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Schistosomiasis is an infectious disease caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. The species Schistosoma mansoni is associated with hepatosplenic disease. Schistosomiasis involving the gallbladder alone is highly unusual, with a few cases reported. Herein, we present the case of a woman from a region with endemic schistosomiasis who presented with a painless solid lesion and wall thickening of the gallbladder. She underwent an uneventful laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Microscopic examination of the surgical specimen revealed Schistosoma mansoni eggs associated with granulomatous reaction, leading to the diagnosis of schistosomiasis of the gallbladder, prompting subsequent treatment with praziquantel and follow-up. This case illustrates the importance of suspicion for this diagnosis in endemic areas, as it can be misdiagnosed with malignancy if not examined microscopically. Complications and treatment strategies are poorly characterized for the few cases of schistosomiasis; reporting this case can serve as a helpful reminder of a rare presentation of this disease.

ABSTRACT The present manuscript aimed to review the historical development and most important contributions regarding Lynch Syndrome since its first description, more than a century ago. In 1895, a reputed pathologist from Michigan University, Dr. Aldred Scott Warthin, got intrigued by the family history of a local seamstress called Pauline Gross. According to her prevision, she would present an early death due to cancer, which actually happened (from the uterus). Historically, her family was designated “Family G”, comprising a group recognized as the longest and most detailed cancer genealogy that has ever been studied. Warthin concluded that its members had genetic susceptibility for cancer, and they are, nowadays, considered the first reported Lynch Syndrome family. At that time, however, the medical cancer community was far less receptive to the association between heredity and cancer, despite the description of other families with similar heredograms. Unfortunately, this historical fact remained somewhat dormant until another investigator inaugurated a new era in the understanding of family cancer clusters. After reports and studies from this family and many others, the condition initially called Cancer Family Syndrome was changed to the eponym Lynch Syndrome. This was a recognition of the extensive and dedicated work developed by Dr. Henry Lynch in describing various characteristics of the disease, and his efforts to establish the correct recommendations for its diagnosis and treatment. Although the future announces there is still far to go for a complete understanding of Lynch Syndrome, the remarkable contributions of Pauline’s intuition, Warthin’s perseverance, and Lynch’s work consistency must never be forgotten by those who already have or will still benefit from this knowledge.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis is an endemic disease prevalent in tropical countries and is associated with a high incidence of portal vein thrombosis. Inflammatory changes caused by both parasitic infection and portal thrombosis can lead to the development of chronic liver disease with potential carcinogenesis. AIMS: To assess the incidence of portal vein thrombosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with schistosomiasis during long-term follow-up. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted involving patients with schistosomiasis followed up at our institution between 1990 and 2021. RESULTS: A total of 126 patients with schistosomiasis were evaluated in the study. The mean follow-up time was 16 years (range 5–31). Of the total, 73 (57.9%) patients presented portal vein thrombosis during follow-up. Six (8.1%) of them were diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma, all with portal vein thrombosis diagnosed more than ten years before. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with schistosomiasis and chronic portal vein thrombosis highlights the importance of a systematic long-term follow-up in this group of patients.

Abstract Background Recent studies from eastern centers have demonstrate an association between inflammatory response and long-term outcomes after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) resection. However, the prognostic impact of inflammatory markers in western patients, with distinct tumor and epidemiologic features, is still unknown. Aim To evaluate the prognostic impact of preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), as well as their impact according to tumor size ( 10 cm) in patients undergoing HCC resection with curative intent. Methods Optimal cut-off values for NLR, PLR, and MLR were determined by plotting the receiver operator curves. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) curves were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. The Cox method was used to identify independent predictors of OS and DFS. Results In total, 161 consecutive adult patients were included. A high NLR (> 1.715) was associated with worse OS (P = 0.018). High NLR (> 2.475; P = 0.047) and PLR (> 100.25; P = 0.028) were predictors of short DFS. In HCC 1.715) was associated with worse OS (P = 0.047). In the multivariate analysis, high PLR was an independent predictor of worse DFS [hazard ratio (HR) 3.029; 95%CI 1.499–6.121; P = 0.002]. Conclusion Inflammatory markers are useful tools to predict long-term outcomes after liver resection in western patients, high NLR was able to stratify subgroups of patients with short OS and DFS, an increased PLR was an independent predictor of short DFS, while high MLR was associated with short OS in patients with early HCC.

Background: Intrahepatic lithiasis (IHL) is a rare disease in the western world. Complications associated with IHL include acute cholangitis, liver atrophy, secondary biliary cirrhosis, and risk for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Liver resection is considered the treatment of choice for IHL. The objective of this study was to analyze patients who underwent liver resection for non-Asian hepatolithiasis. Methods: 127 patients with symptomatic non-Asian hepatolithiasis underwent resection in six institutions. Demographic data, clinical presentation, diagnosis, classification according to stone location, presence of atrophy, bile duct stricture, biliary cirrhosis, incidence of cholangiocarcinoma, treatment and postoperative course were evaluated. Results: 52 patients (40.9%) were male and the mean age was 46.1 years. Sixty-six patients (51.9%) presented with history of cholangitis. Stones were located in the left lobe in 63 (49.6%), and right lobe in 28 patients (22.0%). Atrophy was observed in 31 patients (24.4%) and biliary stenosis in 18 patients (14.1%). The most common procedure performed was left lateral sectionectomy in 63 (49.6%) patients, followed by left hepatectomy in 36 (28.3%), right hepatectomy in 19 (15.0%), and associated hepaticojejunostomy in 28 (22.0%). Forty-two patients (33.0%) presented postoperative complications and the most common were biliary fistula (13.3%) and surgical site infection (7.0%). Postoperative mortality was 0.7%. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma was observed in 2 patients (1.5%). Recurrence was identified in 10 patients (7.8%), mostly with bilateral stones and/or hepaticojejunostomy. Conclusion: Liver resection is the standard treatment for symptomatic unilateral or complicated IHL with good operative results. Risk of cholangiocarcinoma was low in non-Asian patients.

Abstract Background Minimally invasive liver resections (MILRs) have been increasingly performed in recent years. However, the majority of MILRs are actually minor or limited resections of peripheral lesions. Due to the technical complexity major hepatectomies remain challenging for minimally invasive surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the short and long-term outcomes of patients undergoing minimally invasive right hepatectomies (MIRHs) with contemporary patients undergoing open right hepatectomies (ORHs) Methods Consecutive patients submitted to anatomic right hepatectomies between January 2013 and December 2018 in two tertiary referral centers were studied. Study groups were compared on an intention-to-treat basis after propensity score matching (PSM). Overall survival (OS) analyses were performed for the entire cohort and specific etiologies subgroups Results During study period 178 right hepatectomies were performed. After matching, 37 patients were included in MIRH group and 60 in ORH group. The groups were homogenous for all baseline characteristics. MIRHs had significant lower blood loss (400 ml vs. 500 ml, P = 0.01), lower rate of minor complications (13.5% vs. 35%, P = 0.03) and larger resection margins (10 mm vs. 5 mm, P = 0.03) when compared to ORHs. Additionally, a non-significant decrease in hospital stay (ORH 9 days vs. MIRH 7 days, P = 0.09) was observed. No differences regarding the use of Pringle’s maneuver, operative time, overall morbidity or perioperative mortality were observed. OS was similar between the groups (P = 0.13). Similarly, no difference in OS was found in subgroups of patients with primary liver tumors (P = 0.09) and liver metastasis (P = 0.80). Conclusions MIRHs are feasible and safe in experienced hands. Minimally invasive approach was associated with less blood loss, a significant reduction in minor perioperative complications, and did not negatively affect long-term outcomes.

ABSTRACT Background: Hilar cholangiocarcinoma represents more than half of all cholangiocarcinoma cases, having poor prognosis and presenting a median overall survival after diagnosis of 12-24 months. In patients who have unresectable tumors with a better prognosis, the proposal to perform liver transplantation emerged for expanding the possibility of free margins by performing total hepatectomy. Aim: To provide a Brazilian protocol for liver transplantation in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Method: The protocol was carried out by two Brazilian institutions which perform a large volume of resections and liver transplantations, based on the study carried out at the Mayo Clinic. The elaboration of the protocol was conducted in four stages. Result: A protocol proposal for this disease is presented, which needs to be validated for clinical use. Conclusion: The development of a liver transplantation protocol for cholangiocarcinoma aims not only to standardize the treatment, but also enable a better assessment of the surgical results in the future.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: As principais indicações das hepatectomias video-laparoscópicas (HVL), inicialmente, eram nas lesões hepáticas benignas. À medida que a HVL se tornou mais popular, as indicações de doenças malignas superaram as de doenças benignas. Este estudo teve como objetivo discutir as indicações e resultados da HVL para o tratamento de tumores hepáticos benignos. MÉTODOS: De 445 HVL realizadas em um único centro, 100 (22,4%) foram para tumores benignos. Os autores discutem as indicações para ressecção e apresentam seus resultados perioperatórios. RESULTADOS: No total, 100 pacientes com tumores benignos foram avaliados, a saber: 66 casos de adenomas hepatocelulares; 14 de neoplasia mucinosa biliar; 13 de hiperplasia nodular focal; 4 de angiomiolipomas; e 3 de hemangiomas. O tamanho médio das lesões foi de 7,6 cm (3,1 a 19,6 cm). A taxa de morbidade total foi de 19%, sendo 9% classificados como Clavien-Dindo 3 ou 4 e não foi observada mortalidade. CONCLUSÃO: A HVL para tumores hepáticos benignos é segura e apresenta excelentes resultados. No entanto, as indicações para cirurgia são cada vez mais restritas, não sendo recomendável indicar a ressecção somente por se tratar de procedimento minimamente invasivo.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: O câncer colorretal é a terceira neoplasia mais frequente e metade dos pacientes desenvolvem metástase hepática. O melhor fator prognóstico na metástase hepática de câncer colorretal (MHCCR) é a possibilidade de ressecção com margens livres, porém a maioria permanece irressecável. O racional em realizar transplante hepático (TH) em pacientes portadores de MHCCR está na ampliação do número de pacientes ressecáveis através de uma hepatectomia total. OBJETIVO: Apresentar protocolo brasileiro para realização de transplante hepático em pacientes com MHCCR irressecável. MÉTODO: O protocolo foi realizado por duas instituições com grande volume de ressecções e transplantes hepáticos no Brasil, baseado no trabalho realizado pela Universidade de Oslo. A elaboração foi dividida em 4 etapas. RESULTADO: É apresentada proposta de protocolo para esta doença a ser validada na aplicação clínica. CONCLUSÃO: Foi possível elaborar protocolo de transplante hepático para MHCCR irressecável a fim de uniformizar o tratamento e melhor avaliar os resultados cirúrgicos.

