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Abstract Background In ageing populations, multimorbidity is a complex challenge to health systems, especially when the individuals have both mental and physical morbidities. Although a regular source of primary care (RSPC) is associated with better health outcomes, its relation with health service utilisation in elderly patients with mental-physical multimorbidity (MP-MM) is scarce. Objective This study explored the relations among health service utilisation, presence of RSPC and MP-MM among elderly Brazilians. Methods A national cross-sectional study performed with data from national representative samples from the Brazilian National Health Research (PNS, in Portuguese; Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde) carried out in 2013 with 11,177 elderly Brazilian people. MP-MM was defined as the presence of two or more morbidities, including at least one mental morbidity, and was evaluated using a list of 16 physical and mental morbidities. The RSPC was analysed by the presence of regular font of care in primary care and health service utilisation according to the demand for health services ≤ 15 days, medical consultation ≤ 12 months, and hospitalisation ≤ 1 year. Frequency description of variables and bivariate association were performed using Stata v.15.2 software. Results The majority of individuals was female (56.4%), and their mean age was 69.8 years. The observed prevalence of MP-MM was 12.2%. Individuals with MP-MM had higher utilisation of health services when compared to those without MP-MM. RSPC was present at 36.5% and was higher in women (37.8% vs. 34.9%). There was a lower occurrence of hospitalisation ≤ 1 year among MP-MM individuals with RSPC and without a private plan of health. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that RSPC can be an important component of care in elderly individuals with MP-MM because it was associated with lower occurrence of hospitalisation, mainly in those that have not a private plan of health. Longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm these findings.

Objective: The management of children with low birth weight is not the same in countries with different resources. The authors assessed the association of birth weight with blood pressure and nutritional status in a representative sample of adolescents from a Brazilian state, aiming to identify possible consequences of these differences. Methods: A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted with adolescents (12-18 years) enrolled in public and private schools. Birth weight, office blood pressure, home blood pressure measurements, and nutritional status (body mass index, height z-score for the age, and waist circumference) were assessed. The association of birth weight with the outcomes (blood pressure, height, body mass index, and waist circumference) was studied through univariate and multivariable linear regression models. Results: A total of 829 adolescents with a mean age of 14.6 ± 1.62 years were included; 43.3% were male, and 37.0% from private schools. The prevalence of low birth weight was 8.7%. Mild low height prevalence was higher among those adolescents with low/insufficient birthweight when compared to those with normal/high birth weight (11.7 vs. 4.2%; p < 0.001). In the multiple linear regression analysis, for each increase of 100 g in birth weight, height increased by 0.28 cm (95% CI: 0.18-0.37; p < 0.01). Birth weight did not influence office blood pressure and home blood pressure, body mass index, or waist circumference of adolescents. Conclusions: Birth weight was directly associated to height, but not associated to blood pressure, body mass index, and waist circumference in adolescents from an urban area of a developing country.

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores associados à Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS) no município de Nobres-MT. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo de corte transversal, em Nobres-MT, de janeiro a março de 2006, em 1.003 indivíduos com idade superior a 18 anos, residentes na zona urbana do município. Os dados foram coletados por entrevista domiciliar, sendo aferidos peso, estatura, circunferência da cintura e pressão arterial (PA). Foram considerados hipertensos aqueles com PA > 140/90 mmHg. Para identificar controle dos fatores de confundimento aplicou-se o modelo de regressão de Poisson, com estimativas de razão de prevalências ajustadas e seus respectivos intervalo de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 1.003 indivíduos, sendo 51,3% do gênero masculino. A prevalência de HAS foi 30,1%, maior no sexo feminino (31,1%) do que no sexo masculino (29,1%). A análise ajustada confirmou a associação independente entre HA e o avançar da idade e com Índice de Massa Corporal igual ou superior a 25 kg/m². CONCLUSÃO: Reafirma-se a necessidade de ações em nível populacional e individual direcionadas ao controle de peso corporal, principalmente em indivíduos com idade superior a 30 anos, que possivelmente impactariam de forma importante para a prevalência de HAS.OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated to systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) in Nobres -MT, Brazil. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Nobres-MT, from January to March, 2006; 1003 individuals aged more than 18 years, resident in the urban region were analyzed. Data was obtained through household questionnaires. Measurements of weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressures (BP) were taken. The second of three BP measurements was used in the analysis; SAH was defined as BP > 140/90 mmHg. The Poisson regression method was used for controlling confounding factors, with adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) estimates and their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: 1003 individuals were evaluated (51.3% male). SAH prevalence was 30.1%, and it was higher among women than men (30.1% vs. 20.9%). Adjusted analysis confirmed independent association between SAH, aging and body mass index equal or over 25 Kg/m2. CONCLUSION: We reaffirm the need of actions both at population and individual levels targeting weight control, especially for people over 30 years of age, which could significantly reflect on SAH control.

