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A mask is a simple device yet it provides high levels of protection. As the virus affects mainly the respiratory tract – the nose, mouth, and lungs - it is highly contagious when people sneeze or cough, or exchange respiratory droplets with other people. This exchange is also promoted when a person is performing physical exercise. Although a mask provides some protection, it does not eliminate the need for social distancing. Around 25% of people infected with the new coronavirus may show no symptoms, yet still transmit the virus. One of the main problems with wearing a mask is that it hinders breathing, with the mask gradually becoming damp, increasing its resistance to air intake. Wearing a mask while performing physical activity requires a period of adaptation, as the flow of air to the lungs is reduced, requiring a reduction in the normal rhythm until the wearer has managed to adapt to it. Vigorous and intense exercise can cause inflammatory activity to increase, and should be minimized in order to protect the immune system. Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody protein used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens, including viruses, and decreases with intense exercise. Exercise is considered intense when it is necessary to breathe through the mouth to eliminate the higher concentrations of CO2, but mouth breathing is associated with infections of the upper respiratory tract. Preference should be given to light to moderate exercise, around three times a week. Wearing a mask, and training in nasal breathing are the best and safest ways to reduce the entry of particles, and should be encouraged during this COVID-19 pandemic. Level of evidence V; Opinion of the specialist.

Context: Transtibial Amputation (TA) predisposes to a sedentary lifestyle. Objectives: To evaluate the efficiency of a short-term (8-week) Concurrent Training (CT) program in Unilateral Transtibial Amputees (UTA) and to compare it with the physical condition of a group of Paralympic athletes in preparation for the Rio de Janeiro Paralympics. Design: This was a longitudinal, prospective and controlled trial study. Methods: Thirty-four male subjects with UTA and using prostheses for six months or more were selected for this study. They were divided into two groups: Group 1 (G1) – 17 non-athlete and untrained UTA and Group 2 (G2) – 17 paralympic athletes with active UTA in the training phase. G1 was evaluated before and after eight weeks of CT and G2 made a single evaluation for control. All were submitted to anamnesis, clinical evaluation (blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and heart rate) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a lower limb cycle ergometer, and isokinetic knee dynamometry. The CT of G1 included resistance exercise and aerobic interval training on a stationary bicycle and G2 followed the training of the Paralympic teams. Results: Patients were retested by the same methods after CT. The two most important central dependent variables (maximal oxygen uptake and muscular strength) increased by 22% and knee extensor and flexor strength by 106% and 97%, respectively. Conclusion: After eight weeks of CT, there was an improvement in general functional condition, muscle strength, and cardiorespiratory performance improving protection against chronic diseases and quality of life.

This opinion article is based on a critique of small-sided games used in soccer as a means of aerobic physical improvement for players. An opinion report based on verified experience with soccer players in our FIFA Center of Excellence.

Dance is an enjoyable health-promoting physical activity that many people worldwide incorporate into their lifestyles today. Therefore, dance improves your heart health, overall muscle strength, balance, and coordination, and reduces depression. We aim to gain insights into the effects of samba dance on the cardiorespiratory and metabolic response during an acute session of this dance style for 40-minutes. The study was carried out on 20 female samba dancers. All of them performed two procedures: (1) a cardiopulmonary exercise test on a treadmill for physical fitness aptitude verification and (2) a 40-minutes of samba dancing monitored by analysis of expired gases. The results were: At peak exercise: oxygen uptake (VO 2 ) =32.7 mL . kg -1. min -1 ; heart rate (HR) =183 bpm; the pulse of oxygen (PO 2 ) =10.9 mL . HR -1 , energy expenditure (EE) = 9.9 kcal . min -1 and metabolic equivalent (METs)=13.5.Overall, each session of the dance of 40-minutes was performed at a mean VO 2 of 22.8 mL . kg -1. min -1 (70%VO 2 max), heart rate of 162 bpm (89%HRmax), energy expenditure (EE) of 6.5 kcal . min -1 (66%max), metabolic equivalent (METs) of 6.3 (62%max), and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) of 11.8/20. In conclusion: The findings of the current investigation might suggest that the moderate and vigorous-intensity of the exercise verified in an acute samba dance session is enough to induce a chronic training effect recommended by the criteria established by the American College of Sports Medicine for improving cardiorespiratory fitness. This information may lead to a better understanding of the energy expenditure of samba dance and add to the compendium of physical activity.

Nas ultimas decadas, a pecuaria baseada em pastagens tem sido uma das principaisatividades economicas da Amazonia. No entanto, a supressao vegetal para formacaodas pastagens, a falta de manejo ou o manejo inadequado contribuem para reducaodas arvores e desenvolvimento de plantas espontâneas, podendo causar prejuizos edegradacao. Objetivou-se com este trabalho realizar um levantamento das especies dearvores e plantas espontâneas ocorrentes em areas de pastagens de Urochloabrizantha Stapf em propriedades localizadas no municipio de Altamira, PA. O trabalhofoi desenvolvido em tres propriedades localizadas no Projeto de Assentamento Assuriniem maio de 2016, em cada propriedade foram instaladas duas parcelas com dimensoesde 25x20 metros (500 m²), cada. As plantas presentes nas parcelas foram organizadasnas categorias de ervas, arbustos, arvores, lianas e palmeiras. A identificacao foibaseada no ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP IV (2016) e consulta a bibliografiaespecializada. Foram identificadas 49 especies, distribuidas em 40 generos epertencentes a 19 familias botânicas. As 5 familias botânicas de maior numero deindividuos foram Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Lecythidaceae, Lamiaceae e Salicaceae. Asespecies de maior ocorrencia foram a Geniparana (Gustavia augusta L.), Malicia(Mimosa pudica L.), Hortela bravo (Hyptis atrorubens Point), Pata de vaca (Bauhiniaforticata Link), Goiaba (Psidium guayava L.), Malva roxa (Urena lobata L.), Fedegoso(Senna hirsuta (Benth.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby), Maria fecha porta (Mimosa policarpaKunth), Joa bravo (Solanum viarum Dunal) e Malva branca (Waltheria indica L.). Quantoao habito de crescimento 45,32% sao arvores, 27,68% sao ervas, 24,22% sao arbustos,2,07% palmeiras arborescentes e 0,69% lianas. As arvores foram representativas naarea de estudo e destaca-se a importância de conserva-las nas pastagens, pois alemde fornecer sombra ao gado bovino, controlam a erosao, melhoram a fertilidade do soloe retencao de agua, contribuindo significativamente para evitar a degradacao daspastagens.

The first and second laws of the thermodynamics were applied to the human body to evaluate the performance of subjects under different training levels. Ten cyclists were evaluated in the stationary bicycle with the indirect calorimetry analysis to obtain the metabolism on an energy and exergy basis. A distinguishing feature of this article is the evaluation of the exergy efficiency of the body with the knowledge of the real performed power and the internal temperature (measured tympanic temperature and calculated esophagus temperature). Regarding the skin temperature, an infrared camera was used to measure different parts of the body. Therefore, the phenomenological behavior of the body was assessed and used as a basis to apply the exergy analysis. Results indicate that the destroyed exergy can be an indicator of performance when compared with maximum oxygen consumption. Nevertheless, more experiments must be carried out to proper state if there is a correlation. Eventually, the exergy efficiency was calculated for all subjects, and its value was around 23 to 28%.

ResumenObjetivoVerificar el mecanismo isocinético concéntrico de los músculos flexores y extensores de las articulaciones de rodillas en las piernas dominantes y no dominantes en jugadores de fútbol antes de iniciar la temporada futbolística.Material y métodosSe evaluaron 30 futbolistas profesionales de alto rendimiento, con edades entre 18 y 33 años, en el 86% la pierna derecha era dominante (chut). Se realizó el examen isocinético con una velocidad angular de 60°/s en el dinamométro, utilizando acción muscular concéntrica.ResultadosEl pico de torsión de los flexores de la pierna dominante fue un 3% superior a la pierna no dominante, sin encontrar una diferencia significativa. La diferencia del pico de torsión de los músculos extensores de la extremidad no dominante fue un 9% superior a la dominante (p=0,06). La relación porcentual de los flexores/extensores para el pico de torsión de la extremidad no dominante fue un 7% inferior a la dominante (p=0,09).ConclusiónEstos resultados indican la necesidad de evaluar previamente los músculos flexores y extensores de la rodilla como conducta de prevención, antes de iniciar el programa de entrenamiento de los futbolistas profesionales.AbstractObjectiveAssessment the concentric isokinetic performance of the flexor and extensor muscles of the joints of the knees legs dominant and not dominant prior to the commencement of a new soccer season.Material and methodsA total of 30 high-performance professional soccer players aged between 18 and 33 years, and 86% had the right leg as dominant (kick) and the remaining 14% left leg. All underwent isokinetic testing in angular velocity of 60°/s in the dynamometer using concentric muscle action.ResultsThe following results were obtained: peak torque in angular velocity of 60°/s of the flexors of the dominant leg (DL) was higher than 3% to the non-dominant leg (NDL), but this difference was not significant. Unlike the torque pique the extensor muscles of the NDL was 9% higher (P = 0.06) than DL. The percentage of flexors/extensors ratio for peak torque NDL was abnormal and below 7% (P = 0.09) than DL.ConclusionThese results indicate the need for prior assessment of the flexor and extensor muscles of the knee as a preventive conduct before starting the training program of high performance soccer players.

