain itu, besarnya defleksi dinding dan deformasi tanah yang terjadi juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor kedalaman galian.

Ignoring the role of soil suction and implementing unsaturated soil mechanics when assessing slope stability in Indonesia is a common practice. One of the main reasons is due to the precognition that incorporating soil suction means using higher shear strength, which leads to less conservative analysis, while it is difficult to practically obtain accurate input parameters for unsaturated soil analysis. However, a number of slope failures occur all over the world due to rainfall, which becomes evidence that ignoring the role of soil suction may not necessarily lead to a conservative result. On 9 January 2021, rainfall-induced slope failure occurred at Cimanggung after four hours of heavy rainfall and killed 32 people. Many of them were injured, and houses were destroyed. This event shows the significance of considering the interaction between infiltration and soil suction when conducting slope stability analysis. Difficulties in obtaining input parameters for unsaturated soil analysis experimentally hindered practitioners in applying unsaturated soil mechanics. While the parameters can be estimated, it is always of question whether the estimated parameters are sufficiently accurate for practical purposes. In this paper, conventional site investigations were carried out while unsaturated soil parameters were estimated to study the mechanism which triggers the landslide that occurred at Cimanggung. It will be shown that estimating unsaturated soil parameters can be practically accurate and manage to capture the failure mechanism such as critical rainfall duration and critical slip surface.

Developmental science has experienced a vivid debate on whether young children prioritize goals over means in their prediction of others' actions. Influential developmental theories highlight the role of goal objects for action understanding. Yet, recent infant studies report evidence for the opposite. The empirical evidence is therefore inconclusive. The current study advanced this debate by assessing preschool children's verbal predictions of others' actions. In five experiments (N = 302), we investigated whether preschool children and adults predict agents to move towards their previous goal (that is, show goal-related predictions) or predict agents to move along the same movement path that they pursued before. While Experiments 1a, 1b and 1c presented young children and adults with animated agents, Experiments 2a and 2b presented participants with human grasping action. An integrative analysis across experiments revealed that children were more likely to predict the agent to move along the same movement path, Z = -4.574, p [less than or equal to] 0.0001 (r = 0.304). That is, preschool children were more likely to predict that agents would move along the same trajectory even though this action would lead to a new goal object. Thus, our findings suggest that young children's action prediction relies on the detection of spatial and movement information. Overall, we discuss our findings in terms of theoretical frameworks that conceive of action understanding as an umbrella term that comprises different forms and facets in which humans understand others' actions.

Background and aimsThe precise roles of screen media activity (SMA) and sleep problems in relation to child/adolescent psychopathology remain ambiguous. We investigated temporal relationships among sleep problems, SMA, and psychopathology and potential involvement of thalamus-prefrontal-cortex (PFC)-brainstem structural covariation.MethodsThis study utilized data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (n = 4,641 ages 9-12) at baseline, Year1, and Year2 follow-up. Cross-Lagged Panel Models (CLPMs) investigated reciprocal predictive relationships between sleep duration/problems, SMA, and psychopathology symptoms. A potential mediating role of baseline Thalamus-PFC-brainstem covariation on SMA-externalizing relationships was examined.ResultsParticipants were divided into discovery (n = 2,359, 1,054 girls) and replication (n = 2,282, 997 girls) sets. CLPMs showed 1) bidirectional associations between sleep duration and SMA in late childhood, with higher frequency SMA predicting shorter sleep duration (β = -0.10 [95%CI: -0.16, -0.03], p = 0.004) and vice versa (β = -0.11 [95%CI: -0.18, -0.05], p < 0.001); 2) externalizing symptoms at age 10-11 predicting sleep problems (β = 0.11 [95%CI: 0.04, 0.19], p = 0.002), SMA (β = 0.07 [95%CI: 0.01, 0.13], p = 0.014), and internalizing symptoms (β = 0.09 [95%CI: 0.05, 0.13], p < 0.001) at age 11-12; and 3) externalizing behavior at age 10-11 partially mediating the relationship between baseline thalamus-PFC-brainstem covariation and SMA at age 11-12 (indirect effect = 0.032 [95%CI: 0.003, 0.067], p-value = 0.030). Findings were replicable.ConclusionWe found bi-directional SMA-sleep-duration associations in late childhood. Externalizing symptoms preceded future SMA and sleep disturbances and partially mediated relationships between structural brain covariation and SMA. The findings emphasize the need for understanding individual differences and developing and implementing integrated strategies addressing both sleep concerns and screen time to mitigate potential impacts on psychopathology.

With the rapid globalization occurring all around the globe, educational landscapes also underwent some dramatic shifts. Enhancing teachers' learning awareness can be done by conducting lesson studies. Lesson study itself is a collaborative project where the teachers can share their knowledge and skills to improve teaching performances continuously. Although lesson study is useful, it may have a different result if it is implemented in online mode, particularly during the pandemic situation, because the teachers cannot always meet physically with their colleagues and the students. Thus, the researchers are interested to analyze the lesson study implemented during this pandemic situation. This research aims to find out how lesson study can improve teachers' learning awareness during this pandemic situation. In this research, the participants are five English teachers from different elementary schools in Indonesia. To gain the data, the researchers implemented a case study method. Besides, the researchers used interview guidelines and an observation sheet. After collecting and analyzing the data, the researchers concluded that the teachers could enhance their learning awareness by implementing the following procedure: knowing their role in the learning process and knowing attractive learning activities.

IMPORTANCE: In the last 25 years, functional magnetic resonance imaging drug cue reactivity (FDCR) studies have characterized some core aspects in the neurobiology of drug addiction. However, no FDCR-derived biomarkers have been approved for treatment development or clinical adoption. Traversing this translational gap requires a systematic assessment of the FDCR literature evidence, its heterogeneity, and an evaluation of possible clinical uses of FDCR-derived biomarkers. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the state of the field of FDCR, assess their potential for biomarker development, and outline a clear process for biomarker qualification to guide future research and validation efforts. EVIDENCE REVIEW: The PubMed and Medline databases were searched for every original FDCR investigation published from database inception until December 2022. Collected data covered study design, participant characteristics, FDCR task design, and whether each study provided evidence that might potentially help develop susceptibility, diagnostic, response, prognostic, predictive, or severity biomarkers for 1 or more addictive disorders. FINDINGS: There were 415 FDCR studies published between 1998 and 2022. Most focused on nicotine (122 [29.6%]), alcohol (120 [29.2%]), or cocaine (46 [11.1%]), and most used visual cues (354 [85.3%]). Together, these studies recruited 19 311 participants, including 13 812 individuals with past or current substance use disorders. Most studies could potentially support biomarker development, including diagnostic (143 [32.7%]), treatment response (141 [32.3%]), severity (84 [19.2%]), prognostic (30 [6.9%]), predictive (25 [5.7%]), monitoring (12 [2.7%]), and susceptibility (2 [0.5%]) biomarkers. A total of 155 interventional studies used FDCR, mostly to investigate pharmacological (67 [43.2%]) or cognitive/behavioral (51 [32.9%]) interventions; 141 studies used FDCR as a response measure, of which 125 (88.7%) reported significant interventional FDCR alterations; and 25 studies used FDCR as an intervention outcome predictor, with 24 (96%) finding significant associations between FDCR markers and treatment outcomes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Based on this systematic review and the proposed biomarker development framework, there is a pathway for the development and regulatory qualification of FDCR-based biomarkers of addiction and recovery. Further validation could support the use of FDCR-derived measures, potentially accelerating treatment development and improving diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive clinical judgments.