Abstract Objective The management of children with low birth weight is not the same in countries with different resources. The authors assessed the association of birth weight with blood pressure and nutritional status in a representative sample of adolescents from a Brazilian state, aiming to identify possible consequences of these differences. Methods A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted with adolescents (12-18 years) enrolled in public and private schools. Birth weight, office blood pressure, home blood pressure measurements, and nutritional status (body mass index, height z-score for the age, and waist circumference) were assessed. The association of birth weight with the outcomes (blood pressure, height, body mass index, and waist circumference) was studied through univariate and multivariable linear regression models. Results A total of 829 adolescents with a mean age of 14.6 ± 1.62 years were included; 43.3% were male, and 37.0% from private schools. The prevalence of low birth weight was 8.7%. Mild low height prevalence was higher among those adolescents with low/insufficient birth weight when compared to those with normal/high birth weight (11.7 vs. 4.2%; p < 0.001). In the multiple linear regression analysis, for each increase of 100 g in birth weight, height increased by 0.28 cm (95% CI: 0.18-0.37; p < 0.01). Birth weight did not influence office blood pressure and home blood pressure, body mass index, or waist circumference of adolescents. Conclusions Birth weight was directly associated to height, but not associated to blood pressure, body mass index, and waist circumference in adolescents from an urban area of a developing country.

BackgroundArterial hypertension treatment guided by central blood pressures (CPB) rather than peripheral blood pressures (PBP) measurement has the potential to show greater effectiveness in preventing or even regressing stiffness and target organ damage (TOD).ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the parameters of CBP and PBP measurements, arterial stiffness, TOD and renal profile in patients with anti-hypertensive treatment guided by CBP or PBP targets.MethodsA randomized clinical trial was conducted in central group (CG) and peripheral group (PG). Patients were randomized, evaluated every 3 months for BP and antihypertensive adjustments during a one-year follow up. The procedures in V1 and V5: anthropometric assessment; CBP/PBP measurements, carotid ultrasound; echocardiography; laboratory tests. Paired and unpaired t-tests and the χ2 were used (significance level: 5%).ResultsThe study evaluated 59 participants (30CG/29PG). The augmentation index (AIx) was higher in the CG (27.3% vs. 20.3%, p = 0.041). Intergroup analysis has found central diastolic BP lower in the CG (78.9 vs. 84.3 mmHg, p = 0.024) and the Alx difference between groups ceased to exist after a one-year follow-up. Intragroup comparisons, after intervention, showed a lower frequency of changed PWV (p

Abstract Uncontrolled hypertension has a high prevalence and is related to numerous negative health outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with the lack of blood pressure control in hypertensive Brazilians treated in public and private services. This is an analytical, multicentric, and national cross‐sectional study, carried out with adult hypertensive patients, monitored in 45 outpatient clinics (September 2013 to October 2015) in a prospective record interview, clinical, and anthropometric assessment. Outcome variables included uncontrolled pressure (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg). Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. Two thousand six hundred forty‐three participants were assessed with a mean age of 61.6 ± 11.9 years, 55.7% of women, and 46.4% with uncontrolled blood pressure (BP). The following were associated with uncontrolled BP: age over 60 years (OR: 1.31 [1.11–1.55]); practice of irregular physical activity (OR: 1.28 [1.06–1.55]); attending the emergency room for hypertensive crises in the last six months (OR: 1.80 [1.46–2.22]); increased body mass index (OR: 1.02 [1.01–1.04]); low adherence to drug treatment (OR: 1.22 [1.04–1.44]) and menopause (OR: 1.36 [1.07–1.72]). The following were negatively associated: fruit consumption (OR: 0.90 [0.85–0.94]); presence of dyslipidemia (OR: 0.75 [0.64–0.89]), acute myocardial infarction (OR: 0.59 [0.46–0.76]), and peripheral arterial disease (OR: 0.52 [0.34‐0.78]). Factors associated with difficult‐to‐control blood pressure are the same that increase the risk for hypertension, while the presence of atherosclerotic disease and its outcomes were associated with better control.