Although anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is considered a successful procedure in restoring knee stability, few studies have addressed the issue of aerobic capacity after ACL surgery. Soccer players need technical, tactical and physical skills to succeed, such as good knee function and aerobic capacity. Our purpose is to evaluate aerobic fitness in ACL injured professional football players and six months after ACL reconstruction compared to a control group. Twenty athletes with ACL injury were evaluated and underwent ACL reconstruction with hamstrings autograft, and were compared to twenty healthy professional soccer players. The methods used to evaluate aerobic fitness were maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and ventilatory thresholds with a treadmill protocol, before and six months after surgery, compared to a control group. Knee function questionnaires, isokinetic strength testing and body composition evaluation were also performed. Results: Median ACL-injured patients age was 21 years old, and controls 20.5 years old. (n.s.). Preoperative VO2max in the ACL injured group was 45.2 ± 4.3 mL/kg/min, postoperative 48.9 ± 3.8 mL/kg/min and controls 56.9 ± 4.2 mL/kg/min. (p< .001 in all comparisons). Body composition evaluation was similar in all situations. Knee function questionnaires and quadriceps peak torque deficit improved after surgery but were significantly lower compared to controls. Conclusion: Aerobic fitness is significantly reduced in professional soccer players with ACL injury, and six months of rehabilitation was not enough to restore aerobic function after ACL reconstruction, compared to non-injured players of the same level.

Background: Body mass index (BMI) has some limitations for nutritional diagnosis since it does not represent an accurate measure of body fat and it is unable to identify predominant fat distribution. Aim: To develop a BMI based on the ratio of trunk mass and height. Methods: Fifty-seven patients in preoperative evaluation to bariatric surgery were evaluated. The preoperative anthropometric evaluation assessed weight, height and BMI. The body composition was evaluated by bioimpedance, obtaining the trunk fat free mass and fat mass, and trunk height. Trunk BMI (tBMI) was calculated by the sum of the measurements of the trunk fat free mass (tFFM) and trunk fat mass (tFM) in kg, divided by the trunk height squared (m2)). The calculation of the trunk fat BMI (tfBMI) was calculated by tFM, in kg, divided by the trunk height squared (m2)). For the correction and adjustment of the tBMI and tfBMI, it was calculated the relation between trunk extension and height, multiplying by the obtained indexes. Results: The mean data was: weight 125.3±19.5 kg, height 1.63±0.1 m, BMI was 47±5 kg/m2) and trunk height was 0.52±0,1 m, tFFM was 29.05±4,8 kg, tFM was 27.2±3.7 kg, trunk mass index was 66.6±10.3 kg/m², and trunk fat was 32.3±5.8 kg/m². In 93% of the patients there was an increase in obesity class using the tBMI. In patients with grade III obesity the tBMI reclassified to super obesity in 72% of patients and to super-super obesity in 24% of the patients. Conclusion: The trunk BMI is simple and allows a new reference for the evaluation of the body mass distribution, and therefore a new reclassification of the obesity class, evidencing the severity of obesity in a more objectively way.

OBJECTIVE: To determine running economy in a large sample of elite soccer and futsal players to obtain benchmarks in different positions. METHODS: Running Economy is the energy demand at a submaximal running velocity. Players were divided into 6 subgroups. Soccer: defenders, midfielders, and strikers; futsal: defenders, wingers, and pivots. Elite soccer players (n=129) and elite futsal players n=72 performed an incremental running test starting at 8.4 km.h-1 with increments of 1.2 km.h-1 every two minutes on a treadmill until exhaustion. Running Economy was determined by interpolation between ventilatory thresholds 1 and 2 (VT1 and VT2). RESULTS: Running Economy (measured as mL.kg-1.km-1) was compared between the playing positions in the two team sports. In soccer, running economy was 222.7 (defenders), 227.0 (midfielders), and 219.8 (strikers) mL.kg-1.km-1, respectively. In futsal, the corresponding values were 198.5 (defenders), 196.9 (wingers), and 190.5 (pivots) mL.kg-1.km-1, respectively. We no found significantly differences between the three positions in both sports. The Running Economy of futsal players was 12.5% better than that of soccer players. Running Economy correlated positively with oxygen uptake at VT2 in both sports and in all positions. CONCLUSION: Futsal players exhibited better Running Economy than soccer players; this should be considered as a factor in the athlete's training plan. OBJETIVO: Determinar a Economia de Corrida numa grande amostra de jogadores de futebol e futsal de elite em diferentes posições do campo. METODOS: Os jogadores foram subdivididos em três subgrupos: futebol (jogadores de defesa, meio-campistas e atacantes) e futsal (jogadores de defesa, alas e pivôs). Foram 129 jogadores de futebol e 72 jogadores de futsal, que competem nas respectivas primeiras divisões do Brasil. Os jogadores foram submetidos a teste de esforço em esteira (8,4 km-1.h+1,2km-1.h a cada dois minutos) até a exaustão. Consumo máximo de oxigênio, limiares ventilatórios e Economia de Corrida foram registrados por análise de troca gasosa respiratória. A Economia de Corrida foi determinada por interpolação utilizando as velocidades dos limiares ventilatórios 1 e 2 e o consume de oxigênio nas duas velocidades. RESULTADOS: Os valores de Economia de Corrida entre as posições nos dois esportes foram os seguintes: Futebol, jogadores de defesa (222,7±16,7mL.kg-1.km-1), meio-campistas (227±19,9mL.kg-1.km-1), e atacantes (219,8±17,2mL.kg-1.km-1). Futsal, jogadores de defesa (198,5±10,8mL.kg-1.km-1), alas (196,9±16,2mL.kg-1.km-1), e pivôs (190,5±11,8mL.kg-1.km-1). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as três posições em ambos os esportes. A Economia de Corrida dos jogadores de futsal foi 12,5% melhor do que dos jogadores de futebol. Neste estudo, os jogadores da posição pivô no futsal tiveram os melhores valores de Economia de Corrida (custo de oxigênio mais baixo). Embora o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max) e o limiar ventilatório 2 (LV2) fosse maior nos jogadores de futebol, a Economia de Consumo foi pior. Esta correlacionou-se positivamente com o VO2 no LV2 em ambos os esportes e em todas as posições CONCLUSÃO: Futsal tem melhor Economia de Consumo do que futebol. O presente estudo aponta a importância dos índices Economia de Consumo no plano de treinamento físico dos atletas.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the effect of an endurance exercise program in middle stages of Parkinson's disease. METHODS: The patients were two women and seven men with Parkinson's disease, aged 56 to 74 years, classified at Hoehn and Yahr stages 2 to 2.5. The study was designed as an open long-term pilot trial over three months of supervised treadmill exercise training. Cardiopulmonary exercise test evaluations were performed before the start of the study (test 1) and after three months (test 2). The main outcome measure was walking economy (i.e., the rate of oxygen consumption during gait) measured between VT1 and VT2 speeds and Oxygen consumption (VO2). RESULTS: No changes (p=0.551) were observed for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max, 24.6 vs 23.6 mL.kg-1.min-1) between tests. The walking economy was 20% better (p

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate associations between maximum voluntary contraction torques of the lower limbs and body composition for subjects with severe obesity. METHODS: Body composition was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis, and maximum voluntary contraction torques of the lower limbs were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. One hundred thirty-two patients were enrolled (100 females and 32 males). Eighty-seven patients had a body mass index between 40 and 49.9 kg/m2 (the A group), and 45 patients had a body mass index between 50 and 59.9 kg/m2 (the B group). RESULTS: Absolute extension and flexion torques had weak associations with fat-free mass but a moderate association with absolute extension torque and fat-free mass of the lower limbs. There were no significant differences between the A and B groups with respect to absolute extension and flexion torques. For the A group, absolute extension and flexion torques were moderately associated with fat-free mass and with fat-free mass of the lower limbs. For the B group, there were only moderate associations between absolute extension and flexion torques with fat-free mass of the lower limbs. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that both groups exhibited similar absolute torque values. There were weak to moderate associations between absolute extension and flexion torques and fat-free mass but a moderate association with fat-free mass of the lower limbs. Individuals with severe obesity should strive for greater absolute torques, fat-free mass and especially fat-free mass of the lower limbs to prevent functional limitations and physical incapacity.

We evaluated the effects of recreational football training combined with calorie-restricted diet (football + diet) vs calorie-restricted diet alone (diet) on aerobic fitness, lipid profile, and insulin resistance indicators in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. Forty-four T2D patients aged 48-68 years (27 females, 17 males) were randomly allocated to the football + diet group (FDG; n = 22) or to the diet group (DG; n = 22), of whom 19 FDG and 15 DG subjects completed the study. The football training was performed for 3 × 40 min/week for 12 weeks. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning, treadmill testing, and fasting blood samplings were performed pre and post-intervention. After 12 weeks, maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max ) was elevated (P < 0.05) by 10 ± 4% in FDG but not in DG (-3 ± 4%, P < 0.05). After 12 weeks, reductions in blood triglycerides (0.4 ± 0.1 mmol/L), total cholesterol (0.6 ± 0.2 mmol/L), low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein levels were observed only in FDG. Fat mass decreased (P < 0.05) by 3.4 ± 0.4 kg in FDG and 3.7 ± 0.4 kg in DG. The lower (P < 0.05) glucagon and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance indicated an improvement in insulin sensitivity in FDG. In conclusion, football combined with restricted diet was effective in enhancing VO₂max , reducing total cholesterol and triglycerides, and increasing insulin sensitivity, potentially providing better tools for the prevention of T2D complications than diet alone.