ABSTRACT Background: The treatment of choice for patients with schistosomiasis with previous episode of varices is bleeding esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy (EGDS) in association with postoperative endoscopic therapy. However, studies have shown varices recurrence especially after long-term follow-up. Aim: To assess the impact on behavior of esophageal varices and bleeding recurrence after post-operative endoscopic treatment of patients submitted to EGDS. Methods: Thirty-six patients submitted to EGDS were followed for more than five years. They were divided into two groups, according to the portal pressure drop, more or less than 30%, and compared with the behavior of esophageal varices and the rate of bleeding recurrence. Results: A significant reduction on the early and late post-operative varices caliber when compared the pre-operative data was observed despite an increase in diameter during follow-up that was controlled by endoscopic therapy. Conclusion: The drop in portal pressure did not significantly influence the variation of variceal calibers when comparing pre-operative and early or late post-operative diameters. The comparison between the portal pressure drop and the rebleeding rates was also not significant.

Background: The hanging liver maneuver and intrahepatic extra-Glissonian approach are distinct modalities to facilitate safe anatomical liver resections. This study reports a standardized combination of these techniques focusing on safety, results and correlation with portal pedicle anatomy in oncological patients.Method: Combined hanging liver maneuver and intrahepatic extra-Glissonian approach for anatomic right hepatectomy was described stepwise. Portal pedicle anatomy was correlated with the Glissonian approach failure and complications. Clinical characteristics of patients, perioperative outcomes, short and long-term survival rates were analyzed.Results: Thirty colorectal liver metastases patients submitted to the combined approach were evaluated. Anatomical variations of the right portal pedicle were present in 26.6%. Hanging liver maneuver was feasible in 100%, and Glissonian approach in 96.7% despite portal pedicle variations. Mean operative time was 326 min. Mean blood loss was 507 ml. Mean hospital stay was 8 days. There was no 90-day operative mortality and no significant morbidity. Oncological surgical margins were free. Overall and disease-free 5-year survival were 59 and 37%.Conclusion: Regardless of frequent anatomical variations of the right portal pedicle, the hanging liver maneuver, and intrahepatic extra-Glissonian approach can be combined, being useful for anatomical right hepatectomies in a safe and reproducible way in most patients.

A combination of immunosuppressants may improve outcomes due to the synergistic effect of their different action mechanisms. Currently, there is no consensus regarding the best immunosuppressive protocol after liver transplantation. This review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of tacrolimus associated with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in patients undergoing liver transplantation. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Eight randomized trials were included. The proportion of patients with at least one adverse event related to the immunosuppression scheme with tacrolimus associated with MMF was 39.9%. The tacrolimus with MMF immunosuppression regimen was superior in preventing acute cellular rejection compared with that of tacrolimus alone (risk difference [RD]=-0.11; p =0.001). The tacrolimus plus MMF regimen showed no difference in the risk of adverse events compared to that of tacrolimus alone (RD=0.7; p=0.66) and cyclosporine plus MMF (RD=-0.7; p=0.37). Patients undergoing liver transplantation who received tacrolimus plus MMF had similar adverse events when compared to patients receiving other evaluated immunosuppressive regimens and had a lower risk of acute rejection than those receiving in the monodrug tacrolimus regimen.

Background. Right upper transversal hepatectomy (RUTH) is defined as the removal of liver segments 7, 8, and 4A with ligature of the right and middle hepatic veins and is considered one of the most complex techniques of parenchymal-sparing hepatectomies. This procedure can be performed, without venous reconstruction, if collateral veins are present communicating within remnant liver segments to a large inferior right hepatic vein and/or to the left hepatic vein. This venous network could maintain outflow from the inferior right segments (S5, S6) to the left liver when a RUTH is performed, even in the absence of an inferior right hepatic vein. The aim of this study is to present our experience with RUTH without venous reconstruction in patients with and without the presence of an inferior right hepatic vein (IRHV). Methods. Patients submitted to RUTH for treatment of liver metastases were selected from our database. The presence of an IRHV, clinical and surgical characteristics of the patients, immediate outcomes, viability of liver segments 5 and 6, and long-term survival were analyzed. Results. RUTH was successfully performed in four patients. In two patients, IRHV was not present, but intrahepatic communicating veins between proximal right and middle hepatic veins and left hepatic vein were present. No venous reconstructions were performed. Mild congestion of the inferior right segments occurred in the patients where there was no IRHV but no immediate, early, or late complications were observed. Conclusions. RUTH is feasible and can be performed even in the absence of an IRHV, without venous reconstruction. Some degree of congestion of the right inferior liver segments might occur when an IRHV is absent, yet this is not clinically significant when communicating veins are present. Maximum parenchyma preservation might prevent postoperative liver failure and allow repeated resections in case of hepatic recurrence.

ABSTRACT Background: Incidental gallbladder cancer is defined as a cancer discovered by histological examination after cholecystectomy. It is a potentially curable disease. However, some questions related to their management remain controversial and a defined strategy is associated with better prognosis. Aim: To develop the first evidence-based consensus for management of patients with incidental gallbladder cancer in Brazil. Methods: Sixteen questions were selected, and 36 Brazilian and International members were included to the answer them. The statements were based on current evident literature. The final report was sent to the members of the panel for agreement assessment. Results: Intraoperative evaluation of the specimen, use of retrieval bags and routine histopathology is recommended. Complete preoperative evaluation is necessary and the reoperation should be performed once final staging is available. Evaluation of the cystic duct margin and routine 16b1 lymph node biopsy is recommended. Chemotherapy should be considered and chemoradiation therapy if microscopically positive surgical margins. Port site should be resected exceptionally. Staging laparoscopy before reoperation is recommended, but minimally invasive radical approach only in specialized minimally invasive hepatopancreatobiliary centers. The extent of liver resection is acceptable if R0 resection is achieved. Standard lymph node dissection is required for T2 tumors and above, but common bile duct resection is not recommended routinely. Conclusions: It was possible to prepare safe recommendations as guidance for incidental gallbladder carcinoma, addressing the most frequent topics of everyday work of digestive and general surgeons.

ABSTRACT Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent type of primary liver cancer and its incidence is increasing around the world in the last decades, making it the third cause of death by cancer in the world. Hepatic resection is one of the most effective treatments for HCC with five-year survival rates from 50-70%, especially for patients with a single nodule and preserved liver function. Some studies have shown a worse prognosis for HCC patients whose etiology is viral. That brings us to the question about the existence of a difference between the various causes of HCC and its prognosis. Aim: To compare the prognosis (overall and disease-free survival at five years) of patients undergoing hepatectomy for the treatment of HCC with respect to various causes of liver disease. Method: Was performed a review of medical records of patients undergoing hepatectomy between 2000 and 2014 for the treatment of HCC. They were divided into groups according to the cause of liver disease, followed by overall and disease-free survival analysis for comparison. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the outcomes of the groups of patients divided according to the etiology of HCC. Overall and disease-free survival at five years of the patients in this sample were 49.9% and 40.7%, respectively. Conclusion: From the data of this sample, was verified that there was no prognostic differences among the groups of HCC patients of the various etiologies.

Background : Liver metastases of colorectal cancer are frequent and potentially fatal event in the evolution of patients. Aim : In the second module of this consensus, management of resectable liver metastases was discussed. Method : Concept of synchronous and metachronous metastases was determined, and both scenarius were discussed separately according its prognostic and therapeutic peculiarities. Results : Special attention was given to the missing metastases due to systemic preoperative treatment response, with emphasis in strategies to avoid its reccurrence and how to manage disappeared lesions. Conclusion : Were presented validated ressectional strategies, to be taken into account in clinical practice.

ABSTRACT Background: Liver surgery has developed significantly in the past decades. In Brazil, the interest on it has grown significantly, but there is no study regarding its clinical practice. Despite intrinsic limitations, surveys are well suited to descriptive studies and allow understanding the current scenario. Aim: To provide an overview on the current spread of liver surgery in Brazil, focusing on groups´ profile, operative techniques and availability of resources. Method: From May to November 2016, was conducted a national survey about liver surgery profile in Brazil composed by 28 questions concerning surgical team characteristics, technical preferences, surgical volume, results and available institutional resources. The survey was sent by e-mail to 84 liver surgery team leaders from different centers including all regions of the country. Results: Forty-three study participants (51.2%), from all Brazilian regions, responded the survey. Most centers have residency/fellowship programs (86%), perform and do laparoscopic procedures (91%); however, laparoscopy is still responsible for a little amount of surgeries (1-9% of laparoscopic procedures over all liver resections in 39.5% of groups). Only seven centers (16.3%) perform more than 50 liver resections/year. Postoperative mortality rate is between 1-3% in 55% of the centers. Conclusion: This is the first depiction of liver surgery in Brazil. It showed a surgical practice aligned with worldwide excellence centers, concentrated on hospitals dedicated to academic practice.