Resumo Fundamento O SAGE foi desenvolvido para identificar hipertensos com chance de velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP) aumentada. Até o momento, as publicações do escore foram em hipertensos. Objetivo Verificar a capacidade do SAGE de identificar os normotensos ou pré-hipertensos com chance de aumento da VOP. Métodos Transversal retrospectivo, incluiu exames de normotensos e pré-hipertensos que realizaram a medida central da pressão arterial e apresentavam os parâmetros para o cálculo do escore. Para cada pontuação do escore, foi analisada a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e negativo utilizando como ponto de corte para o diagnóstico positivo VOP ≥ 10m/s, ≥9,08 m/s (percentil 75) e ≥7,30 m/s (percentil 50). Um valor de p

In aging populations, multimorbidity (MM) is a significant challenge for health systems, however there are scarce evidence available in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, particularly in Brazil. A national cross-sectional study was conducted with 11,177 Brazilian older adults to evaluate the occurrence of MM and related clusters in Brazilians aged ≥ 60 years old. MM was assessed by a list of 16 physical and mental morbidities and it was defined considering ≥ 2 morbidities. The frequencies of MM and its associated factors were analyzed. After this initial approach, a network analysis was performed to verify the occurrence of clusters of MM and the network of interactions between coexisting morbidities. The occurrence of MM was 58.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 57.0-60.2). Hypertension (50.6%) was the most frequent morbidity and it was present all combinations of morbidities. Network analysis has demonstrated 4 MM clusters: 1) cardiometabolic; 2) respiratory + cancer; 3) musculoskeletal; and 4) a mixed mental illness + other diseases. Depression was the most central morbidity in the model according to nodes' centrality measures (strength, closeness, and betweenness) followed by heart disease, and low back pain. Similarity in male and female networks was observed with a conformation of four clusters of MM and cancer as an isolated morbidity. The prevalence of MM in the older Brazilians was high, especially in female sex and persons living in the South region of Brazil. Use of network analysis could be an important tool for identifying MM clusters and address the appropriate health care, research, and medical education for older adults in Brazil.

Background: Central blood pressure values and arterial stiffness have demonstrated to be a useful tool to stratify cardiovascular risk and also as a biomarker. A question that is still unanswered is if hypertension treatment guided by central blood pressure parameters will be even better to promote cardiovascular protection than peripheral one. Methods: With this proposition we have designed an open prospective multicentric randomized protocol to compare central (G1) and peripheral (G2) blood pressure targets during 1 year follow-up concerning target organ damage (carotid intima media thickness, left ventricular hypertrophy, microalbuminuria and pulse wave velocity). OMRON 1100 will be used to access peripheral and Mobil O’Graph to access central blood pressure and pulse wave velocity, TOSHIBA Xsario with longitudinal linear transdutor 7.5 MHz bidimensional mode B to access carotid and left ventricular parameters. Expected Results: This paper aims to describe methodological aspects concerning this research and we expect to find results to answer some open questions about hypertension treatment and cardiovascular protection.