ResumoRelatar um caso raro de osteocondroma do ísqueo esquerdo, que evoluiu com compressão no nervo ciático e provocou ciatalgia no membro inferior homolateral. Paciente do sexo feminino apresentou ciatalgia e foi feito tratamento clínico por um ano. Porém a dor evoluiu, aumentou de intensidade e piorou com a movimentação do quadril, associada a diminuição da força motora e a parestesia do membro inferior homolateral. A investigação radiológica da região mostrou uma lesão óssea na porção externa do ísqueo esquerdo e no trajeto do nervo ciático. A reconstrução tomográfica evidenciou continuidade cortical com o osso de origem, padrão característico de osteocondroma. Fez‐se a ressecção em bloco da lesão pela via de Kocher‐Langerbeck e o estudo anatomopatológico provou ser um osteocondroma. Os sintomas neurológicos da paciente melhoraram e, após dois anos de acompanhamento, ela permanece assintomática e sem sinais de recorrência. Por ser o tumor ósseo benigno mais comum, o osteocondroma deve ser considerado na investigação diagnóstica de lesões tumorais compressivas, que podem acometer o nervo ciático.AbstractThe aim was to report on a rare case of osteochondroma of the left ischium, which evolved with compression of the sciatic nerve, thus causing sciatic pain in the homolateral lower limb. The patient was female and presented sciatic pain that was treated clinically for one year. However, the pain evolved with increasing intensity and worsened with hip movement. This was associated with diminished motor force and paresthesia of the homolateral lower limb. Radiological investigation of the region showed a bone lesion in the external portion of the left ischium, in the path of the sciatic nerve. Tomographic reconstruction showed cortical continuity with the bone of origin, i.e. a pattern characteristic of osteochondroma. En‐bloc resection of the lesion was performed using the Kocher‐Langerbeck route, and the anatomopathological analysis proved that it was an osteochondroma. The patient's neurological symptoms improved and, after two months of follow‐up, she remained asymptomatic and without any signs of recurrence. Since osteochondroma is the commonest benign bone tumor, it should be taken into consideration in the diagnostic investigation of compressive tumor lesions that could affect the sciatic nerve.

The aim was to report on a rare case of osteochondroma of the left ischium, which evolved with compression of the sciatic nerve, thus causing sciatic pain in the homolateral lower limb. The patient was female and presented sciatic pain that was treated clinically for one year. However, the pain evolved with increasing intensity and worsened with hip movement. This was associated with diminished motor force and paresthesia of the homolateral lower limb. Radiological investigation of the region showed a bone lesion in the external portion of the left ischium, in the path of the sciatic nerve. Tomographic reconstruction showed cortical continuity with the bone of origin, i.e., a pattern characteristic of osteochondroma. En-bloc resection of the lesion was performed using the Kocher-Langerbeck route, and the anatomopathological analysis proved that it was an osteochondroma. The patient's neurological symptoms improved and, after two months of follow-up, she remained asymptomatic and without any signs of recurrence. Since osteochondroma is the commonest benign bone tumor, it should be taken into consideration in the diagnostic investigation of compressive tumor lesions that could affect the sciatic nerve.

To describe a new procedure of total hip replacement in patient with severe developmental dysplasia of the left hip, using technique of acetabular reconstruction with autogenous bone grafts and subtrochanteric shortening femoral osteotomy. Total hip replacement done in January of 2003. The Eftekhar's classification was used and included type D, neglected dislocations. Bone graft incorporated in acetabular shelf and femoral osteotomy. Our contribution is the use of an Allis plate to better fix acetabular grafts, avoiding loosening, and cerclage around bone graft in femoral osteotomy site, which diminish pseudoarthrosis risk. This technique shows efficiency, allowing immediately resolution for this case with pain and range of motion of hip improvement. It also allows the acetabular dysplasia reconstruction, equalization of the limb length (without elevated risk of neurovascular lesion) and repairs the normal hip biomechanics due to the correction of the hip's center of rotation.

ResumoDescrever contribuições à técnica da cirurgia de artroplastia total em displasias do desenvolvimento do quadril grave, por meio da reconstrução acetabular com o uso de enxerto autólogo e encurtamento femoral feito com osteotomia subtrocantérica em V invertido. Paciente submetido a artroplastia total do quadril esquerdo em janeiro de 2003. Foi usada a classificação de Eftekhar e o paciente era do tipo D, luxação inveterada. Incorporação do enxerto no teto acetabular e osteotomia femoral. Acrescentamos a fixação do enxerto da cabeça femoral no acetábulo com placa do tipo Allis, que contribui para maior resistência do sistema, e a cerclagem com fio de aço no enxerto ósseo junto à osteotomia subtrocantérica, que diminui o risco de pseudoartrose. Essa técnica demonstrou eficácia e permitiu a resolução imediata do caso com melhoria da dor e da amplitude de movimento do quadril. Permitiu também a reconstrução do déficit ósseo acetabular, a recomposição do comprimento do membro (sem risco aumentado de lesão neurovascular) e a recuperação da biomecânica do quadril com a reparação do centro de rotação normal.AbstractTo describe a new procedure of total hip replacement in patient with severe developmental dysplasia of the left hip, using technique of acetabular reconstruction with autogenous bone grafts and subtrochanteric shortening femoral osteotomy. Total hip replacement done in January of 2003. The Eftekhar's classification was used and included type D, neglected dislocations. Bone graft incorporated in acetabular shelf and femoral osteotomy. Our contribution is the use of an Allis plate to better fix acetabular grafts, avoiding loosening, and cerclage around bone graft in femoral osteotomy site, which diminish pseudoarthrosis risk. This technique shows efficiency, allowing immediately resolution for this case with pain and range of motion of hip improvement. It also allows the acetabular dysplasia reconstruction, equalization of the limb length (without elevated risk of neurovascular lesion) and repairs the normal hip biomechanics due to the correction of the hip's center of rotation.

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that magnesium supplementation influences the physical performance of volleyball players, as the efficacy of this approach remains questionable. Twenty-five professional male volleyball players were assigned randomly to experimental (350 mg Mg · d(-1), 4 weeks) and control groups (500 mg maltodextrin · d(-1), 4 weeks) maintaining inter-group homogeneity of urinary magnesium. Erythrocyte, plasma and urinary magnesium levels, plasma creatine kinase activity, lactate production, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and plyometric (squat jump, countermovement jump, countermovement jump with arm swing) and isokinetic (peak torque, potency and total work) performances were evaluated before (T0) and after (T1) supplementation. Levels of erythrocyte and urinary magnesium and creatine kinase activity and VO2 max remained within normal ranges in both groups. Plasma magnesium decreased significantly only within the experimental group. Significant decreases in lactate production and significant increases (of up to 3 cm) in countermovement jump and countermovement jump with arm swing values were detected in the experimental group following magnesium supplementation, but not in the control group at T1. It is concluded that magnesium supplementation improved alactic anaerobic metabolism, even though the players were not magnesium-deficient.