Background and study aims Endoscopic removal of biliary stones has high success rates, ranging between 85 % to 95 %. Nevertheless, some stones may be challenging and different endoscopic methods have evolved. Papillary large balloon dilation after sphincterotomy is a widely used technique with success rates ranging from 68 to 90 % for stones larger than 15 mm. Cholangioscopy allows performing lithotripsy under direct biliary visualization, either by laser or electrohydraulic waves, which have similar success rate (80 % – 90 %). However, there is no study comparing these 2 techniques. Patients and methods From April 2014 to June 2016, 100 patients were enrolled and randomized in 2 groups, using a non-inferiority hypothesis: cholangioscopy + electrohydraulic lithotripsy (group 1) and endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation (group 2). The main outcome was complete stone removal. Adverse events were documented. Mechanical lithotripsy was not performed. Failure cases had a second session with crossover of the methods. Results The mean age was 56 years. 74 (75.5 %) patients were female. The initial overall complete stone removal rate was 74.5 % (77.1 % in group 1 and 72 % in group 2, P > 0.05). After second session the overall success rate achieved 90.1 %. Procedure time was significantly lower in group 2, – 25.2 min (CI95 % – 12.48 to – 37.91). There were no significant differences regarding technical success rate, radiologic exposure and adverse events. Conclusion Single-operator cholangioscopy-guided lithotripsy and papillary large balloon dilation are effective and safe approaches for removing complex biliary stones.

Background : Liver metastases of colorectal cancer are frequent and potentially fatal event in the evolution of patients with these tumors. Aim : In this module, was contextualized the clinical situations and parameterized epidemiological data and results of the various treatment modalities established. Method: Was realized deep discussion on detecting and staging metastatic colorectal cancer, as well as employment of imaging methods in the evaluation of response to instituted systemic therapy. Results : The next step was based on the definition of which patients would have their metastases considered resectable and how to expand the amount of patients elegible for modalities with curative intent. Conclusion : Were presented clinical, pathological and molecular prognostic factors, validated to be taken into account in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVES: Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is a rare primary malignant liver tumor that differs from conventional hepatocellular carcinoma in several aspects. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, surgical and histopathological features of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma and to analyze the factors associated with survival. METHODS: We identified 21 patients with histopathologically diagnosed fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma over a 22-year period. Clinical information was collected from medical records and biopsies, and surgical specimens were reviewed. RESULTS: The median age at diagnosis was 20 years. Most patients were female (67%) and did not have associated chronic liver disease. Most patients had a single nodule, and the median tumor size was 120 mm. Vascular invasion was present in 31% of patients, and extra-hepatic metastases were present in 53%. Fourteen patients underwent surgery as the first-line therapy, three received chemotherapy, and four received palliative care. Eighteen patients had “pure fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma,” whereas three had a distinct area of conventional hepatocellular carcinoma and were classified as having “mixed fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma.” The median overall survival was 36 months. The presence of “mixed fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma” and macrovascular invasion were predictors of poor survival. Vascular invasion was associated with an increased risk of recurrence in patients who underwent surgery. CONCLUSION: Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma was more common in young female patients without chronic liver disease. Surgery was the first therapeutic option to achieve disease control, even in advanced cases. Vascular invasion was a risk factor for tumor recurrence. The presence of macrovascular invasion and areas of conventional hepatocellular carcinoma were directly related to poor survival.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of portal hypertension is complex and the the best strategy depends on the underlying disease (cirrhosis vs. schistosomiasis), patient's clinical condition and time on it is performed (during an acute episode of variceal bleeding or electively, as pre-primary, primary or secondary prophylaxis). With the advent of new pharmacological options and technical development of endoscopy and interventional radiology treatment of portal hypertension has changed in recent decades. AIM: To review the strategies employed in elective and emergency treatment of variceal bleeding in cirrhotic and schistosomotic patients. METHODS: Survey of publications in PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, SciELO and Cochrane databases through June 2013, using the headings: portal hypertension, esophageal and gastric varices, variceal bleeding, liver cirrhosis, schistosomiasis mansoni, surgical treatment, pharmacological treatment, secondary prophylaxis, primary prophylaxis, pre-primary prophylaxis. CONCLUSION: Pre-primary prophylaxis doesn't have specific treatment strategies; the best recommendation is treatment of the underlying disease. Primary prophylaxis should be performed in cirrhotic patients with beta-blockers or endoscopic variceal ligation. There is controversy regarding the effectiveness of primary prophylaxis in patients with schistosomiasis; when indicated, it is done with beta-blockers or endoscopic therapy in high-risk varices. Treatment of acute variceal bleeding is systematized in the literature, combination of vasoconstrictor drugs and endoscopic therapy, provided significant decline in mortality over the last decades. TIPS and surgical treatment are options as rescue therapy. Secondary prophylaxis plays a fundamental role in the reduction of recurrent bleeding, the best option in cirrhotic patients is the combination of pharmacological therapy with beta-blockers and endoscopic band ligation. TIPS or surgical treatment, are options for controlling rebleeding on failure of secondary prophylaxis. Despite the increasing evidence of the effectiveness of pharmacological and endoscopic treatment in schistosomotic patients, surgical therapy still plays an important role in secondary prophylaxis.

RACIONAL: Aproximadamente 50% dos pacientes com tumor colorretal apresentam metástase hepática sendo a hepatectomia o procedimento terapêutico de escolha. Discutem-se diversos fatores prognósticos; entre eles, a margem cirúrgica é fator sempre recorrente, pois não existe consenso da distância mínima necessária entre o nódulo metastático e a linha de secção hepática. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar as margens cirúrgicas nas ressecções de metástases hepáticas de câncer colorretal e sua correlação com recidiva local e sobrevida. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, baseado na revisão dos prontuários de 91 pacientes submetidos à ressecção de metástases hepáticas de neoplasia colorretal. Foi realizada revisão histopatológica de todos os casos com aferição da menor margem cirúrgica e observar o resultado tardio em relação à recidiva e sobrevida. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatística nas taxas de recidiva e no tempo de sobrevivência global entre os pacientes com margens livres ou acometidas (R0vsR1), assim como não houve diferença entre as margens subcentimétricas e as maiores de 1 cm. A sobrevida livre de doença dos pacientes com margens microscopicamente acometidas foi significativamente menor do que dos com margens livres. A análise uni e multivariada não identificou a margem cirúrgica (R1, exígua ou menor que 1 cm) como fator de risco para recidiva. CONCLUSÕES: As ressecções de metástases hepáticas com margens livres de doença, independentemente das dimensões da margem, não influenciou na recidiva tumoral (intra ou extra-hepática) ou na sobrevida dos pacientes.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os tumores hepáticos benignos, devido à relativa facilidade na identificação através de exames de imagem, tiveram incidência crescente na população nos últimos anos, tornando-se quadro frequente na rotina clínica e muitas vezes um desafio para clínicos e cirurgiões. Logo, o médico passou a enfrentar dilemas relacionados ao diagnóstico e conduta nestes pacientes assintomáticos e portadores de nódulos hepáticos. OBJETIVO: Atualizar o conhecimento dos adenomas hepáticos frente à evolução ocorrida com seu conhecimento nos últimos anos. MÉTODO: Foi efetuada revisão da literatura em consulta na Medline/Pubmed, Scielo, Embase e Lilacs com cruzamento dos seguintes descritores: adenoma hepático, cirurgia, tratamento clínico, diagnóstico, fisiopatologia e biologia molecular. CONCLUSÃO: O diagnóstico incidental de lesões assintomáticas constitui grande dilema na prática clínica, pois traz intensa angústia para o paciente e seus familiares, e muitas vezes tornam-se um desafio para o clínico ou cirurgião. É lesão de particular interesse, pois pode apresentar evolução tanto benigna como complicações potencialmente letais. O adenoma hepático deixou recentemente de ser lesão de ressecção obrigatória; atualmente, adota-se conduta mais individualizada, visando menor morbimortalidade. À luz dos novos avanços da biologia molecular, cabe ao médico que o diagnostica identificar aqueles com potencial evolução desfavorável, para que nesses seja empregada conduta mais agressiva.