Abstract Background The best anthropometric indicator to verify the association between obesity and hypertension (HTN) has not been established. We conducted this study to evaluate and compare the discriminatory power of waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in relation to body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in predicting HTN after 13 years of follow-up. Methods This study was an observational prospective cohort study performed in the city of Firminópolis, in Brazilian’s midwest. The cohort baseline (phase 1) was initiated in 2002 with the evaluation of a representative sample of the normotensive population (≥ 18 years of age). The incidence of HTN was evaluated as the outcome (phase 2). Sociodemographic, dietary and lifestyle variables were used to adjust proportional hazards models and evaluate risk of HTN according to anthropometric indices. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to compare the predictive capacity of these indices. The best HTN predictor cut-offs were obtained based on sensitivity and specificity. Results A total of 471 patients with a mean age of 38.9 ± 12.3 years were included in phase 1. The mean follow-up was 13.2 years, and 207 subjects developed HTN. BMI, WC and WHtR were associated with risk of HTN incidence and had similar power in predicting the disease. However, the associations were only significant for women. The cut-off points with a better HTN predictive capacity were in agreement with current recommendations, except for the WC in men. Conclusions The results suggest that both overall obesity (BMI) and central obesity (WC and WHtR) anthropometric indicators can be used in this population to evaluate the risk of developing hypertension.

Abstract Background Obesity is a chronic complex disease with an increasing prevalence around the world. Prospective studies in adult cohorts are needed to provide information about predictors of new-onset overweight/obesity on population-based levels. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with the risk of an adult individual become overweight/obese after 13 years of follow-up. Methods Second phase of an observational population-based prospective cohort study in a small town in the Midwest region of Brazil. A representative sample of the adult population (≥18 years) was assessed in 2002 (phase 1). Anthropometric, sociodemographic, dietary intake and lifestyle data were collected. After 13 years of follow-up (2015), the same variables were re-evaluated (phase 2). New-onset overweight/obesity was the outcome variable. Results A total of 685 subjects were included with a mean age in phase 1 of 42.7 ± 13.8 years and 56.1 ± 13.8 years in phase 2, the mean follow-up time was 13.2 years and female sex counted for 66.3% of the sample. Total weight gain was 5.9 ± 10.2 Kg, body mass index increased 2.6 ± 3.8 Kg/m2 and waist circumference (WC) values increased 8.0 ± 10.5 cm. The prevalence of overweight/obesity went from 49.1% in phase 1 to 69.8% in phase 2 (p

Abstract Background Diabetics have increased risks for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality, reducing their life expectancy by up to 15 years. Type 2 diabetes mellitus specifically increases the risk for cardiovascular mortality nearly fivefold. When hypertension is combined with diabetes, the risk of CVD is even greater. Objective Identify non-fatal cardiovascular outcomes and renal function impairment in a cohort of hypertensive patients in regular treatment in a reference treatment center, over 11 years of follow-up. Methods Historical cohort of hypertensive patients in regular treatment for at least 11 years in a specialized service for hypertension treatment. The exposed group was hypertensive diabetic patients at the beginning of the cohort, and the non-exposed group had hypertension without diabetes. The cohort began in 2004, with follow-ups in 2009 and 2015. Variables used: gender, race, age, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, blood pressure, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin, diabetes and hypertension diagnosis times, treatment time in specialized service, non-fatal cardiovascular outcomes, and renal impairment assessed by creatinine clearance. Results 139 patients participated in the study (55 diabetic hypertensive; 84 non-diabetic hypertensive), with an initial (2004) mean hypertension treatment time of 5.8 years. Females were the majority (75.5%) in both groups. Groups were similar regarding socio-demographic variables, but the group of hypertensive diabetic patients had higher frequency of obesity and uncontrolled BP, which persisted in all follow-ups. In 11 years of follow-up (2004–2015), the diabetic group had more cardiovascular events, with increased risk of acute myocardial infarction (RR 95% CI 1.6 12.2–95.0), stroke (RR 95% CI 1.3–6.1 27.7) and complications requiring hospitalization (RR 95% CI 1.6 2.2–3.0). Worsened renal function occurred more often in the non-exposed group, but in the end, the proportion of renal function loss was similar between groups. Conclusions Exposure to type 2 diabetes increased the risk of new cardiovascular outcomes over 11 years of follow-up of hypertensive patients. Diabetes by itself increased the risk of cardiovascular outcomes, justifying more intensive actions in this population.