OBJECTIVE: We hypothesize that in players with better aerobic fitness, lactate production was not inhibited after high-intensity exercise, regardless of the footballer's position on the field. METHOD: Sixty professional male soccer players performed cardiopulmonary exercise tests on an ergometric treadmill; respiratory gas exchanges were monitored throughout and blood lactate levels at peak effort was measured, using a portable device. The heart rate response was determined by computerized EKG. Training sessions took place over an average of ten hours per week, and the players had 6.8 years of experience in competitive soccer; they were tested a third of way into the season. The positions tested were (centerback, fullback, midfielder and striker). RESULTS: The following results (mean ± std. dev.) were obtained: (1) peak oxygen consumption of 58.8 ± 4.5 ml.kg-1.min.-1; (2), blood peak lactate of 12.3 ± 1.6 mmol.L-1; (3) maximum heart rate of 193 ± 3.3 beats. min-1; (4); oxygen consumption at the second ventilatory threshold of 49.6 ± 5.0 mL. kg-1.min-1; (5); running speed at the second ventilatory threshold of 13.3 ± 0.8 km.h-1; (6) percentage of oxygen consumption in the second ventilatory threshold of 84 ± 6%. There was no correlation between maximum aerobic level vs. peak lactate concentration (r = -0,031; p = 0.812), nor between submaximal aerobic level vs. peak lactate concentration (r = -0.146; p = 0.335) in the positions tested. CONCLUSION: Better or worse aerobic profiles according to game positions in soccer players do not influence peak lactate levels following high-intensity exercise, and confirms the study hypothesis. OBJETIVO: Nossa hipótese era que em jogadores com melhor condicionamento aeróbio, a produção de lactato não seria inibida após o exercício de alta intensidade, independentemente da posição do jogador no campo. MÉTODOS: Sessenta jogadores de futebol profissional masculino foram submetidos a testes de exercício cardiopulmonar em um analisador metabólico troca gasosa respiratória em esteira ergométrica, com medição dos níveis de lactato no sangue no pico do esforço, usando um dispositivo portátil. A resposta da frequência cardíaca foi determinada por eletrocardiograma computadorizado. As sessões de treinamento duraram uma média de dez horas por semana, e os jogadores participantes tinham 6,8 anos de experiência no futebol competitivo. Os jogadores foram testados a um terço para o final da temporada. As posições testadas foram (defesa-central, defesa lateral, meio-campista e atacante). RESULTADOS: Os resultados obtidos foram: consumo de oxigênio pico de 58,8 ± 4,5 mL.Kg-1min-1, pico de lactato no sangue 12,3 ± 1,6 mmol.L-1; frequência cardíaca máxima de 193 ± 3,3 batimentos.min-1; consumo de oxigênio no segundo limiar ventilatório de 49,6 ± 5,0 mL.Kg-1min-1; velocidade de corrida no segundo limiar ventilatório de 13,3 ± 0,8 km.h-1 e porcentual do consumo de oxigênio no segundo limiar ventilatório de 84 ± 6%. Não houve correlação entre o nível de aeróbio máximo (r = -0,031; p = 0,812) e o nível de aeróbio submáximo (r = -0,146; p = 0,335) nas posições testadas e na concentração pico de lactato. CONCLUSÃO: Melhor ou pior perfil aeróbio nas posições de jogo em jogadores de futebol não influenciam os níveis de lactato de pico durante a realização de exercício de alta intensidade, e confirmam a hipótese do estudo.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate different mathematical post-analysis methods of determining lactate threshold in highly and lowly trained endurance runners. DESIGN AND SETTING: Experimental laboratory study, in a tertiary-level public university hospital. METHOD: Twenty-seven male endurance runners were divided into two training load groups: lowly trained (frequency < 4 times per week, < 6 consecutive months, training velocity ≥ 5.0 min/km) and highly trained (frequency ≥ 4 times per week, ≥ 6 consecutive months, training velocity < 5.0 min/km). The subjects performed an incremental treadmill protocol, with 1 km/h increases at each subsequent 4-minute stage. Fingerprint blood-lactate analysis was performed at the end of each stage. The lactate threshold (i.e. the running velocity at which blood lactate levels began to exponentially increase) was measured using three different methods: increase in blood lactate of 1 mmol/l at stages (DT1), absolute 4 mmol/l blood lactate concentration (4 mmol), and the semi-log method (semi-log). ANOVA was used to compare different lactate threshold methods and training groups. RESULTS: Highly trained athletes showed significantly greater lactate thresholds than lowly trained runners, regardless of the calculation method used. When all the subject data were combined, DT1 and semi-log were not different, while 4 mmol was significantly lower than the other two methods. These same trends were observed when comparing lactate threshold methods in the lowly trained group. However, 4 mmol was only significantly lower than DT1 in the highly trained group. CONCLUSION: The 4 mmol protocol did not show lactate threshold measurements comparable with DT1 and semi-log protocols among lowly trained athletes. RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar modelos matemáticos de pós-análise do limiar de lactato em grupos de corredores de longa distância muito ou pouco treinados. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo laboratorial experimental. Hospital Público Universitário Terciário. MÉTODO: Vinte e sete corredores homens foram divididos em: pouco treinados (frequência < 4 vezes por semana, < 6 meses, velocidade ≥ 5,0 minutos/km) e muito treinados (frequência ≥ 4 vezes por semana, ≥ 6 meses, velocidade < 5,0 minutos/km). Os participantes foram submetidos a protocolo de esteira escalonado (1% inclinação) = 1 km/h por fase (4 minutos). Ao fim de cada estágio, análise da "impressão digital" metabolômica foi realizada. O limiar do lactato (i.e. velocidade em que o lactato sanguíneo aumenta exponencialmente) foi medido utilizando-se três métodos: aumento de 1 mmol/l da concentração, concentração absoluta de 4 mmol e método semi-log. ANOVA foi utilizada para comparar os diferentes limiares de lactato e grupos. RESULTADO: Atletas muito treinados apresentaram limiares de lactato maiores que os corredores pouco treinados, independentemente do método de cálculo utilizado. Comparando todos os corredores juntos, as análises de aumento de 1 mmol/l e semi-log não foram diferentes, enquanto a concentração absoluta de 4 mmol/l foi significativamente mais baixa que as dos dois outros métodos. Essas mesmas tendências foram observadas ao se compararem os métodos de limiar de lactato no grupo menos treinado. Entretanto, a análise absoluta de 4 mmol/l foi menor do que a do aumento de 1 mmol/l no grupo muito treinado. CONCLUSÃO: O método concentração absoluta de 4 mmol não mostrou mensurações comparáveis de limiar do lactato quando comparado com os protocolos aumento de 1 mmol/l e semi-log nos atletas pouco treinados.

OBJECTIVE: To compare radial shockwave treatment and conventional physiotherapy for plantar fasciitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients with plantar fasciitis were included in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 was composed of 16 patients who underwent 10 physiotherapy sessions each, consisting of ultrasound, kinesiotherapy and instruction for stretching exercises at home. Group 2 was composed of 16 patients who underwent three applications of radial shockwaves (once a week) and received instruction for stretching exercises at home. Pain and ability to function were evaluated before treatment, immediately afterwards, and three months later. The mean age of the patients was 47.3 ± 10.3 years (range 25-68); 81% were female, 87% were overweight, 56% had bilateral impairment, and 75% used analgesics regularly. RESULTS: Both treatments were effective for pain reduction and for improving the functional abilities of patients with plantar fasciitis. The effect of the shockwaves was apparent sooner than physiotherapy after the onset of treatment. CONCLUSION: Shockwave treatment was no more effective than conventional physiotherapy treatment when evaluated three months after the end of treatment.

Lymphocyte and neutrophil death induced by exercise and the role of hydrolyzed whey protein enriched with glutamine dipeptide (Gln) supplementation was investigated. Nine triathletes performed two exhaustive exercise trials with a 1-week interval in a randomized, double blind, crossover protocol. Thirty minutes before treadmill exhaustive exercise at variable speeds in an inclination of 1% the subjects ingested 50 g of maltodextrin (placebo) or 50 g of maltodextrin plus 4 tablets of 700 mg of hydrolyzed whey protein enriched with 175 mg of glutamine dipeptide dissolved in 250 mL water. Cell viability, DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial transmembrane potential and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined in lymphocytes and neutrophils. Exhaustive exercise decreased viable lymphocytes but had no effect on neutrophils. A 2.2-fold increase in the proportion of lymphocytes and neutrophils with depolarized mitochondria was observed after exhaustive exercise. Supplementation of maltodextrin plus Gln (MGln) prevented the loss of lymphocyte membrane integrity and the mitochondrial membrane depolarization induced by exercise. Exercise caused an increase in ROS production by neutrophils, whereas supplementation of MGln had no additional effect. MGln supplementation partially prevented lymphocyte apoptosis induced by exhaustive exercise possibly by a protective effect on mitochondrial function.

Studies indicate that exercise might delay human biological aging, but the effects of long-term exercise on T cell function are not well known. We tested the hypothesis that moderate or intense exercise lifestyle may attenuate the effects of aging on the telomere length and the survival and composition of T cell subpopulations. Elderly (65-85 years) with intense training lifestyle (IT, n = 15), moderate training lifestyle (MT, n = 16), and who never trained (NT, n = 15) were studied. Although the three groups presented the age-associated contraction of the TCD4(+)/TCD8(+) naïve compartments and expansion of the memory compartments, both training modalities were associated with lower proportion of terminally differentiated (CD45RA(+)CCR7(neg)) TCD4(+) and TCD8(+) cells, although among the latter cells, the reduction reached statistical significance only with IT. MT was associated with higher proportion of central memory TCD4(+) cells, while IT was associated with higher proportion of effector memory TCD8(+) cells. However, both training lifestyles were unable to modify the proportion of senescent (CD28(neg)) TCD8(+) cells. Telomeres were longer in T cells in both training groups; with IT, telomere length increased mainly in TCD8(+) cells, whereas with MT, a modest increase in telomere length was observed in both TCD8(+) and TCD4(+) cells. Reduced commitment to apoptosis of resting T cells, as assessed by caspase-3 and Bcl-2 expression, was seen predominantly with IT. Measurement of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)'s supernatants did not show chronic low-grade inflammation in any of the groups. In conclusion, MT and IT lifestyles attenuated some of the effects of aging on the immune system.

Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent, heterogeneous and systemic medical condition. Treatment options are limited, and recent studies have suggested that physical exercise can play an important role in the therapeutics of MDD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidepressant efficacy of adjunctive aerobic activity in association with pharmacotherapy (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) in symptomatic MDD as well as its association with physiological biomarkers. Methods In this randomized, single-blind, add-on, controlled clinical trial, 57 patients (18–55 years of age) were followed-up for 28 days. All patients were drug-free, had been diagnosed with symptomatic MDD and received flexible dose of sertraline during the trial. Patients were randomized to either a 4-week program (4x/week) of add-on aerobic exercise (exercise group, N = 29) or no activity (control group, N = 28). Depression severity was assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) as the primary outcome. At baseline and endpoint, all patients underwent a comprehensive metabolic/cardiopulmonary exercise testing—including determination of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), VO2 at the second ventilatory threshold (VO2-VT2), and oxygen pulse (O2 pulse). Results Depression scores significantly decreased in both groups after intervention. Importantly, patients in the aerobic exercise group required lower sertraline dose compared to the control group (sertraline monotherapy). The VO2max and O2 pulse parameters increased over time only in the exercise group and remained unchanged in the control group. Conclusions The present findings suggest that a 4-week training of aerobic exercise significantly improves functional capacity in patients with MDD and may be associated with antidepressant efficacy. This approach may also decrease the need for higher doses of antidepressants to achieve response. Further studies in unmedicated and treatment-resistant MDD patients are needed in order to confirm the utility of short-term aerobic exercise as an alternative therapeutic approach in MDD. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02427789

Background Obesity is associated with mobility reduction due to mechanical factors and excessive body fat. The six-minute walk test (6MWT) has been used to assess functional capacity in severe obesity. Objective To determine the association of BMI, total and segmental body composition with distance walked (6MWD) during the six-minute walk test (6MWT) according to gender and obesity grade. Setting University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Public Practice. Methods Functional capacity was assessed by 6MWD and body composition (%) by bioelectrical impedance analysis in 90 patients. Results The mean 6MWD was 514.9 ± 50.3 m for both genders. The male group (M: 545.2 ± 46.9 m) showed a 6MWD higher (p = 0.002) than the female group (F: 505.6 ± 47.9 m). The morbid obese group (MO: 524.7 ± 44.0 m) also showed a 6MWD higher (p = 0.014) than the super obese group (SO: 494.2 ± 57.0 m). There was a positive relationship between 6MWD and fat free mass (FFM), FFM of upper limps (FFM_UL), trunk (FFM_TR) and lower limbs (FFM_LL). Female group presented a positive relationship between 6MWD and FFM, FFM_UL and FFM_LL and male group presented a positive relationship between 6MWD and FFM_TR. In morbid obese group there was a positive relationship between 6MWD with FFM, FFM_UL, FFM_TR and FFM_LL. The super obese group presented a positive relationship between 6MWD with FFM, FFM_TR and FFM_LL. Conclusions Total and segmental FFM is associated with a better walking capacity than BMI.

Crianças com lesão do neurônio motor superior possuem déficits funcionais desafiadores. As alterações de marcha são conseqüências da espasticidade, padrão primitivo locomotor, pobre controle motor central e controle debilitado da propriocepção. O objetivo do presente estudo é mostrar os benefícios da eletroestimulação no padrão da marcha do paciente com paralisia cerebral através do laboratório de marcha e teste ergoespirométrico. Método: Paciente do grupo de Neuro-Ortopedia do IOT HC-FMUSP, sexo feminino, 24 anos, estudante, portadora de paralisia cerebral do tipo diplégico espástico, deambuladora comunitária e pés eqüinos flexíveis. Equipamento de análise de marcha: HAWK, Motion Analysis Corporation. Analisador metabólico CPX-D, Medgraphics, EUA. Estimulador elétrico modelo EEF-4, Lynx Tecnologia. Frequência de estímulo de 20Hz, ON/OFF 5s/10s, 40min, 3X/semana por 1,5 meses nos compartimentos anterior e lateral das pernas. Resultado: dorsiflexão fase de balanço pé direito e esquerdo anterior ao estímulo: 2,12º e -0,17º, respectivamente. Após 1,5 meses do término do protocolo: dorsiflexão pé direito=7,54º, dorsiflexão pé esquerdo=5,31º. Ergoespirometria: Aumento do tempo de tolerância ao exercício (TT) em 194%, PO2 em 50%, VO2 em 17% e economia energética relativa a 22% da FC. Conclusão: a estimulação elétrica da perna pode ser responsável por alterações na cinemática não só do tornozelo, mas de todo o membro inferior, influenciando o padrão da marcha e a condição cardiopulmonar do paciente com paralisia cerebral.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o efeito do treinamento físico muscular com pesos, realizando exercícios de maneira contínua e intermitente. Foram estudados 20 jogadores de futebol, com idade variando entre 18 e 20 anos, categoria juniores, antes e após 12 semanas de treinamento. Todos foram submetidos a teste máximo por repetição do grupo muscular extensores dos joelhos, utilizando o exercício LegPress na posição horizontal em equipamento (modelo Cybex, EUA). Eles foram divididos em dois grupos: (I) contínuo e (II) intermitente. Os exercícios foram realizados duas vezes por semana, em dias alternados. Ambos os grupos treinaram somente nas formas contínua e intermitente até o final do estudo. Na forma contínua, os futebolistas realizaram 3 séries de 12 repetições a 70% e após recuperação de 2 minutos mais 3 séries de 25 repetições a 50%. Na forma intermitente, os futebolistas realizaram também, na mesma sessão, 3 séries de 12 repetições a 70% e 3 séries de 25 repetições a 50% de maneira alternada, ou seja, uma série a 70% e logo após outra a 50%, e assim sucessivamente. Em ambas as formas de trabalho, a recuperação entre as repetições variou de 30 a 60 segundos. Antes e após o período de treinamento, os seguintes resultados foram verificados: o grupo I atingiu valores de força nos extensores dos joelhos de 132,0 ± 4,0 kg vs. 145,0 ± 5,0 kg, ganho significante de 10% (p < 0,05); o grupo II atingiu valores de 131,0 ± 7,0 kg vs. 161,0 ± 9,0 kg, ganho significante de 23% (p < 0,05). Quando comparamos o delta diferencial entre as duas modalidades de trabalho, o treinamento intermitente foi 11% maior (p < 0,05). Concluindo, ambas as formas de treinamento aumentaram a força muscular. Contudo, a alternância de intensidade dos exercícios, realizada na mesma sessão pela forma intermitente, foi mais eficiente e parece se ajustar melhor às características de solicitação motora realizada pelos futebolistas durante uma partida de futebol.

O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar o envolvimento do metabolismo anaeróbio lático por meio de medidas de lactato sanguíneo em futebolistas profissionais imediatamente após o término do primeiro e do segundo tempos, em partidas de futebol. Foram avaliados 26 jogadores, todos do sexo masculino e pertencentes ao Departamento de Futebol Profissional da Associação Portuguesa de Desportos de São Paulo. O grupo foi composto por 4 laterais, 13 meio-campistas e 9 atacantes. A idade variou de 18 a 33 anos, o peso de 56,5 kg a 78,5 kg e a estatura de 164 cm a 185 cm. A escolha dos futebolistas durante os procedimentos foi aleatória. Foi utilizado um analisador de lactato portátil (modelo Accusport®, Boehringer Mannheim®, GER). Os seguintes resultados foram verificados: a média de lactato em todos os jogadores verificados ao final do primeiro e do segundo tempos das partidas analisadas foi de 7,1 mM ± 0,6 mM e 5,7 mM ± 1,3 mM (p < 0,05). Quando divididos por posição, os laterais apresentaram respectivamente: 6,9 mM ± 2,9 mM e 4,7 mM ± 3,0 mM; os meiocampistas: 6,4 mM ± 1,8 mM e 5,6 mM ± 1,2 mM e os atacantes: 7,7 mM ± 1,8 mM e 7,2 ± 2,1 mM. Quando comparamos a produção de lactato pelas posições, somente houve diferença estatística significante (p < 0,05) no segundo tempo entre os atacantes 7,2 mM ± 2,1 mM e os meio-campistas 5,6 mM ± 1,2 mM, respectivamente. Conclusão: Fatores subjetivos como grau de movimentação, recuperação rápida e disposição constante na partida, relacionados a fatores primários como atividade glicolítica reduzida e a diminuição da concentração de glicogênio muscular, motivados por pouco treinamento anaeróbio lático específico e/ou uma dieta deficiente, são evidências que podem explicar, em parte, porque o lactato sanguíneo no segundo tempo tem sido freqüentemente mais baixo quando comparado ao término do primeiro tempo em uma partida de futebol.