RACIONAL: Insuficiência hepática pós-operatória devido à remanescente hepático pequeno tem sido complicação temida em pacientes que são submetidos à ressecção hepática extensa. A ligadura da veia porta associada à bipartição do fígado para hepatectomia em dois estágios (ALPPS) foi desenvolvida recentemente com a finalidade de induzir rápida e significante regeneração do fígado para pacientes em que o tumor é previamente considerado irressecável. OBJETIVO: Apresentar a experiência brasileira com o ALPPS. MÉTODO: Foram analisados 39 pacientes submetidos ao procedimento ALPPS em nove hospitais. Ele foi realizado em duas etapas. A primeira operação consistiu em ligadura do ramo direito da veia porta e bipartição hepática. Na segunda, os ramos direito da artéria hepática, via biliar e veia hepática foram ligados e o lobo hepático direito estendido foi removido. Foram 22 pacientes do sexo masculino (56,4%) e 17 do feminino (43,6%). A média de idade foi 57,3 anos (variando de 20 a 83 anos). RESULTADOS: A indicação mais comum foi metástase hepática em 32 pacientes (82,0%), seguida por colangiocarcinoma em três pacientes (7,7%). Dois morreram neste intervalo e não foram submetidos à segunda operação. O intervalo médio da primeira para a segunda operação foi de 14,1 dias (variando de 5-30 dias). O volume do segmento lateral esquerdo apresentou aumento de 83% (variando de 47-211,9%). Morbidade significante foi observada em 23 pacientes (59,0%). A mortalidade foi de 12,8% (cinco pacientes). CONCLUSÃO: O procedimento ALPPS permite ressecção hepática em pacientes com lesões consideradas previamente irressecáveis por induzir rápida hipertrofia do fígado evitando a insuficiência hepática na maioria dos pacientes. Porém ainda apresenta elevada morbidade e mortalidade.BACKGROUND: Postoperative liver failure consequent to insufficiency of remnant liver is a feared complication in patients who underwent extensive liver resections. To induce rapid and significant hepatic hypertrophy, associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) has been recently developed for patients which tumor is previously considered unresectable. AIM: To present the Brazilian experience with ALPPS approach. METHOD: Were analyzed 39 patients who underwent hepatic resection using ALPPS in nine hospitals. The procedure was performed in two steps. The first operation was portal vein ligation and in situ splitting. In the second operation the right hepatic artery, right bile duct and the right hepatic vein were isolated and ligated. The extended right lobe was removed. There were 22 male (56.4%) and 17 female (43.6%). At the time of the first operation, the median age was 57.3 years (range: 20-83 years). RESULTS: The most common indication was liver metastasis in 32 patients (82.0%), followed by cholangiocarcinoma in three (7.7%). Two patients died (5.2%) during this period and did not undergo the second operation. The mean interval between the first and the second operation was 14.1 days (range: 5-30 days). The volume of the left lateral segment of the liver increased 83% (range 47-211.9%). Significant morbidity after ALPPS was seen in 23 patients (59.0%). The mortality rate was 12.8% (five patients). CONCLUSION: The ALPPS approach can enable resection in patients with lesions previously considered unresectable. It induces rapid liver hypertrophy avoiding liver failure in most patients. However still has high morbidity and mortality.

OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate the long-term cardiovascular and pulmonary hemodynamic effects of surgical shunt for treatment of portal hypertension (PH) due to Schistosomiasis mansoni. LOCATION:The University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Public Practice. METHODS:Hemodynamic evaluation was performed with transesophageal Doppler and contrast-enhanced echocardiography (ECHO) on twenty-eight participants with schistosomal portal hypertension. Participants were divided into two groups according to the surgical procedure used to treat their schistosomal portal hypertension within the last two years: group 1-distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS, n = 13) and group 2-esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy (EGDS, n = 15). RESULTS:The cardiac output (5.08 ± 0.91 L/min) and systolic volume (60.1 ± 5.6 ml) were increased (p = 0.001) in the DSRS group. DSRS participants had a significant increase (p < 0.0001) in their left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters as well as in their left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (p < 0.001) compared with the preoperative period. No statistically significant difference was found in the patients who underwent EGDS. ECHO revealed intrapulmonary vasodilatation (IPV) in 18 participants (64%), 9 DSRS and 9 EGDS (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:The late increase in the cardiac output, stroke volume and left ventricular diameters demonstrated left ventricular dilatation after a distal splenorenal shunt. ECHO revealed a greater prevalence for IPV in patients with schistosomiasis than has previously been described in patients with PH from liver cirrhosis.

CONTEXT: Liver metastases are a common event in the clinical outcome of patients with colorectal cancer and account for 2/3 of deaths from this disease. There is considerable controversy among the data in the literature regarding the results of surgical treatment and prognostic factors of survival, and no analysis have been done in a large cohort of patients in Brazil. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the results of surgical treatment of patients with colorectal liver metastases, and to establish prognostic factors of survival in a Brazilian population. METHOD: This was a retrospective study of patients undergoing liver resection for colorectal metastases in a tertiary cancer hospital from 1998 to 2009. We analyzed epidemiologic variables and the clinical characteristics of primary tumors, metastatic disease and its treatment, surgical procedures and follow-up, and survival results. Survival analyzes were done by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test was applied to determine the influence of variables on overall and disease-free survival. All variables associated with survival with P

RACIONAL: Tromboembolismo venoso é complicação frequente após tratamento cirúrgico em geral e, de um modo especial, na condução terapêutica do câncer. A cirurgia do aparelho digestivo tem sido referida como potencialmente indutora desta complicação. Os pacientes com câncer digestivo, têm risco substancialmente aumentado de iniciarem ou de terem recorrência de processo tromboembólico. OBJETIVO: Oferecer aos cirurgiões que atuam na cirurgia digestiva e geral orientação segura sobre como efetuar a tromboprofilaxia dos pacientes que necessitam de operações no tratamento de doenças malignas digestivas. MÉTODOS: A Diretriz foi baseada a partir da elaboração de 15 questões clínicas relevantes e relacionadas ao risco, tratamento e prognóstico do paciente submetido ao tratamento cirúrgico do câncer do aparelho digestivo. Elas focaram tanto os eventos tromboembólicos associados às operações quanto os aspectos relacionados à sua profilaxia. As questões foram estruturadas por meio do P.I.C.O. (Paciente, Intervenção ou Indicador, Comparação e Outcome), permitindo gerar estratégias de busca da evidência nas principais bases primárias de informação científica (Medline/Pubmed, Embase, Lilacs/Scielo, Cochrane Library, Premedline via OVID). Também foi realizada busca manual da evidência e de teses (BDTD e IBICT). A evidência recuperada foi selecionada a partir da avaliação crítica utilizando instrumentos (escores) discriminatórios de acordo com a categoria da questão: risco, terapêutica e prognóstico (JADAD para Ensaios Clínicos Randomizados e New Castle Otawa Scale para estudos não randômicos). Após definir os estudos potenciais para sustento das recomendações, eles foram selecionados pela força da evidência e grau de recomendação segundo a classificação de Oxford, incluindo a evidência disponível de maior força. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 53.555 trabalhos pelo título e/ou resumo. Deste total foram selecionados (1ª seleção) 478 trabalhos avaliados pelo texto completo. A partir deles, para sustentar as recomendações, foram incluídos neste consenso 132 trabalhos. As 15 perguntas formuladas puderam ser respondidas com artigos com grau de evidência correspondentes à 31 A, 130 B, 1 C e 0 D. CONCLUSÃO: Esta revisão possibilitou elaborar orientação segura para a profilaxia do tromboembolismo nas operações sobre o câncer do aparelho digestivo, abordando os tópicos mais frequentes do quotidiano do trabalho dos cirurgiões gerais e do aparelho digestivo.BACKGROUND: The venous thromboembolism is a common complication after surgical treatment in general and, in particular, on the therapeutic management on cancer. Surgery of the digestive tract has been reported to induce this complication. Patients with digestive cancer have substantial increased risk of initial or recurrent thromboembolism. AIM: To provide to surgeons working in digestive surgery and general surgery guidance on how to make safe thromboprophylaxis for patients requiring operations in the treatment of their gastrointestinal malignancies. METHODS: The guideline was based on 15 relevant clinical issues and related to the risk factors, treatment and prognosis of the patient undergoing surgical treatment of cancer on digestive tract. They focused thromboembolic events associated with operations and thromboprophylaxis. The questions were structured using the PICO (Patient, Intervention or Indicator, Comparison and Outcome), allowing strategies to generate evidence on the main primary bases of scientific information (Medline / Pubmed, Embase, Lilacs / Scielo, Cochrane Library, PreMedline via OVID). Evidence manual search was also conducted (BDTD and IBICT). The evidence was recovered from the selected critical evaluation using discriminatory instruments (scores) according to the category of the question: risk, prognosis and therapy (JADAD Randomized Clinical Trials and New Castle Ottawa Scale for studies not randomized). After defining potential studies to support the recommendations, they were selected by the strength of evidence and grade of recommendation according to the classification of Oxford, including the available evidence of greater strength. RESULTS: A total of 53,555 papers by title and / or abstract related to issue were found. Of this total were selected (1st selection) 478 studies that were evaluated as full-text. From them to support the recommendations were included in the consensus 132 papers. The 15 questions could be answered with evidence grade of articles with 31 A, 130 B, 1 C and 0 D. CONCLUSION: It was possible to prepare safe recommendations as guidance for thromboembolism prophylaxis in operations on the digestive tract malignancies, addressing the most frequent topics of everyday work of digestive and general surgeons.