Abstract Background Adolescence is a transition stage between childhood and adulthood and is an important phase for the acquisition of future lifestyles, including the practice of physical activity (PA). The prevalence of sedentary lifestyle in adolescents is often high, creating the need for studies addressing the practice of PA and its associated factors for a better understanding of the phenomenon and possible interventions that would encourage positive changes. Methods Cross-sectional study of a representative sample of students aged 14–18 years enrolled in both public and private schools of a large Brazilian city to determine the level of physical activity (PA) and its associated factors. Sedentary lifestyle was measured by applying the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The independent variables were gender, age, race, tobacco use and alcohol consumption in the past 30 days, socioeconomic status, body mass index, waist circumference and blood pressure. The crude prevalence ratio was used as a measure of association and was estimated from a Poisson regression. Results The sample consisted of 862 adolescents with a mean age of 15.4 ± 1.1 years. Females were predominant (52.8%), and the age between 14 and 15 years was the most frequent (52.2%). The majority of the group reported themselves as Caucasians (51.2%), belonging to socioeconomic class C (52.5%) and were attending to public schools (69.1%). The prevalence of sedentary lifestyle was 66.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 63.5–69.9), where values of 65.4% and 69.9% were observed among students from public and private schools, respectively (p = 0.196). Sedentary lifestyle was more frequent in females (78.0% vs 54.3%; p

Abstract Background: Blood pressure is directly related to body mass index, and individuals with increased waist circumference have higher risk of developing hypertension, insulin resistance, and other metabolic changes, since adolescence. Objective: to evaluate the correlation of blood pressure with insulin resistance, waist circumference and body mass index in adolescents. Methods: Cross-section study on a representative sample of adolescent students. One group of adolescents with altered blood pressure detected by casual blood pressure and/or home blood pressure monitoring (blood pressure > 90th percentile) and one group of normotensive adolescents were studied. Body mass index, waist circumference were measured, and fasting glucose and plasma insulin levels were determined, using the HOMA-IR index to identify insulin resistance. Results: A total of 162 adolescents (35 with normal blood pressure and 127 with altered blood pressure) were studied; 61% (n = 99) of them were boys and the mean age was 14.9 ± 1.62 years. Thirty-eight (23.5%) adolescents had altered HOMA-IR. The group with altered blood pressure had higher values of waist circumference, body mass index and HOMA-IR (p

Multiple cardiovascular risk factors are directly related to the severity of atherosclerosis, even in children and adolescents. In this context accurate assessment of risk factors at the individual level play a decisive role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, the frequency of their coexistence in individuals, and identify possible determinants associated with this coexistence in Brazilian adolescents. A cross-sectional study with 1170 students (12-17 years) from public and private schools of a large city was conducted. In addition to family history, modifiable cardiovascular risk factors were assessed including: tobacco use, alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle, overweight/obesity, increased waist circumference, and high blood pressure (office and home). We built a linear regression model to identify determinants associated with increasing number of modifiable risk factors. Mean study population age was 14.7±1.6 years, 67% were enrolled in public schools and 33% in private ones. The majority of the adolescents had at least two risk factors (68.9%), more than 10% had more than 4 risk factors, and in only 6.7% of the sample no risk factor was identified. Family history of CVD (β-coefficient = 1.20; 95%CI 1.07-1.34; p

Background: Hypertension is a public health problem, considering its high prevalence, low control rate and cardiovascular complications. Objective: Evaluate the control of blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular outcomes in patients enrolled at the Reference Center for Hypertension and Diabetes, located in a medium-sized city in the Midwest Region of Brazil. Methods: Population-based study comparing patients enrolled in the service at the time of their admission and after an average follow-up of five years. Participants were aged ≥18 years and were regularly monitored at the Center up to 6 months before data collection. We assessed demographic variables, BP, body mass index, risk factors, and cardiovascular outcomes. Results: We studied 1,298 individuals, predominantly women (60.9%), and with mean age of 56.7±13.1 years. Over time, there was a significant increase in physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and excessive weight. As for cardiovascular outcomes, we observed an increase in stroke and myocardial revascularization, and a lower frequency of chronic renal failure. During follow-up, there was significant improvement in the rate of BP control (from 29.6% to 39.6%; p = 0.001) and 72 deaths, 91.7% of which were due to cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion: Despite considerable improvements in the rate of BP control during follow-up, risk factors worsened and cardiovascular outcomes increased.