A fisiologia desportiva ainda é considerada uma especialidade relativamente nova no futebol. A figura do fisiologista desportivo e, conseqüentemente, sua função e formação, é desconhecida pela grande maioria daqueles que estão envolvidos nesta modalidade, não sabendo caracterizar o papel desse profissional numa equipe de futebol. É importante ressaltar que o especialista desta área trabalha diretamente junto ao fisicultor, cabendo a ele funções como: 1) trabalho em equipe passando informações constantes à comissão técnica sobre as condições funcionais dos jogadores; 2) avaliação sistemática dos atletas; 3) acompanhamento longitudinal das adaptações funcionais em decorrência do treinamento dos atletas e 4) capacidade de investigação e reflexão sobre diversos aspectos do futebol. Sendo assim, o fisiologista desportivo requer amplo conhecimento de metodologias científicas de avaliação funcional e treinamento desportivo, bem como o domínio específico de conceitos bioenergéticos direcionados para o futebol. Isso permite identificar o tipo de esforço e selecionar métodos adequados para o desenvolvimento do programa de treinamento do futebolista. Concluindo, o fisiologista desportivo, em sua essência, é sobretudo um profissional de saúde que tem cada vez mais uma função educativa. Ele contribui para melhorar a informação científica que toda a comunidade esportiva deve ter sobre diversos aspectos de saúde do corpo humano e, em particular, quando submetido à realização de exercícios. Sports physiology is still considered a relatively new specialty in soccer. Small wonder, thus, that a sports physiologist, with his function and formation, is a personage unknown to most people engaged in this sport, for they are unable to characterize his role as a specialized professional in a soccer team. So it is important to lay stress on the fact that the work of such specialist in this area is directly connected with the trainer, as he performs, among others, duties like: 1) team work, conveying constant information about the players’ functional condition to the technical commission; 2) systematic evaluation of the athletes; 3) longitudinal follow-up to the functional adaptation resulting from the training to which athletes are submitted; 4) investigation and reflection capacity regarding several aspects of the soccer (football) game. Consequently, it is logical to infer that a sports physiologist requires ample knowledge of the scientific methodologies about functional evaluation and sport training, apart from specific mastery of bioenergetic concepts aimed at the soccer (football) game, so as to allow to identify the kind of effort and, starting from there, adequate methods for the development of the soccer (football) players’ training program. In conclusion, the sports physiologist is essentially a professional concerned with health, whose function is more and more educational and intended to contribute to the improvement of the scientific information that every community must possess about several health aspects of the human body and, particularly, about the performance of exercises.

O objetivo deste estudo foi fazer uma abordagem sobre a importância do limiar anaeróbio (LA) e o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx.) em jogadores de futebol e comparar os resultados encontrados em nossos futebolistas com os da literatura especializada. Foram avaliados 18 jogadores de futebol profissional, com média de idade de 24 ± 4 anos, peso de 72,5 ± 5,9kg; estatura de 176,5 ± 7,0cm e superfície corpórea de 1,91 ± 0,15m². Todos os atletas foram avaliados após um período de dois meses de treinamentos. Os futebolistas foram submetidos a teste máximo em esteira ergométrica, utilizando-se protocolo escalonado e contínuo. A resposta de freqüência cardíaca (FC) foi registrada por meio de um eletrocardiógrafo (HeartWare) de 12 derivações simultâneas e, a pressão arterial (PA), por meio de método auscultatório. A ventilação pulmonar (V E), o consumo de oxigênio (VO2), a produção de dióxido de carbono (VCO2) e a razão de troca respiratória (RER) foram avaliados por método espirométrico computadorizado respiração-a-respiração (MedGraphics Corporation [MGC]). Os seguintes resultados foram verificados: no (LA): [FC = 173,6 ± 8,6bpm; VO2 = 55,78 ± 5,93ml.kg.-1.min-1; velocidade = 14,6 ± 1,0km.h-1]; no exercício máximo [FC = 189,5 ± 11,4bpm; V E = 134,1 ± 15,9L.min-1; VO2máx. = 63,75 ± 4,93ml.kg.-1.min-1; velocidade = 17,8 ± 1,0km.h-1; Borg = 18,3 ± 1,3 pontos]. Concluindo: Os resultados, comparados com os da literatura especializada na modalidade futebol, demonstraram que os índices de LA e VO2máx. foram semelhantes e, até mesmo, superiores a vários de estudos publicados sobre essas duas variáveis em jogadores de futebol profissional. Entretanto, considerando as posições dos jogadores, não há um consenso definido sobre os índices mais adequados de LA e VO2máx. em futebolistas, mas, sim, sugestões. The aim of this study was to make an approach on the importance of the anaerobic threshold (AT) and the peak oxygen uptake in soccer players, and compare the results found in players to those existing in the specialized literature. An evaluation was made in 18 professional soccer players aged 24 ± 4; weight 72.5 ± 5.9 kg; height 176.5 ± 7.0 cm, and body surface 1.91 ± 0.15 m². Every athlete was evaluated after a 2 month training period. The soccer players were submitted to a maximum exercise test on treadmill, using incremental continuous protocol. The heart rate (HR) was recorded by means of an electrocardiograph (HeartWare) with 12 simultaneous leads and the arterial blood pressure (BP) by auscultation method. The pulmonary ventilation (V E), the oxygen uptake (VO2), the carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and the respiratory exchange rate (RER) were evaluated by means of the breath-by-breath spirometric computerized method (MedGraphics Corporation-MGC). The following results were verified in the AT: HR = 173.6 ± 8.6 bpm; VO2 = 55.78 ± 5.93 mlO2.kg-1.min-1; running velocity = 14.6 ± 1.0 km.h-1; maximum exercise: HR = 189.5 ± 11.4 bpm; V E = 134.1 ± 15.9 L.min-1; VO2 peak = 63.75 ± 4.93 mlO2.kg-1.min-1; maximum velocity = 17.8 ± 1.0 km.h-1; Borg scale = 18.3 ± 1.3 points. In conclusion, the results, when compared to those of specialized literature, proved the rate of AT and VO2 peak to be similar and even superior to several results published about such two variables in professional soccer players. Considering, however, the players' position, there is no definite consensus on the most adequate AT rates and VO2 peak in soccer players, but only suggestions.

O principal objetivo deste estudo foi mostrar a importância da avaliação funcional como procedimento utilizado no controle fisiológico do treinamento físico de futebolistas profissionais em pré-temporada. Foram avaliados e posteriormente concentrados na cidade de Águas de Lindóia, Estado de São Paulo, por 16 dias, 23 jogadores pertencentes ao Departamento de Futebol Profissional da Associação Portuguesa de Desportos, em preparação para o Campeonato Paulista, edição 1999. Todos foram submetidos a uma bateria de testes que constou de avaliação: cardiorrespiratória e metabólica, odontológica, isocinética de membros inferiores, percentagem de gordura corpórea, da potência anaeróbia pelo teste de Wingate e testes de campo. Os seguintes resultados e os parâmetros avaliados foram: no limiar ventilatório 2 (LV2): VO2 = 49,09 ± 4,83ml.kg-1.min-1;%VO2 = 82,7 ± 5,8; velocidade de corrida = 12,8 ± 0,9km.h-1; FC = 174 ± 9bpm; no exercício máximo: V E BTPS = 137,3 ± 11,3L.min-1; velocidade de corrida = 17,6 ± 0,7km.h-1; FC = (191 ± 8bpm); VO2 pico = 59,28 ± 3,52ml.kg-1.min-1; lactato = 10,5 ± 1,5mM. Teste de Wingate: potência pico = 13,5 ± 1,1w.kg-1; potência média = 10,1 ± 0,6w.kg-1; índice de fadiga = 53,0 ± 7,7%. Teste isocinético: velocidade angular da articulação do joelho da perna direita na extensão e flexão a 60°S-1 = 298 ± 72 e 198 ± 44Nm, respectivamente; a 300°S-1 extensão e flexão = 137 ± 32 e 121 ± 26Nm, respectivamente. Velocidade angular da articulação do joelho da perna esquerda na extensão e flexão a 60°S-1 = 272 ± 62 e 185 ± 45Nm, respectivamente; a 300°S-1 extensão e flexão = 138 ± 28 e 122 ± 27Nm, respectivamente. A intensidade dos treinamentos aeróbio e anaeróbio foi controlada em campo por medidas de lactato, utilizando-se lactômetro portátil. O treinamento de musculação foi realizado a 60% da carga máxima para cada exercício. Os exercícios de alongamento e na piscina (hidroginástica) foram exaustivamente realizados pelos jogadores. Em média, cada sessão (manhã e tarde) durou 120 minutos. Portanto, pelo pouco tempo destinado a essa fase de preparação, a importância da avaliação funcional multidisciplinar justifica-se ainda mais, pois, a partir dos resultados, é possível detectar e corrigir possíveis deficiências, direcionando com objetividade o treinamento dos futebolistas.

O principal objetivo deste estudo foi mostrar alguns índices de aptidão funcional, em 24 jogadores de futebol da Seleção Nacional da Jamaica, com média de idade de 23,9 ± 3,7 anos, equipe pré-classificada para a Copa do Mundo da França. Todos os atletas foram submetidos a uma bateria de testes que constou de: 1) avaliação da potência, resistência muscular e índice de fadiga no teste de Wingate, realizado numa bicicleta computadorizada da marca (Cybex), modelo (Bike); 2) teste isocinético computadorizado de membros inferiores no equipamento da marca (Cybex), modelo (1200); 3) avaliação da flexibilidade pelo teste de Wells & Dillon; 4) exames laboratoriais e 5) avaliação odontológica, que foi realizada por meio de exames clínicos num consultório da marca Funk, modelo MLXPlus. Os seguintes parâmetros e os resultados encontrados foram: Wingate: potência pico corrigida pelo peso = 11,8 ± 1,8 w.kg-1; potência média = 9,1 ± 1,2 w.kg-1; índice de fadiga = 46,2 ± 15,2 %; flexibilidade = 19,8 ± 4,6 cm; exames laboratoriais: urina tipo I; fezes; hemoglobina = 14,3 ± 1,0 g%; ferro = 104 ± 29 ng/dl; ferritina = 81,8 ± 41,7 ug/dl; transferrina = 502,5 ± 113,5 ug/dl; hematócrito =43,5 ± 2,9%; eritrócitos = 4,95 ± 0,40 milhões/m3; glicose = 91,0 ± 8,5 mg/dl; avaliação odontológica: tártaro em 5 (21%); cáries em 24 (100%); gengivites em 10 (42%); endodontia em 3 (12,5%); pulpites em 1 (4%); diastema em 2 (8%); heterotópicos em 13 (54%); extrações realizadas em 14 (58%); extrações não-realizadas em 4 (17%); obturações em 4 (17%); próteses em 16 (67%) e a profilaxia estava sendo feita em 17 (71%) dos atletas examinados; desempenho isocinético: torque de MMII direito a 60° S-1 na extensão = 290,4 ± 95,6 Nm; na flexão = 216,1 ± 31,4 Nm; torque de MMII esquerdo a 60° S-1 na extensão = 291,6 ± 62,5 Nm; na flexão = 205,8 ± 35,8 Nm. Conclusão: apesar da falta de estrutura tecnológica do futebol jamaicano, os resultados demonstraram que os índices de aptidão funcional dos futebolistas avaliados, neste estudo, foram semelhantes aos de jogadores verificados em nosso Centro de Medicina Integrada.