INTRODUÇÃO: Atualmente, as ressecções hepáticas podem ser realizadas com taxas aceitáveis de morbimortalidade. Em centros especializados, mortalidade ao redor de 1% pode ser alcançada, mesmo em fígados previamente submetidos à quimioterapia por longo prazo. Com o objetivo de reduzir essas taxas, novas estratégias têm sido empregadas, como a embolização portal, ablação por radiofrequência, re-hepatectomias ressecções vasculares com reconstrução e hepatectomias em dois tempos. MÉTODO: Foi realizada revisão de literatura nos sites de pesquisa PubMed, Bireme e Scielo, com os descritores "hepatectomias parciais, metástases, neoplasia colorretal, radiofrequência e embolização". Selecionaram-se, principalmente, os estudos de aplicação de técnicas e procedimentos cirúrgicos no tratamento das metástases hepáticas. CONCLUSÃO: Sobrevida ao redor de 50% em cinco anos podem ser conseguidas em casos selecionados quando equipe multidisciplinar está envolvida no tratamento. Com a melhora na técnica operatória, poupando-se parênquima hepático, e com o advento de novos agentes quimioterápicos, lesões metastáticas hepáticas irressecáveis podem se tornar ressecáveis e a sobrevida a longo prazo pode ser alcançada.INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, liver resections can be performed with acceptable morbi-mortality rates. In specialized centers, mortality as low as 1% can be achieved, even with the advent of new hepatotoxic chemotherapy regimens. In order to reduce morbidity and mortality, newer strategies can be undertaken, such as portal vein embolization, radiofrequency ablation techniques, re-hepatectomies, major vascular resections and two stages hepatectomies. METHOD: Literature review was conducted on sites search PubMed, BIREME, SciELO, with the headings "partial hepatectomy, hepatic metastases, colorectal cancer, radiofrequency and embolization". Were selected mainly studies with the application of techniques and surgical procedures in the treatment of liver metastasis. CONCLUSION: Survival rates as good as 50% in 5y can be achieved in selected cases when a multidisciplinary team is involved. Better surgical techniques, with parenchimal sparing strategies and the advent of neoadjuvant chemotherapy can turn unresectable liver lesions to resectable and increase survival rates

BACKGROUND: The use of laparoscopy in liver surgery is well established and considered as the gold standard for small resections. The laparoscopic resections have lower morbidity and better cosmetic results, but still require an incision to remove the surgical specimen. The possibility of remove the specimen through natural orifices and avoid an abdominal incision may further improve the benefits offered by minimally invasive procedures. AIM: To describe the technique of transvaginal extraction of the specimen after laparoscopic liver left lateral sectionectomy. METHOD: The laparoscopic liver resection is performed in a standard fashion. After completing the resection, the specimen is placed into a retrieval plastic bag. To perform de extraction, a vaginal colpotomy is performed, guided by a 12 mm trocar introduced through the vagina. Then the extraction bag is removed pulling the bag through the extended incision in the posterior wall of the vagina. After the extraction, the colpotomy incision is closed laparoscopically. RESULTS: This technique was performed in a 74-year-old woman with a 3 cm lesion between liver segments 2 and 3. She had a fast and uneventful recovery. CONCLUSION: This technique appears to be feasible, safe and avoid the complications of an abdominal incision.

INTRODUCTION: Minimally invasive laparoscopic liver surgery is being performed with increased frequency. Lesions located on the anterior and lateral liver segments are easier to approach through laparoscopy. On the other hand, laparoscopic access to posterior and superior segments is less frequent and technically demanding. AIM: Technical description for laparoscopic transthoracic access employed on hepatic wedge resection. TECHNIQUE: Laparoscopic transthoracic hepatic wedge resection on segment 8. CONCLUSION: Transthoracic approach allows access to the posterior and superior segments of the liver, and should be considered for oddly located tumors and in patients with numerous previous abdominal interventions.

RACIONAL: Sabe-se que tanto a leucopenia quanto a plaquetopenia têm relação direta com a esplenomegalia, mas não existem estudos correlacionando de forma direta ou precisa o tamanho do baço com o número de plaquetas. Ainda há controvérsia se a plaquetopenia observada em pacientes com doenças hepáticas crônicas está mais relacionada à esplenomegalia ou à própria hipertensão portal. OBJETIVO: Correlacionar o nível sérico das plaquetas nos períodos pré e pós-operatório imediato com peso e volume do baço em pacientes portadores da forma hepatoesplênica da esquistossomose com indicação para tratamento cirúrgico da hipertensão portal. MÉTODO: Foram analisados os prontuários de pacientes portadores da forma hepatoesplênica da esquistossomose mansônica submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico da hipertensão portal. Foram incluídos portadores com a doença confirmada pelo diagnóstico anatomopatológico da biópsia hepática realizada no período intra-operatório. Foram excluídos todos os doentes que apresentavam antecedentes de etilismo crônico, hepatite viral, evidências clínico-laboratoriais de insuficiência hepática ou alterações histopatológicas compatíveis com cirrose hepática. Foram avaliados: o tamanho e volume do baço; o nível sérico de plaquetas; o número de plaquetas. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 141 pacientes que preenchiam os critérios de inclusão do total de 160 prontuários analisados. A idade média foi de 39,03 ± 12,74 anos (15 a 74 anos), sendo 84 homens (59,5%) e 57 mulheres (40,5%). O peso médio do baço foi de 966,27 ± 464,61 g (120 a 2700 g). O volume elíptico médio foi de 966,68 ± 499,12 cm3 (236,13 a 2782,36 cm³. Houve correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o peso e o volume elíptico do baço (pBACKGROUND: It is known that both leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were significantly correlated with splenomegaly, but there is no studies correlating directly or precisely the size of the spleen with the number of platelets. It is controversial whether the thrombocytopenia observed in patients with chronic liver disease is more related to splenomegaly or portal hypertension itself. AIM: To correlate the serum level of platelets in pre and postoperative weight and volume of the spleen in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis with indication for surgical treatment of portal hypertension. METHODS: The medical records of patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni who underwent surgical treatment of portal hypertension were revised. Were included patients with the disease confirmed by pathologic diagnosis of liver biopsy performed during surgery, and excluded all patients who had a history of chronic alcoholism, viral hepatitis, clinical and laboratory evidence of hepatic or histopathological changescompatible with liver cirrhosis. Evaluation of the size and volume of the spleen, the serum level of platelets, the platelet count was done. RESULTS: Were identified 141 patients who met the inclusion criteria of the 160 charts analyzed. The mean age was 39.03 ± 12.74 years (15 to 74 years) and 84 men (59.5%) and 57 women (40.5%). The average weight of the spleen was 966.27 ± 464.61 g (120-2700 g). The elliptical volume averaged 966.68 ± 499.12 cm³ (from 236.13 to 2782.36 cm³. There was a statistically significant correlation between weight and volume of elliptical spleen (p

INTRODUÇÃO: As ressecções hepáticas representam umas das últimas fronteiras vencidas pela cirurgia videolaparoscópica. Apesar da complexidade do procedimento, da demanda de grande incorporação de tecnologia e necessidade de experiência em cirurgia hepática e laparoscópica, a indicação do método tem crescido de forma expressiva nos últimos anos. OBJETIVO: Realizar análise crítica do método, baseada nos trabalhos existentes na literatura, ressaltando o estado atual de suas indicações, exequibilidade, segurança, resultados e aspectos técnicos primordiais. MÉTODO: Foram identificados e analisados os trabalhos pertinentes nas bases de dados LILACS e PUBMED até dezembro de 2009, utilizando-se os descritores "liver resection", "laparoscopic" e "liver surgery". Não foram encontrados trabalhos prospectivos e randomizados sobre o tema, sendo os dados disponíveis provenientes de série de casos, estudos caso-controle e alguns estudos multicêntricos e metanálises. CONCLUSÃO: A hepatectomia por videolaparoscopia é hoje operação segura e factível, mesmo para as ressecções hepáticas maiores, com baixo índice de morbimortalidade. O método pode ser utilizado para lesões malignas sem prejuízo dos princípios oncológicos e com vantagens nos pacientes com cirrose ou disfunção hepática. A melhor indicação recai sobre as lesões benignas, em especial o adenoma hepatocelular. Em mãos experientes e casos selecionados, como as lesões benignas localizadas nos segmentos anterolaterais hepáticos, principalmente no segmento lateral esquerdo, a ressecção videolaparoscópica pode ser considerada hoje como tratamento padrão.INTRODUCTION: Hepatic resection is the last frontier to be surpassed by laparoscopic surgery. Although a highly complex procedure, the need of advanced technology and experience in both laparoscopic and hepatic surgery, the indications and number of cases done worldwide had a major growth in the last few years. AIM: Critically analyze the technique, based on published articles and acquired experience with more than 50 laparoscopic hepatic resections. Indications, feasibility, safety, and basic technical aspects are outlined. METHODS: Original published studies were identified by searching the Lilacs and Medline databases (up to December 2009) using the keywords "liver resection", "laparoscopic" and "liver surgery". It was not found any prospective randomized trial, so all data came from case series, case-control studies, and meta-analysis. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic liver resection is safe and feasible even for major resections, with low morbidity and mortality rates. Laparoscopic approach is considered to be oncologically similar to its open counterpart and may have some advantage in cirrhotic patients. Benign lesions, especially hepatocellular adenoma, remains the best indication. In experienced centers the laparoscopic approach may be considered the standard of care for benign antero-lateral located lesions, and for left lateral sectorectomy.

BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis is an important public health issue in more than 70 countries around the world. About 600 million people are at risk to acquire the parasite and there are 200 million infected worldwide. AIM: To evaluate the characteristics of schistosomal portal hypertension individuals who underwent previous esophageal varices bleeding treated in a tertiary hospital. METHODS: The records of 155 patients were evaluated and clinical, laboratorial, endoscopic, epidemiological features and hemorrhagic event severity were analyzed to individualize this population. RESULTS: Mean age was 37.2 years and no clinical signs of hepatic failure were observed. Serum laboratory tests to evaluate liver function were normal or slightly alter. Anemia was present in 70 %, leucopenia in 75 % and thrombocytopenia in 86 % of the patients. At endoscopic evaluation varices were classified as grade III and IV in 91.3 %; red spots were observed in 40.3 % and congestive gastropathy in 13.6 %. Patients presented a mean of 2.8 previous episodes of variceal hemorrhage and, in 75 % with hemodynamic instability. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with schistosomal portal hypertension and history of upper digestive bleeding from esophageal varices are young individuals, without either clinical or laboratorial evidence of liver dysfunction, that present high morbidity due to the severity of the acute event of bleeding.RACIONAL: Esquistossomose é importante doença na saúde pública envolvendo mais de 70 países. Cerca de 600 milhões de pessoas estão em áreas de risco para adquirir a doença e em torno de 200 milhões estão por ela infectados. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as características da hipertensão porta esquistossomótica em indivíduos que se submeteram previamente a tratamento de varizes esofágicas hemorrágicas em hospital terciário. MÉTODOS: Os prontuários de 155 pacientes foram avaliados analisando-se aspectos clínicos, laboratoriais, endoscópicos, epidemiológicos e intensidade de eventos hemorrágicos. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 37.2 anos e não havia sinais clínicos de insuficiência hepática. Análises séricas para avaliação da função hepática foram normais ou levemente alteradas. Anemia estava presente em 70 %, leucopenia em 75 % e trombocitopenia em 86 %. Na endoscopia as varizes foram classificadas em graus III e V em 91.3 %; red spots foram vistos em 40.3 % e gastropatia congestiva em 13.6 %. Os pacientes apresentaram média de 2.8 prévios episódios de hemorragia por varizes e em 75 % havia instabilidade hemodinâmica. Conclusões - Pacientes com hipertensão porta esquistossomótica e histórico de sangramento digestivo alto por varizes esofágicas são jovens, sem evidências laboratoriais de alteração hepática importante e apresentam alta morbidade, devido à severidade do evento hemorrágico.

CONTEXTO: A complicação mais frequente após a desconexão ázigo-portal e esplenectomia em doentes com esquistossomose mansônica hepatoesplênica é a trombose da veia porta. OBJETIVOS:Avaliar a incidência, os fatores preditivos dessa complicação, assim como, a evolução clínica, laboratorial, endoscópica e ultrassonográfica desses pacientes. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados retrospectivamente os prontuários de 155 doentes esquistossomóticos submetidos a desconexão ázigo-portal e esplenectomia. RESULTADOS: Trombose de veia porta foi observada em 52,3% dos pacientes, sendo 6,5% de trombose total e 45,8% de trombose parcial. Os pacientes que evoluíram com trombose de veia porta apresentaram mais frequentemente diarreia no pós-operatório. Febre foi evento habitual que ocorreu em 70% dos casos, mais frequente, entretanto, nos doentes com trombose total da veia porta (100%). Trombose de veia mesentérica superior ocorreu em quatro doentes (2,6%), sendo mais frequente entre os com trombose total da veia porta. Não se encontrou diferença estatística quanto aos parâmetros clínicos, laboratoriais, endoscópicos e recidiva hemorrágica no pós-operatório tardio, quando comparados os pacientes com e sem trombose portal. CONCLUSÕES: A trombose de veia porta no pós-operatório da desconexão ázigo-portal e esplenectomia é evento frequente, sem nenhum fator preditivo para sua ocorrência; na maioria dos casos a trombose é parcial e apresenta evolução benigna, com baixa morbidade; trombose total da veia porta está mais frequentemente associada à trombose da veia mesentérica superior, com elevada morbidade; a trombose da veia porta, parcial ou total, não acarretou complicações no período pós-operatório tardio.CONTEXT: Portal vein thrombosis is the most frequent complication after esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy for hepatosplenic schistosomosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate portal vein thrombosis in 155 patients with schistosomal portal hypertension submitted to esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed not only the incidence and predictive factors of this complication, but also clinical, laboratorial, endoscopic and Doppler sonography outcome of these patients. RESULTS: Postoperative portal thrombosis was observed in 52.3% of the patients (partial in 45.8% and total in 6.5%). Postoperative diarrhea was more frequent in patients with portal vein thrombosis. Fever was a frequent postoperative symptom (70%) but occurred in a higher percentage when total portal vein thrombosis was present (100%). Superior mesenteric vein thrombosis occurred in four patients (2.6%) and was associated with total thrombosis of the portal vein. There was no statistical difference between patients with and without portal vein thrombosis according to clinical and endoscopic parameters during late follow-up. It was not possible to identify any predictive factor for the occurrence of this complication. CONCLUSIONS: Portal vein thrombosis is an early and frequent event after esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy, usually partial with benign outcome and low morbidity. Total portal vein thrombosis is more frequently associated with a high morbidity complication, the superior mesenteric vein thrombosis. Long-term survival was not influenced by either partial or total portal thrombosis.

Background and study aims: The results of endoscopic treatment with elastic band ligation for esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with Child-Pugh class C cirrhosis remain poor. In comparison with treatment with elastic band ligation, we have found lower rates of rebleeding and mortality with n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injections. Thus, the aim of the current study was to describe our unit’s 10 years of experience with injection of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate to control esophageal variceal ruptures in patients with Child-Pugh class C cirrhosis. Patients and methods: A single-center, retrospective study was conducted. Sixty-three patients with Child-Pugh class C cirrhosis had been admitted to the center with an acute episode of esophageal variceal bleeding. All were treated with injection of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. The patients were assigned to 1 of 2 groups according to their Child-Pugh class C cirrhosis scores: group I (score range, 10 through 13 points) and group II (score, 14 or 15 points). The 3 variables studied were rates of initial failure to control bleeding, failure to prevent rebleeding (secondary prophylaxis), and mortality. Patients in the 2 groups (group I, n = 50; group II, n = 13) had similar characteristics. Results: Bleeding was successfully controlled in almost 75 % of the patients during the first 5 days after treatment, with no significant differences observed between groups I and II. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with respect to mortality rate for the first 5 days after treatment. Thirty-four patients (54 %) were free of bleeding at 6 weeks after treatment, with a significant difference noted between the groups: group I, 64 %, versus group II, 15.4 % (P

RACIONAL: Apesar do grande avanço nos últimos anos, a ressecção hepática é uma das últimas fronteiras a serem vencidas pela cirurgia laparoscópica. As publicações na literatura mundial referem-se a relatos de casos ou avaliação de pequenas séries de pacientes que são vistas com ceticismo por muitos cirurgiões. Trata-se de procedimento difícil e longo para o qual são necessários experiência em cirurgia hepática e laparoscópica, além de equipamento adequado. Foram avaliadas as indicações e os aspectos técnicos, realizando-se análise crítica do método. CONCLUSÃO: Analisando-se os resultados de artigos publicados, pode-se concluir que a hepatectomia por videolaparoscopia é hoje operação segura e factível e portanto, uma realidade, tendo no entanto, indicação para casos selecionados. A ressecção hepática por laparoscopia deve fazer parte do armamentário terapêutico do cirurgião de fígado.BACKGROUND: Despite the advances during the last years, liver resection remains as one of the last frontiers in laparoscopic surgery. Published data include case reports and evaluations of small series of patients and are seen with skepticism by many surgeons. Laparoscopic liver resection is a long and hazzardous and long procedure and experience in liver and laparoscopic surgery and an adequate equipment are needed. A critical analysis of the indications, technical aspects and the method was performed. CONCLUSIONS: We can conclude that laparoscopic liver resection is safe, feasible and can be considered as an excellent choice for selected cases. There is no doubt that videolaparoscopic liver resection is a reality and should be part of liver surgeon's therapeutic armamentarium.

RACIONAL: Vinte e cinco a 50% dos pacientes com metástases hepáticas são potenciais candidatos à cirurgia curativa. A ultra-sonografia intra-operatória tem sido usada com grande acurácia para orientar a ressecção das lesões hepáticas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar em nosso meio a importância desse método nas cirurgias hepáticas e comparar seus achados com os dos métodos de imagem pré-operatórios. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Estudou-se prospectivamente 35 pacientes com metástases hepáticas e indicação cirúrgica, com os seguintes tumores primários: cólon (24), tumor neuroendócrino (3), carcinoma de células renais e melanoma (2) e outros (4). A idade mediana foi de 56 anos, sendo 20 pacientes do sexo feminino. Os pacientes foram submetidos a pelo menos um exame entre tomografia computadorizada (30), ultra-sonografia (14) e ressonância magnética (8). RESULTADOS: A ultra-sonografia intra-operatória foi útil em 23 (65,6%) das 35 cirurgias, e mudou o plano cirúrgico em 9 (25,7%) pacientes. Houve correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o número de nódulos identificados por ultra-sonografia percutânea do abdome, tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética, e a ultra-sonografia intra-operatória, sendo que a média de nódulos por paciente encontrados pela ressonância magnética (2,6) e pela ultra-sonografia intraoperatória (3,0) não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa. Cinqüenta e cinco nódulos foram submetidos a análise anatomopatológica, considerada padrão-ouro para o cálculo de sensibilidade da ultra-sonografia intra-operatória, sendo que 52 (94,5%) foram identificados pela ultra-sonografia intra-operatória. Dos nódulos menores que 1,5 cm, a ultra-sonografia detectou 15,0%, a tomografia computadorizada 33,3%, a ressonância magnética 66,6% e a ultra-sonografia intra-operatória 91,6%. CONCLUSÕES: A ultra-sonografia intra-operatória é útil na avaliação e conduta intra-operatórias durante as ressecções de metástases hepáticas, especialmente em pacientes com nódulos pequenos.BACKGROUND: Twenty-five to 50% of the patients with hepatic metastases are potential candidates for curative surgery. Intraoperative ultrasound has been employed to guide the surgery. AIM: To evaluate this method in liver surgeries and compare it to other imaging methods. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-five patients (20 females, with median age of 56 years) with hepatic metastases were prospectively studied between February 2001 and July 2003. Patients had as primary tumors: colorectal cancer (24), neuroendocrine tumors (3), renal cell carcinoma (2), melanoma (2), others (4). Each patient was submitted to at least: computed tomography (30), ultrasonography (14) and magnetic resonance imaging (8). Intraoperative ultrasound was performed in all patients in order to detect liver nodules. The number and location of liver lesions were compared to preoperative results. RESULTS: Intraoperative ultrasound was useful in 23 (65.6%) of the 35 surgeries and changed the planned surgical strategy in 9 (25.7%). There was a statistical significant correlation between the mean number of nodules identified by ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and intraoperative ultrasound. We found no statistical difference between magnetic resonance imaging and intraoperative ultrasound in identifying hepatic nodules. Fifty-five nodules were submitted to histological evaluation, the gold standard method and 52/55 (94.5%) were identified by intraoperative ultrasound. Intraoperative ultrasound identified 91,6% of the smaller than 1.5 cm lesions, ultrasonography identified 15,0% of them, computed tomography 33.3% and magnetic resonance imaging 66,6%. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative ultrasound is crucial in the evaluation and decision making in hepatic surgery. Intraoperative ultrasound presents the highest sensibility in the detection of hepatic nodules compared to other imaging methods, especially for small lesions.