Background: Studies have shown sodium restriction to have a beneficial effect on blood pressure (BP) of hypertensive patients. Objective: To evaluate the impact of light salt substitution for regular salt on BP of hypertensive patients. Methods: Uncontrolled hypertensive patients of both sexes, 20 to 65 years-old, on stable doses of antihypertensive drugs were randomized into Intervention Group (IG - receiving light salt) and Control Group (CG - receiving regular salt). Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were analyzed by using casual BP measurements and Home Blood Pressure Monitoring (HBPM), and sodium and potassium excretion was assessed on 24-hour urine samples. The patients received 3 g of salt for daily consumption for 4 weeks. Results: The study evaluated 35 patients (65.7% women), 19 allocated to the IG and 16 to the CG. The mean age was 55.5 ± 7.4 years. Most participants had completed the Brazilian middle school (up to the 8th grade; n = 28; 80.0%), had a family income of up to US$ 600 (n = 17; 48.6%) and practiced regular physical activity (n = 19; 54.3%). Two patients (5.7%) were smokers and 40.0% consumed alcohol regularly (n = 14). The IG showed a significant reduction in both SBP and DBP on the casual measurements and HBPM (p < 0.05) and in sodium excretion (p = 0.016). The CG showed a significant reduction only in casual SBP (p = 0.032). Conclusions: The light salt substitution for regular salt significantly reduced BP of hypertensive patients.

Adolescents are a population with unique lifestyle challenges, including physical inactivity, inadequate nutrition, and obesity, all of which increase the risk of developing hypertension (HTN). The objective of this study has been to estimate the prevalence of factors associated with hypertension in adolescents in the city of Goiânia City, Central Brazil.Between 2013and2014, a cross-sectional population study on cardiovascular risk in adolescents, was conducted with the participation of 1,586 adolescents in 108 classes at 36 schools (public and private) in Goiânia city. All of the adolescents were interviewed to establish their sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics related to hypertension and nutritional status. Anthropometric and blood pressure data were collected following a protocol. A Poisson regression, stratified by gender, was used to verify the factors associated with HTN.In this mixed-gender group of 1,586 students, the prevalence of HTN was 6.2% (95% CI: 4.6-8.2%) in girls and 14.0% (95% CI: 10.2-18.8%) in boys-about twice as high in boys as in girls (p

Fundamento: A prevalência de hipertensão arterial em crianças aumentou nas últimas décadas. Diversos fatores de risco estão envolvidos na gênese da hipertensão arterial infantil e sua identificação precoce pode prevenir o desenvolvimento posterior da doença. Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência de pressão arterial elevada e fatores associados em crianças. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional e domiciliar. Foram avaliadas 276 crianças de dois a cinco anos residentes em Goiânia, Goiás, investigando-se pressão arterial, características sociodemográficas, peso ao nascer, histórico de hipertensão arterial na família, tabagismo passivo, aleitamento materno, alimentação, hábito sedentário e estado nutricional. A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para avaliar a associação entre os fatores de risco e a pressão arterial elevada. Resultados: A média de idade foi 3,1 ± 0,79 anos, sendo pressão arterial elevada e excesso de peso observados em 19,9% e 11,2% das crianças, respectivamente. Houve associação direta de pressão arterial elevada com idade [razão de prevalência (RP) = 2,3; IC95%: 1,2 - 4,8; p = 0,017] e excesso de peso (RP = 2,0; IC95%: 1,2 - 3,6; p = 0,014). As demais variáveis não se associaram a pressão arterial elevada. Conclusões: A prevalência de pressão arterial elevada em crianças foi alta. Aquelas com excesso de peso e mais jovens apresentaram maior prevalência de níveis pressóricos elevados.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar programa de promoção de atividade física e de escolhas alimentares entre adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com 911 adolescentes de 13 a 18 anos de idade, de escolas públicas de Goiânia, GO, em 2010. Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos: intervenção (escolas participantes do Projeto Viver Saudável) e controle. Foram considerados como atividade física: deslocamento, aulas de educação física na escola, atividade física fora da escola e no lazer. Foram definidos como ativos aqueles que acumularam 300 ou mais minutos por semana. Quanto às escolhas alimentares, foi classificado como adequado o consumo de alimentos protetores em cinco ou mais dias da semana. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas com teste de Qui-quadrado de Pearson. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos adolescentes foi identificada como inativos ou insuficientemente ativos, com 65,7% no grupo intervenção e 65,2% no grupo controle, sem diferenças significativas entre os grupos e com prevalência maior entre o sexo feminino. Pouco mais da metade dos adolescentes consumiam alimentos protetores da saúde em cinco ou mais dias da semana, sendo 56,6% e 50,4%, respectivamente, nos grupos intervenção e controle (p = 0,373). CONCLUSÕES: A ausência de diferenças quanto a escolhas alimentares e prática de atividade física entre os grupos intervenção e controle indica que o projeto Viver Saudável precisa ser reavaliado visando melhorar a efetividade no cumprimento dos seus objetivos.