O principal objetivo deste estudo foi analisar aspectos cardiorrespiratórios e metabólicos e as alterações provocadas pelo treinamento específico de dança em um grupo de 16 bailarinos de balé profissional, modalidade clássico, sendo oito mulheres e oito homens, com média de idade de 18,2 ± 3,8 anos e 26,2 ± 4,5 anos, respectivamente. Todos foram submetidos a teste máximo em esteira rolante utilizando-se o protocolo de Bruce. Foi utilizado, na análise das respostas respiratórias e metabólicas, o sistema computadorizado Metabolic Measurement Cart da Beckman. Os seguintes resultados foram obtidos entre o grupo de balé vs. o grupo controle masculino: VO2 máx. - 46 ± 4 vs. 43 ± 6mlO2.kg.-1min-1; FC máx. - 194 ± 12 vs. 202 ± 11bpm; V E máx. - 112 ± 16 vs. 123 ± 18L.min-1; VO2-LA - 35 ± 4 vs. 26 ± 4mlO2.kg.-1min-1 (p < 0,01); FC-LA - 169 ± 18 vs. 163 ± 15 bpm. Grupo de balé vs. grupo controle feminino: VO2 máx. - 39 ± 6 vs. 35 ± 6mlO2.kg.-1min-1; FC máx. - 197 ± 10 vs. 201 ± 6bpm; V E máx. - 72 ± 9 vs. 81 ± 6L.min-1; VO2-LA - 26 ± 4 vs. 27 ± 4mlO2.kg.-1min-1; FC-LA - 164 ± 10 vs. 176 ± 17bpm. Conclusões: 1) a rotina específica de dança parece não gerar estímulo suficiente para aprimorar a aptidão cardiorrespiratória e metabólica dos bailarinos e 2) sugere-se condicionamento físico adicional ao treinamento de balé. The main goal of this investigation was to analyze cardiorespiratory features and metabolic alterations caused by specific dance training in a group of 16 professional classical ballet dancers, 8 female and 8 male, mean age 18.2 ± 3.8 and 26.2 ± 4.5, respectively. All subjects were submitted to maximum exercise test on the treadmill using Bruce's protocol. Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses were analyzed by a Beckman Metabolic Measurement Cart computerized system. The following results were found for the male ballet dancers group vs. the male control group: VO2 max. (46 ± 4 vs. 43 ± 6 ml.kg-1.min-1 of O2); HR max. (194 ± 12 vs. 202 ± 11 beats.min-1); V E max. (112 ± 16 vs. 123 ± 18 L.min-1); VO2 at AT (35 ± 4 vs. 26 ± 4 ml.kg-1.min-1 of O2 [p < 0.01]); HR at AT (169 ± 18 vs. 163 ± 15 beats.min-1). Female ballet dancers group vs. female control group: VO2 max. (39 ± 6 vs. 35 ± 6 ml.kg-1.min-1 of O2); HR max. (197 ± 10 vs. 201 ± 6 beats.min-1); V E max. (72 ± 9 vs. 81 ± 6 L.min-1); VO2 at AT (26 ± 4 vs. 27 ± 4 ml.kg-1.min-1 of O2); HR at AT (164 ± 10 vs. 176 ± 17 beats.min-1). Conclusion: 1) the specific ballet dance training routine does not seem to generate an adequate stimulus to improve cardiorespiratory and metabolic ballet dancers aptitude, and 2) the authors suggest an additional physical training programs to improve ballet dancers physical conditioning.

O principal objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as alterações odontológicas mais freqüentes encontradas em jogadores de futebol. Num levantamento realizado pela Seção de Odontologia da Associação Portuguesa de Desportos-SP, 400 prontuários de futebolistas, correspondentes a um período de seis anos, foram avaliados. Todos eram do sexo masculino, sendo 353 amadores e 47 profissionais, com média de idade de 16,5 ± 2,1 anos (variação de 9 a 20) e 24,7 ± 3,6 anos (variação de 21 a 34), respectivamente, pertencentes ao quadro de atletas do Departamento de Futebol. Os equipamentos utilizados durante os procedimentos foram: espelho clínico e explorador nº 5 da marca Duflex em um consultório modelo MLX Plus da marca Funk. As radiografias oclusais foram realizadas com filmes da marca Kodak no equipamento de raios-X modelo Spectro II da marca Dabi Atlante. As seguintes alterações e os resultados encontrados nos futebolistas amadores foram: 199 casos (56%) de tartarectomia, 283 de cáries (71%), 61 de gengivites (17%), 51 de endodontias (14%), 51 de pulpites (14%), 33 de abscessos (9%), 21 de fístulas (6%) e 10 de aftas (3%). Nos casos de ortodontia foram verificados: diastema em 12 atletas (3,5%), apinhados em 35 (10%), heterotópicos em 36 (10,2%) e empactados em 4 (1%). Foram realizadas 78 exodontias (22%), 41 obturações (11,5%) e 72 próteses (20%). A profilaxia realizada atingiu 148 casos (42%). Os jogadores profissionais apresentaram os seguintes resultados: 17 casos de tartarectomia (36%), 32 cáries (68%), 14 gengivites (30%), 11 endodontias (23%), 6 pulpites 13%), nenhum abscesso, 2 fístulas e aftas (4%), respectivamente. Foram verificados 6 casos de ortodontia, subdivididos em 3 apinhados e heterotópicos (6%), respectivamente. Foram realizadas 24 exodontias (51%), 6 obturações (13%) e 23 próteses (49%). Conclusão: os resultados verificados neste estudo demonstraram a importância da odontologia, como medida preventiva e/ou corretiva, em jogadores de futebol. É importante salientar que uma dentição inadequada pode gerar desde alterações gastrintestinais até lesões músculo-esqueléticas, dificultando a participação do atleta em treinamentos e jogos competitivos. The main purpose of this study was to verify the most frequent dental alterations found in soccer players. In a survey carried out by the dentistry department of this Association, the case histories of 400 soccer players were evaluated over a period of 6 years. The players _ 353 amateurs and 47 professionals _ aged 16.5 ± 2.1 (ranging from 9 to 20) and 24.7 ± 3.6 (ranging from 21 to 34), respectively, were all male members of the team of athletes in the soccer department. The tools used during the procedures were clinical mirror and explorer no. 5 (Duflex) in a model office (MLX Plus-Funk Trademark). The occlusion radiographs were obtained with Kodak films in the X-ray equipment (Spectro 11 model-Dabi Atlante Trademark). These were the alterations and results found in the amateur soccer players: 199 cases of tartarectomy (56%), 283 of caries (71%), 61 of gingivitis (17%), 51 of endodontics (14%), 33 of abscesses (9%), 21 of fistulas (6%) and 10 of aphthae (3%). In the orthodontic cases, the following alterations were found: diastema in 12 athletes (3.5%), crowded teeth in 35 (10%), heterotopic in 36 (10.2%), and impacted in 14 (1%). Seventy-eight extractions (22%), 41 fillings (11.5%) and 72 tooth replacements (20%) were carried out, while prophylactic measures covered 148 cases (42%). The professional soccer players presented the following results: 17 cases of tartarectomy (36%), 32 of caries (68%), 14 of gingivitis (30%), 11 of endodontics (23%), 6 of pulpitis (13%), absence of abscesses, 2 of fistulas and aphthae (4%), respectively. Six cases of orthodontics were verified, subdivided into 3 crowded and heterotopic teeth (6%), respectively. There were 78 extractions (51%), 6 fillings (13%), and 23 replacements of teeth (49%). Conclusion: results verified in this investigation have shown the importance of dentistry for both preventive and/or corrective measures. It is also important to stress that an inadequate teething process may cause gastrointestinal alterations and even musculoskeletal changes, thus making it difficult for athletes to participate in training and contests.

