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5. In vitro Analysis of the Antimicrobial Properties of Propolis Collected from Jimma, Ethiopia

Author

Befirdu Abza, Getahun; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O.Box 378, Jimma, Hussien Ahmed, Jemal; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O.Box 378, Jimma, Paulos, Getahun; Department of Pharmceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O.Box 378, Jimma, Seshathri, Kothai; Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur - 603203, Tamil Nadu, Befirdu Abza, Getahun; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O.Box 378, Jimma, Hussien Ahmed, Jemal; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O.Box 378, Jimma, Paulos, Getahun; Department of Pharmceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O.Box 378, Jimma, and Seshathri, Kothai; Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur - 603203, Tamil Nadu

Abstract

The effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs becomes uncertain due to the emergence of multidrug resistant microorganisms, which highlights the need for alternative antibacterial agents. Natural products are of great importance in the search for biologically active compounds. The present study aimed at investigating the antibacterial properties of propolis, one of the natural bee products, against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Propolis was extracted using 30 %, 50 %, 70 %, and 99.9 % ethanol. The in vitro antibacterial activities of propolis extracts were evaluated by the disc diffusion method with concentrations between 500 and 4000 ?g/ml. Among the extracts, the 50 % and 70 % propolis extracts showed strong antibacterial activity against all tested strains with inhibition zones ranging from 6.64 ± 0.15 to 11.99 ± 0.04 mm. P. aeruginosa was sensitive strain to the ethanolic extracts of propolis with the highest inhibition zone diameter of 11.99 ± 0.04 mm. Statistically significant differences in growth inhibition were observed among the types of extracts (30 %, 50 %, 70 % and 99.9 %) against P. aeruginosa (p < 0.05) and E. coli (p < 0.05), but the effect was not significant on S. aureus (p > 0.05). All propolis extracts showed no effect on S. aureus at concentrations below 2000 ?g/ml. Propolis extracts showed a lower zone of inhibition compared to the effect demonstrated by the positive control. Overall, the results indicate that ethanolic extracts of Ethiopian propolis has a promising antibacterial activity which could be of an antibiotic development benefit.

Published
2022

6. In vitro Analysis of the Antimicrobial Properties of Propolis Collected from Jimma, Ethiopia

Author

Befirdu Abza, Getahun, Hussien Ahmed, Jemal, Paulos, Getahun, Seshathri, Kothai, Befirdu Abza, Getahun, Hussien Ahmed, Jemal, Paulos, Getahun, and Seshathri, Kothai

Abstract

The effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs becomes uncertain due to the emergence of multidrug resistant microorganisms, which highlights the need for alternative antibacterial agents. Natural products are of great importance in the search for biologically active compounds. The present study aimed at investigating the antibacterial properties of propolis, one of the natural bee products, against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Propolis was extracted using 30 %, 50 %, 70 %, and 99.9 % ethanol. The in vitro antibacterial activities of propolis extracts were evaluated by the disc diffusion method with concentrations between 500 and 4000 ?g/ml. Among the extracts, the 50 % and 70 % propolis extracts showed strong antibacterial activity against all tested strains with inhibition zones ranging from 6.64 ± 0.15 to 11.99 ± 0.04 mm. P. aeruginosa was sensitive strain to the ethanolic extracts of propolis with the highest inhibition zone diameter of 11.99 ± 0.04 mm. Statistically significant differences in growth inhibition were observed among the types of extracts (30 %, 50 %, 70 % and 99.9 %) against P. aeruginosa (p < 0.05) and E. coli (p < 0.05), but the effect was not significant on S. aureus (p > 0.05). All propolis extracts showed no effect on S. aureus at concentrations below 2000 ?g/ml. Propolis extracts showed a lower zone of inhibition compared to the effect demonstrated by the positive control. Overall, the results indicate that ethanolic extracts of Ethiopian propolis has a promising antibacterial activity which could be of an antibiotic development benefit.