FUNDAMENTO: A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS) é um dos principais fatores de risco cardiovascular e de alta prevalência em quase todos os países. Estudos mostram o efeito negativo da HAS na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a Qualidade de Vida de pacientes hipertensos comparando com a população geral. MÉTODOS: Avaliados 333 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, maiores que 18 anos, divididos em Grupo Estudo, composto de 246 pacientes hipertensos sob tratamento em serviço multiprofissional e Grupo Controle, formado por 87 indivíduos normotensos da comunidade. Aplicaram-se a ambos os grupos, questionário sociodemográfico e o SF-36 de qualidade de vida. Para a análise estatística, utilizados os testes qui-quadrado, de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, de Mann Whitney U, de Kruskal-Wallis e análise multivariada. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa SPSS e valores de p < 0,05 considerados significantes. RESULTADOS: Os grupos foram homogêneos em relação à idade, ao sexo, à etnia, à escolaridade e ao estado civil. Observou-se que os indivíduos normotensos apresentaram melhor qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde quando foram comparados aos hipertensos. CONCLUSÃO: A hipertensão arterial, embora considerada entidade clínica, na maioria das vezes, silenciosa, interfere negativamente na qualidade de vida de seus portadores.

The prevention of diabetes and its complications is a challenge for the healthcare team. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of educational action on the disease knowledge of patients with type 2 diabetes. A randomized clinical trial was conducted with 62 patients registered in a service of reference in the treatment of hypertension in 2010. Data were collected through a questionnaire applied to the Intervention (IG) and Control (CG) groups at the beginning and at the end of the study. The IG participated in group educational activities, using problematization methodology. The results showed a significant increase in knowledge about diabetes in the patients of the IG, in all the topics (pLa prevención de diabetes y sus complicaciones es un desafío para el equipo de salud. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de acción educativa sobre el conocimiento de la enfermedad en pacientes portadores de diabetes tipo 2. Fue realizado ensayo clínico aleatorizado con 62 pacientes registrados en servicio de referencia en tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial en 2010. Los datos fueron obtenidos a través de un cuestionario aplicado a los grupos Intervención (GI) y Control (GC), al inicio y al final del estudio. El GI participó de actividades educativas grupales, utilizando la metodología problematizadora. Los resultados muestran un aumento significativo del conocimiento sobre la diabetes en pacientes del GI, en todas las cuestiones (pA prevenção do diabetes e suas complicações é um desafio para a equipe de saúde. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito de ação educativa sobre o conhecimento da doença em pacientes portadores de diabetes tipo 2. Foi realizado ensaio clínico randomizado com 62 pacientes cadastrados em serviço de referência para tratamento da hipertensão arterial, no ano 2010. Os dados foram obtidos através de questionário aplicado aos grupos intervenção (GI) e controle (GC), no momento inicial e no final do estudo. O GI participou de atividades educativas em grupo, utilizando a metodologia problematizadora. Os resultados mostraram aumento significativo do conhecimento sobre diabetes nos pacientes do GI, em todas as questões (p