O propósito deste estudo foi verificar, em futebolistas profissionais, o impacto de sete intervalos de tempo sobre a variável fisiológica consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2 máx). Dezoito jogadores de futebol com média de idade de 24 ± 4 anos (18-31), peso de 72,5 ± 5,9kg (62-83) e estatura de 176,5 ± 7,0cm (164-188) foram submetidos a teste ergométrico máximo em esteira rolante, utilizando-se protocolo escalonado contínuo. A resposta de freqüência cardíaca (FC) foi registrada por meio de um eletrocardiógrafo computadorizado de 12 derivações simultâneas. A ventilação pulmonar (V E), o consumo de oxigênio (VO2), a produção de dióxido de carbono (VCO2) e a razão de troca respiratória (RER) foram calculadas a partir de valores medidos por um sistema espirométrico computadorizado. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que houve variabilidade significante do VO2 máx (p < 0,05) somente quando se comparou a resposta instantânea respiração-a-respiração (breath-by-breath) em relação aos outros intervalos de tempos analisados (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 segundos), respectivamente. Concluindo, durante o exercício de intensidade progressiva, observou-se que o aumento do VO2 foi proporcional à diminuição do intervalo de tempo da coleta ventilatória. O tempo de intervalo maior subestimou esse aumento. Assim, sugere-se que o avaliador utilize intervalos médios na faixa de tempo entre 10 e 60 segundos, pois não foi verificada diferença estatística significante entre esses intervalos. The purpose of this investigation was to verify the impact of seven ventilatory time intervals on the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) in professional soccer players. Eighteen male soccer players aged 24.4 ± 4 (18-31), weight 72.5 ± 5.9 kg (62-83) and height 176.5 ± 7 cm (164-188) were submitted to a maximum exercise test on treadmill, using the continuous protocol. The heart rate response was recorded by means of computerized ECG with 12 leads, simultaneously. The respiratory exchange ratio, carbon dioxide production, oxygen uptake and pulmonary ventilation were calculated by means of the spirometric computerized system. The results of this study demonstrated that there was significant variability (p < 0.05) in VO2 max only when it was compared instantaneously and by breath-by-breath response, in relation to other intervals analyzed (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 seconds, respectively). In conclusion, the authors observed that VO2 max increases were proportional to those found in the ventilatory sample intervals during the progressive intensity exercise. However, the higher time interval underestimated its increase. Thus, the authors suggest that the investigator should utilize mean intervals in a range between 10 and 60 seconds, since no significant statistic difference was verified among these intervals.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:41:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1517-86921998000300004.pdf: 58003 bytes, checksum: 8fdbe8892b4cb47b92cb9493bd184270 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:41:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1517-86921998000300004.pdf: 58003 bytes, checksum: 8fdbe8892b4cb47b92cb9493bd184270 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:28:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1517-86921998000300004.pdf: 58003 bytes, checksum: 8fdbe8892b4cb47b92cb9493bd184270 (MD5) S1517-86921998000300004.pdf.txt: 46787 bytes, checksum: e4b9070728f249c38a3be963fc0336d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:58:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1517-86921998000300004.pdf: 58003 bytes, checksum: 8fdbe8892b4cb47b92cb9493bd184270 (MD5) S1517-86921998000300004.pdf.txt: 46787 bytes, checksum: e4b9070728f249c38a3be963fc0336d2 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:58:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1517-86921998000300004.pdf: 58003 bytes, checksum: 8fdbe8892b4cb47b92cb9493bd184270 (MD5) S1517-86921998000300004.pdf.txt: 46787 bytes, checksum: e4b9070728f249c38a3be963fc0336d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998-06-01 Foi objetivo deste estudo caracterizar a relação entre o nível de aptidão física, desempenho e solicitação metabólica em futebolistas durante situação real de jogo. Seis jogadores de futebol profissional com média de idade de 20,8 ± 2,6 anos (17-25), peso 70,4 ± 7,5kg (63-81,3) e altura 173,3 ± 9,7cm (166-188), foram submetidos a testes de aptidão física em campo e análise cinematográfica durante a partida. Os testes de aptidão física foram realizados em campo, com medições de lactato sanguíneo. A via metabólica alática foi avaliada por meio de cinco corridas na distância de 30m, em velocidade máxima, com pausa passiva de um minuto entre cada corrida. As concentrações de lactato foram medidas no 1º, 3º e 5º minuto após o término das cinco corridas. Para detecção do limiar anaeróbio foram realizadas 3 corridas de 1.200m nas intensidades de 80, 85 e 90% da velocidade máxima para essa distância, com intervalo passivo de 15 minutos entre cada corrida. As dosagens de lactato sanguíneo foram feitas no 1º, 3º e 5º minuto de repouso passivo após cada corrida. Os futebolistas foram submetidos à filmagem individual durante o transcorrer do jogo e as concentrações de lactato foram medidas antes, no intervalo e no final da partida para análise da solicitação energética e metabólica, respectivamente. Os seguintes resultados foram verificados: 1) o limiar anaeróbio em velocidade de corrida, correspondente à concentração de lactato sanguíneo de 4mmol.L_1 foi encontrado aos 268 ± 28m.min_1 ou 16,1 ± 1,6km.h_1; 2) a velocidade média e a concentração de lactato máximo nas corridas de 30m foram de 6,9 ± 0,2m.s_1 e 4,5 ± 1,0mmol.L_1, respectivamente; 3) a distância total percorrida foi de 10.392 ± 849m, sendo 5.446 ± 550m para o primeiro e 4.945 ± 366m para o segundo tempo, respectivamente; 4) os valores médios encontrados nas concentrações de lactato sanguíneo foram de 1,58 ± 0,37; 4,5 ± 0,42 e 3,46 ± 1,54mmol.L_1 antes, no intervalo do primeiro para o segundo tempo e ao final da a,respectivamente; e 5) a distância média total atingida ao final das partidas pelos jogadores de meio-campo (10.910 ± 121m) foi ligeiramente maior que a percorrida pelos atacantes (10.377 ± 224m) e defensores (9.889 ± 102m), mas não significativa. Houve correlação negativa (r =- 0,84; p < 0,05) entre o limiar anaeróbio (268 ± 28m.min_1 ou 16,1 ± 1,6km.h_1) e a concentração de lactato sanguíneo (4,5 ± 0,4 mmol.L_1) no primeiro tempo do jogo. Portanto, os resultados sugerem que a capacidade aeróbia é um determinante importante para suportar a longa duração da partida e recuperar mais rapidamente os futebolistas dos esforços realizados em alta intensidade, com o desenvolvimento de concentrações de lactato sanguíneo menores ao final do primeiro e segundo tempo das partidas. The purpose of this investigation was to caracterize the relationship between the level of physical fitness, performance and metabolic needs in soccer players during a real match-play. Six professional soccer players aged 20.8 ± 2.6 years old (17-25), weight 70.4 ± 7.5 kg (63-81.3) and height 173.3 ± 9.7 cm (166-188) were submitted to a fitness test which was performed in the soccer field. The players were assessed by a video-camera, in the field, during the match-play with lactate evaluation. The alactic metabolic pathway was evaluated by means of five 30 m sprints, in maximum velocity and one minute of passive pause between each sprint. The lactic acid concentrations were assessed at one, three and five minutes after the five sprints had been finished. To detect anaerobic threshold (AT), three 1,200 m races were performed at an intensity of 80, 85 and 90% from de maximum speed to that distance, with 5 minutes intervals between each running. The soccer players underwent individual film recording by a video-camera, during the match-play and the lactic acid concentrations were assessed before, during the interval and at the end of the match, to analyze the metabolic and energetics expenditure. The following results were verified: 1) the AT at running, relationed to 4 mmol.L_1 lactic acid concentration, was found at 268 ± 28 m.min_1 or 16.1 ± 1.6 km.h_1; 2) the average speed and the maximum lactate concentration at 30m sprint were 6.9 ± 0.2 to 4.5 ± 1.0 mmol.L_1, respectively; 3) the total performed distance was 10,392 ± 849 m, 5,446 ± 550 m was found in the first half of the match and 4,945 ± 366 m was found in the second half of the match; 4) the average values found in assessing blood lactate concentrations were 1.58 ± 0.37; 4.5 ± 0.42 and 3.46 ± 1.54 mmol.L_1; before, during the first to the second interval and at the end of the match, respectively; 5) the total average distance approached at the end of the matches by midfield players (10,910 ± 121 m) was slightly greater than the one reached by the forward players (10,377 ± 224 m) and defenders (9,889 ± 102 m), nevertheless, it was not significant. There was a negative correlation (r =- 0.84; p < 0.05) among the AT (268 ± 28 m.min_1 or 16.1 ± 1.6 km.h_1) and blood lactate concentration (4.5 ± 0.42 mmol.L_1) in the first half of the match-play. Thus, the results suggest that the aerobic capacity is an important determinant, which leads the soccer players to cover the long distance runnings in the matches, and be able to recover earlier from the high intensity effort with a lower development of blood lactic acid concentrations in the whole match-play. Associação Portuguesa de Desportos Departamento Médico Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências

In 1966, sociologists Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto wrote, on the request of Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLAC), the classic Dependence and Development in Latin America, in which they sought to underline social and economic fundamentals of what they called “national underdevelopment.” Almost half-century later, the Latin American reality is not the same, but the method adopted by Cardoso and Faletto can still be used to analyze it. A proof of its actuality is its resemblance with some methodological approaches that operate in the intersection between economics and social sciences by Anglo-Saxon scholars.