Published
2022

7. Self-Medication Practice with Antibiotics and Its Associated Factors Among Community of Bule-Hora Town, South West Ethiopia

Author

Demissie,Fitsum, Ereso,Kelil, Paulos,Getahun, Demissie,Fitsum, Ereso,Kelil, and Paulos,Getahun

Abstract

Fitsum Demissie,1 Kelil Ereso,1 Getahun Paulos2 1Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Bule-Hora University, Bule-Hora, Oromia, Ethiopia; 2Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Getahun Paulos, Tel +251-911-72-44-71, Email getahun.paulos@ju.edu.etBackground: Self-medication with antibiotics is being practiced worldwide with high prevalence, mostly in developing countries. Several factors induce the practice of self-medication, such as irrational and uncontrolled dispensing of medicinal substances, difficulty accessing health-care systems, and cost of diagnosis. Thus, this study assessed the prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics, and its associated factors among the community of Bule-Hora town, South West Ethiopia.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study design was used. All households residing in Bule Hora town were used as source population and households in the selected kebeles were included by using a systematic random sampling method. Eight hundred twenty-six study participants were selected for the study. Pre-tested structured questionnaires had been used to collect the required data. Then the collected data were checked for completeness and analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Odds ratios with 95% C.I. were used to measure the association between independent variables and outcome and variables with p-value < 0.05 had been considered statistically significant.Results: Prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics in the past 12 months prior to the data collection was found to be 38.9% [95% CI (1.56, 1.64)]. Being male (AOR = 1.53; 95% CI: 0.489, 0.869) with p value of 0.004, no health insurance scheme (AOR = 2.16; 95% CI: 0.274, 0.779) and availability of some drugs in shop (AOR = 12.98; 95% CI: 0.017, 0.353) with p value of 0.001 were found to be significantly associated with self-medication of antibiotics.Conclusion: The study reveale

Published
2022

14. Adverse drug events in hospitalized children at Ethiopian University Hospital: a prospective observational study

Author

Bisrat Hailemeskel, Negussu Mekonnen, Tesfahun C. Eshetie, Getahun Paulos, Tsinuel Girma, Alemayehu B. Mekonnen, Eshetie, Tesfahun Chanie, Hailemeskel, Bisrat, Mekonnen, Negussu, Paulos, Getahun, Mekonnen, Alemayehu Berhane, and Girma, Tsinuel

Subjects
Male, Drug, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions, media_common.quotation_subject, Adverse drug events, Logistic regression, Teaching hospital, Hospitals, University, Humans, Medication Errors, Medicine, risk factors, Prospective Studies, Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health, Child, Intensive care medicine, Prospective cohort study, media_common, business.industry, Incidence, Incidence (epidemiology), Infant, Newborn, Attendance, Infant, University hospital, Risk factors, Child, Preschool, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Emergency medicine, incidence, adverse drug events, hospitalized children, Female, Observational study, Hospitalized children, Ethiopia, business, Child, Hospitalized, Research Article
Abstract

Background The nature and magnitude of adverse drug events (ADEs) among hospitalized children in low-income countries is not well described. The aim of this study was thus, to assess the incidence and nature of ADEs in hospitalized children at a teaching hospital in Ethiopia. Methods We used prospective observational method to study children that were hospitalized to Jimma University Specialized Hospital between 1 February and 1 May 2011. ADEs were identified using review of treatment charts, interview of patient and care-giver, attendance at ward rounds and/or meetings and voluntary staff reports. Two senior pediatric residents evaluated the severity and preventability of ADEs using preset criteria. Logistic regression analysis was employed to determine predictors of ADEs. Results There were 634 admissions with 6182 patient-days of hospital stay. There were 2072 written medication orders accounting for 35,117 medication doses. Fifty eight ADEs were identified with an incidence of 9.2 per 100 admissions, 1.7 per 1000 medication doses and 9.4 per 1000 patient-days. One-third of ADEs were preventable; 47 % of these were due to errors in the administration stage of medication use process. Regarding the severity of ADEs, 91 % caused temporary harms and 9 % resulted in permanent harm/death. Anti-infective drugs were the most common medications associated with ADEs. The occurrence of ADEs increased with age, length of hospital stay, and use of CNS, endocrine and antihistamine medicines. Conclusion ADEs are common in hospitalized children in low-income settings; however, one-third deemed preventable. A strategy to prevent the occurrence and consequences of ADEs including education of nurses/physicians is of paramount importance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-015-0401-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Published
2015

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