RACIONAL: O diagnóstico de tumores císticos do pâncreas vem aumentando nos últimos anos. Estes tumores acometem geralmente pacientes do sexo feminino e apresentam poucos sintomas. Sua remoção por videolaparoscopia está indicada em pacientes selecionadas, principalmente quando localizados na região distal do pâncreas. OBJETIVOS: É apresentada a experiência inicial de um grupo de cirurgiões na realização de pancreatectomia distal por videolaparoscopia em pacientes com cistadenoma pancreático. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Três pacientes do sexo feminino (idade média, 55 anos) foram submetidas a ressecção pancreática por videolaparoscopia entre setembro de 2001 e dezembro de 2003. RESULTADOS: A ressecção pancreática por videolaparoscopia foi realizada com sucesso nas três doentes. O tempo cirúrgico variou de 4 a 6 horas. O sangramento operatório foi mínimo em todos os casos. A aplicação do grampeador endoscópico foi difícil em uma paciente devido à espessura do pâncreas. As três pacientes evoluíram bem, recebendo alta entre o 2º e o 5º dia pós-operatório. Duas apresentaram fístula pancreática com resolução após tratamento conservador. CONCLUSÃO: A pancreatectomia laparoscópica é factível, pode trazer benefícios aos pacientes portadores de neoplasia cística da porção distal do pâncreas, com pouca dor pós-operatória, curto tempo de permanência hospitalar, baixo índice de complicações e melhor resultado estético.BACKGROUND: Cystic neoplasms are an uncommon group among pancreatic tumors. These lesions are seen more frequently in recent surgical practice, probably because of advances in diagnostic and surgical techniques. Total tumor resection provides the best chance of cure and may remove the risk of malignant transformation of the cystadenomas, particularly of the mucinous type. Minimally invasive techniques have been revolutionary and provide clinical evidence of decreased morbidity and comparable efficacy to traditional, open surgery. However, laparoscopic pancreatic resection is not an established treatment for tumors of the pancreas. AIM: The authors present their initial experience with laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy for pancreatic cystadenomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three female patients (mean age, 55 years) underwent laparoscopic pancreatic resection between September 2001 and December 2003. RESULTS: Laparoscopic pancreatic resection was successfully performed in all patients. Operative time varied between 4 and 6 hours. Intraoperative bleeding was minimal. Due to a thick pancreas, the application of vascular endoscopic stapler was difficult in one patient. Two patients presented postoperative pancreatic leakage with spontaneous resolution. CONCLUSIONS: Resection of the pancreas can be safely performed via the laparoscopic approach with all the potential benefits to the patients of minimally invasive surgery.

RACIONAL: Dentre as diversas técnicas para a realização de ressecções hepáticas, o uso de grampeador vascular para a secção dos pedículos portais constitui alternativa atraente pela sua rapidez e segurança. OBJETIVOS: É apresentada a experiência inicial no uso de grampeadores mecânicos com carga vascular em oito pacientes submetidos a ressecções hepáticas. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: A técnica consistiu em acesso intra-hepático aos pedículos glissonianos por meio de técnica padronizada do Serviço, seguido da secção do mesmo com grampeador mecânico com carga vascular. O parênquima foi seccionado com técnica habitual. RESULTADOS: Os procedimentos cirúrgicos foram realizados com sangramento mínimo e não foi necessária a manobra de Pringle em nenhum caso. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de grampeador mecânico é método seguro para a secção dos pedículos glissonianos, facilitando a realização de ressecções hepáticas. Apresenta custo maior que a cirurgia convencional mas este fato pode ser compensado com a diminuição do tempo operatório, a exemplo do que ocorreu com o uso de grampeadores em outras áreas da cirurgia do aparelho digestivo.BACKGROUND: Among several liver resection techniques, the use of stapler in the portal pedicles is an interesting option. AIM: To describe the technique of liver resection using a vascular stapling device. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of eight patients underwent hepatic resections with stapling techniques. The authors have used intrahepatic approach glissonian pedicles with the application of a vascular stapler device in all cases. Liver parenchyma and hepatic veins were transected as usual. RESULTS: There were no deaths. No complications directly attributable to stapler ligations of portal pedicles were observed. CONCLUSION: Stapling techniques can be helpful in hepatic resection procedures. The vascular stapler may significantly reduce glissonian pedicle section time.

RACIONAL: No Brasil a principal causa de hipertensão portal é a esquistossomose mansônica na sua forma hepatoesplênica. Com relação ao seu tratamento, a preferência da maioria dos autores no Brasil recai sobre a desconexão ázigo-portal e esplenectomia geralmente associada à escleroterapia endoscópica pós-operatória para tratamento dessa enfermidade. No entanto, não estão bem estabelecidas as alterações hemodinâmicas portais decorrentes do tratamento cirúrgico da hipertensão portal e sua influência no resultado desse tratamento. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o impacto imediato da desconexão ázigo-portal e esplenectomia na pressão portal e também os resultados do tratamento cirúrgico da hipertensão portal no que se refere à recidiva hemorrágica e ao calibre das varizes de esôfago. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: Foram estudados 19 pacientes com esquistossomose hepatoesplênica e hipertensão portal, com história de hemorragia digestiva alta por ruptura de varizes esofágicas, com idade média de 37,9 anos. Estes pacientes não haviam sido submetidos a tratamento prévio e foram, eletivamente, tratados cirurgicamente com desconexão ázigo-portal e esplenectomia. Durante a cirurgia, foi avaliada a pressão portal, no início e no final do procedimento, através da cateterização da veia porta por cateter de polietileno introduzido por veia jejunal. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a endoscopia no pré e no pós-operatório (em torno do 60º dia do pós-operatório) para avaliar, segundo classificação de Palmer, a variação do calibre das varizes esofagianas após a desconexão ázigo-portal e esplenectomia. RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes apresentaram queda da pressão portal, sendo a média desta queda, após a desconexão ázigo-portal e esplenectomia, de 31,3%. Na avaliação pós-operatória (endoscopia após cerca de 60 dias) houve redução significativa do calibre das varizes esofagianas quando comparadas ao pré-operatório. CONCLUSÃO: A desconexão ázigo-portal e esplenectomia promoveram queda imediata na pressão portal, com conseqüente diminuição do calibre das varizes esofágicas. Observou-se ainda que não é insignificante o risco de mortalidade e complicações graves relacionados a essa técnica.BACKGROUND: The main cause of portal hypertension in Brazil is the hepato-splenic form of mansonic schistosomiasis and the most employed technique for the surgical approach of this disease is the esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy, generally associated to postoperative endoscopical esophageal varices sclerotherapy. The hemodynamic alterations after surgical treatment and its possible influence on the outcome are not well established. AIM: To evaluate the immediate impact of esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy upon portal pressure as well as the results of the surgical treatment on digestive hemorrhage recurrence and on esophageal varices. METHODS: Nineteen patients with mean age of 37.9 years and portal hypertension and previous episodes of digestive hemorrhage caused by esophageal varices rupture due to hepato-splenic schistosomiasis were studied. None of the patients had received any treatment prior to the surgery and underwent to elective esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy. Portal pressure was assessed at the beginning and at the end of esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy through portal vein catheterization with a polyethylene catheter introduced through a jejunal branch vein. All patients were submitted to digestive endoscopy before and after the surgery, in order to classify the size of esophageal varices after esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy according to Palmer’s classification. RESULTS: In all patients the portal pressure had diminished with a mean decrease of 31.3% after esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy. In the postoperative endoscopic follow-up (1 month), the esophageal varices showed a statistically significant reduction in their size, when compared to the pre-surgical measurements. CONCLUSION: These results have demonstrated that the esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy promotes immediate decrease in the portal pressure and a consequent reduction in the esophageal varices size. We also observed that the risk of mortality and severe complications related to this technique is not insignificant.

CONTEXT: Hepatectomy is the treatment of choice for colorectal liver metastases, and several studies have shown good results, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 40% to 57%. Several clinical and pathological predictive factors for survival after liver resection have been studied. Involvement of the hepatic hilum lymph nodes, the incidence of which varies from 2% to 10%, indicates a poor long-term prognosis. RESULTS: Despite variable results, some authors have reported a not-insignificant improvement in survival rate in liver-metastasis patients with hilar lymph node involvement who undergo combined liver resection and lymphadenectomy. Due to the low rates of morbidity and mortality for liver-resection surgery, several specialized centers perform liver resections combined with lymphadenectomies in selected cases. It should be noted that the therapeutic value of systemic lymphadenectomy is not yet entirely understood, and only controlled studies comparing groups with and without lymphadenectomy can fully resolve the issue. CONCLUSION: In any case, hilar lymph node dissection has been shown to be a useful tool for improving the accuracy of extra hepatic disease staging, regardless of its impact on survival.

Paciente com história de 18 meses de emagrecimento e icterícia foi encaminhado ao Serviço de Cirurgia Abdominal do Hospital do Câncer, São Paulo, SP., com hipótese diagnóstica de câncer de cabeça de pâncreas. Exames laboratoriais mostraram elevação de bilirrubinas e de enzimas canaliculares. Ultra-sonografia abdominal revelou dilatação de via biliar intra e extra-hepática. Tomografia computadorizada mostrou árvore biliar dilatada com presença de cálculo de cerca de 3 cm em colédoco distal. O paciente foi submetido a colecistectomia com coledocotomia, retirada do cálculo e anastomose colédoco-duodenal por laparoscopia. Evoluiu sem intercorrências, recebendo alta no sexto dia de pós-operatório. Conclui-se que o tratamento laparoscópico da coledocolitíase é factível em alguns pacientes, especialmente naqueles com dilatação de via biliar. A retirada de cálculos deve ser seguida de procedimento de drenagem da via biliar com dreno de Kehr. Em alguns pacientes com colédoco cronicamente dilatado, como o do presente caso, a anastomose colédoco-duodenal é o procedimento de escolha.With the advances of videolaparoscopic surgery, this approach had become the treatment of choice for cholelithiasis. However, about 5% to 10% may present common bile duct lithiasis. Most surgeons have still difficulties to deal with this situation and do prefer resolve with open surgery or with further endoscopic approach. We present a case of a 60-year-old man, with 18 months history of right upper quadrant pain, weight loss and jaundice. He was referred with diagnostic of pancreatic cancer. Laboratory investigation showed increased bilirrubin (10 mg/dL), alkaline phosphatase and GGT. Abdominal ultrasound showed atrophic gallbladder with dilated intra and extrahepatic biliary tree. Computerized tomography scan disclosed enlarged biliary tree with 3 cm stone in the distal common bile duct. The patient underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy followed by choledochotomy and retrieval of the large stone. A latero-lateral choledochoduodenum anastomosis was then performed to decompress the biliary tree. The patient had an uneventful recovery being discharged at the 6th postoperative day. Laparoscopic management of choledocholithiasis is feasible in many patients, specially those with dilated biliary tree. The retrieval of stones may be followed by biliary drainage with T-tube. In some elderly patients with chronically dilated common bile duct, as in the present case, a choledochoduodenal anastomosis is the procedure of choice.

Context Colorectal cancer is the second most prevalent cancer worldwide, and the liver is the most common site of metastases. Surgical resection of colorectal liver metastases provides the sole possibility of cure and the best odds of long-term survival. Objectives To describe surgical outcomes and identify features associated with disease prognosis in patients submitted to synchronous colorectal cancer liver metastasis resection. Methods Retrospective study of 59 patients who underwent surgery for synchronous colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Actuarial survival and disease-free survival were assessed, depending on the prognostic variable of interest. Results Postoperative mortality and morbidity rates were 3.38% and 30.50% respectively. Five-year disease-free survival was estimated at 23.96%, and 5-year overall survival, at 38.45%. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels ≥50 ng/mL and presence of three or more liver metastasis were limiting factors for disease-free survival, but did not affect late survival. No patient with liver metastases and extrahepatic disease had disease-free interval longer than 20 months, but this had no significance or impact on long-term survival. None of the prognostic factors assessed had an impact on late survival, although no patients with more than three liver metastases survived beyond 40 months. Conclusions Although Carcinoembryonic antigen levels and number of metastases are prognostic factors that limit disease-free survival, they had no impact on 5-year survival and, therefore, should not determine exclusion from surgical treatment. Resection is the best treatment option for synchronous colorectal liver metastases, and even for patients with multiple metastases, large tumors and extrahepatic disease, it can provide long-term survival rates over 38%.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis is an endemic health problem affecting about four million people. The hepatosplenic form of the disease is characterized by periportal hepatic fibrosis, pre-sinusoidal portal hypertension and splenomegaly. Liver function is preserved, being varices bleeding the main complication of the disease. The surgical treatment used in the majority of centers for the prevention of rebleeding is esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy. Most authors reported better results with the association of surgical and postoperative endoscopic treatment. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the intra operative portal pressure decrease and esophageal varices behavior and rebleeding rates in patients submitted to surgical and postoperative endoscopic treatment after long-term follow-up. METHODS: A retrospective study of 36 patients with schistosomiasis with, at least, one previous bleeding from esophageal varices rupture submitted to esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy, added to endoscopic varices postoperative treatment was performed. Patients were stratified according to the intra operative portal pressure decrease in two groups: reduction below and above 30%. Long-term varices presence, size and bleeding recurrence were evaluated. RESULTS: Regarding varices behavior, no significant influence was observed in both groups of portal pressure fall. Regarding bleeding recurrence, despite three times more frequent in the group with lower portal pressure fall, no significant difference was observed. All patients were submitted to postoperative endoscopic treatment. CONCLUSION: Esophageal varices banding, rather than portal pressure decrease, seems to be the main responsible factor for good results after combination of two therapies (surgery and endoscopy) for patients with portal hypertension due to schistosomiasis; further studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

A maioria dos pacientes com câncer de pâncreas apresenta estdios avançados e é tratada paliativamente. Dos que são submetidos exclusivamente a derivação biliar, cerca de 30%-50% vão apresentar na evolução necessidade de tratamento de obstrução duodenal. As técnicas atualmente empregadas para derivação gástrica podem acarretar vômitos pós-operatórios, principalmente quando feitas profilaticamente. Uma nova técnica foi planejada para evitar alterações no mecanismo de esvaziamento gátrico e a recirculação do conteúdo alimentar. Esta técnica consta de anastomose gastrojejunal entre o corpo gátrico e a primeira alça jejunal tipo Braun em que a alça aferente é bloqueada evitando o ciclo vicioso alimentar. A reconstituição do trânsito alimentar é feita a jusante desta anastomose, impedindo o refluxo biliar para o estômago. Dezenove pacientes foram tratados consecutivamente sem complicações. A sonda nasogástrica foi retirada em torno do terceiro dia de pós-operatório e iniciada realimentação no dia seguinte. Não se observaram vômitos no pós-operatório imediato ou tardio em decorrência de retardo do esvaziamento gátrico.

OBJETIVO: Discutir as indicações e resultados da meso-hepatectomia (hepatectomia central), um procedimento raro, trabalhoso e desafiador. MÉTODO: Estudo de três pacientes portadores de hepatopatia e diagnóstico de tumor de localização central no parênquima hepático, submetidos à meso-hepatectomia. Para realização do procedimento, empregou-se a abordagem glissoniana aos pedículos dos segmentos a serem ressecados, sem clampeamento do hilo hepático. RESULTADOS: Apenas um paciente necessitou de transfusão de glóbulos durante a operação. O tempo médio da operação foi de quatro horas. Não se observaram complicações pósoperatórias e o tempo médio de internação foi de seis dias. CONCLUSÕES: A meso-hepatectomia é um procedimento que apesar de trabalhoso pode ser padronizado e realizado com segurança em pacientes com tumores centrais e hepatopatia associada. A preservação do parênquima, tem papel importante na boa evolução dos pacientes e, o acesso glissoniano, é um procedimento útil, tanto do ponto de vista técnico como para evitar a isquemia do parênquima remanescente.

ABSTRACT Background - Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma is a potentially curative therapeutic procedure that can be performed readily after its indication, without the need of a long waiting time and lower costs when compared to liver transplantation, being a good alternative in patients with preserved/good liver function. Objective - Evaluate long-term results of liver resection from a high volume single center for selected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a context of a long waiting list for liver transplant. Methods - One hundred and one patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, with a mean age of 63.1 years, and preserved liver function were submitted to liver resection. Clinical and pathological data were evaluated as prognostic factors. Mean follow-up was 39.3 months. Results - All patients had a single nodule and 57 (58.2%) patients were within the Milan criteria. The size of the nodule ranged from 1 to 24 cm in diameter. In 74 patients, liver resection was performed with the open approach and in 27 (26.7%) was done laparoscopically. Postoperative morbidity was 55.3% being 75.5% of the complications classified as Dindo-Clavien I and II and operative mortality was 6.9%. Five-year overall and disease free survival rates were 49.9% and 40.7%, respectively.After a log-rank univariate analysis, the levels of preoperative alpha-fetoprotein (P=0.043), CA19-9 (P=0.028), capsule invasion (P=0.03), positive margin (R1-R2) (P=0.004) and Dindo-Claviens' morbidity classification IV (P=0.001) were the only parameters that had a significant negative impact on overall survival. On the odds-ratio evaluation, the only significant factors for survival were high levels of alpha-fetoprotein (P=0.037), and absence of free margins (P=0.008). Conclusion - Resection, for selected cases, is a potentially curative treatment with acceptable morbidity and mortality and, in a context of a long waiting list for transplant, plays an important role for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.