FUNDAMENTO: A medida da pressão arterial (PA) pelo próprio paciente, sem protocolos rígidos, com treinamento adequado, aparelhos validados e no próprio domicílio, é definida como automedida da pressão arterial (AMPA). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a interferência da AMPA na adesão ao tratamento e no controle pressórico. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 57 pacientes, 38 no grupo de estudo (GE) e 19 no grupo de controle (GC). Esses pacientes foram seguidos por 12 meses e avaliados na randomização (V1), bem como no sexto (V2) e no décimo segundo mês (V3). Comparadas as médias da PA pela medida casual, pela AMPA e pela monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA), exames laboratoriais e as respostas ao questionário sobre o estilo de vida. Os aparelhos utilizados foram: OMRON HEM 714, para a AMPA; OMRON 705 CP, para a medida casual; e Monitor SPACELABS 9002, para a MAPA. RESULTADOS: A idade média em anos foi de 62,05 ± 10,78 e de 55,42 ± 11,87 no GE e no GC (p = 0,03), respectivamente. Os valores da pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) pela medida casual no GE e no GC foram: 140,01 ± 16,73 mmHg e 141,79 ± 23,21 mmHg em V1 (p = 0,72); 135,49 ± 12,73 mmHg e 145,69 ± 19,31 mmHg em V2 (p = 0,02); 131,64 ± 19,28 mmHg e 134,88 ± 23,21 mmHg em V3 (p = 0,59). Os valores da pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) foram: 84,13 ± 10,71 mmHg e 86,29 ± 10,35 mmHg em V1 (p = 0,47); 81,69 ± 10,88 mmHg e 89,61 ± 11,58 mmHg em V2 (p = 0,02); 80,31 ± 11,83 mmHg e 86 ± 13,38 mmHg em V3 (p = 0,12). CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes do GE apresentaram adesão ao tratamento não farmacológico semelhante ao GC, mas tiveram maior adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso e utilizaram menor número de drogas anti-hipertensivas. Não houve diferença entre os grupos na comparação do perfil metabólico e da função renal. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

OBJETIVO: Analisar taxas de hospitalização por condições cardiovasculares sensíveis à atenção primária. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico com 237 municípios do Estado de Goiás, de 2000 a 2008, utilizando dados do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar e Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica. As taxas de hospitalização foram calculadas pela proporção entre o número de hospitalizações por condições cardiovasculares e a população acima de 40 anos. Foram avaliadas em triênios: A (2000-2002), B (2003-2005) e C (2006-2008), segundo sexo, faixa etária, porte populacional, pertencimento à região metropolitana, macrorregião de saúde, distância da capital, Índice de Condições de Vida e Saúde e cobertura de Estratégia Saúde da Família. A cobertura populacional potencial da Saúde da Família foi calculada conforme diretrizes do Ministério da Saúde. A variabilidade das taxas foi avaliada segundo teste t e ANOVA. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram 253.254 internações (17,2% do total) por condições cardiovasculares sensíveis à atenção primária. As taxas de hospitalização diminuíram entre os triênios: A (213,5, dp = 104,6), B (199,7, dp = 96,3) e C (150,2, dp = 76,1), com diferença entre os períodos A-C e B-C (p < 0,001). Porte populacional municipal não influenciou o comportamento das taxas. Municípios próximos à capital e aqueles da região metropolitana apresentaram maiores taxas (p < 0,001). Em todos os percentis do Índice de Condições de Vida e Saúde, houve redução das taxas (p < 0,001), exceto no percentil 1. Redução foi também observada em todas as macrorregiões, exceto na região nordeste do estado. A redução das taxas ocorreu independentemente da cobertura da Saúde da Família. CONCLUSÕES: As taxas de hospitalização por condições cardiovasculares sensíveis à atenção primária diminuíram nesses municípios, independentemente da cobertura da Saúde da Família.OBJETIVO: Analizar tasas de hospitalización por condiciones cardiovasculares sensibles de atención primaria. MÉTODOS: Estudio ecológico con 237 municipios del estado de Goias (centro-oeste de Brasil) de 2000 a 2008, utilizando datos del Sistema de Información Hospitalario y Sistema de Información de Atención Básica. Las tasas de hospitalización fueron calculadas por la proporción entre el número de hospitalizaciones por condiciones cardiovasculares y la población con más de 40 años. Las tasas fueron evaluadas en trienios: A (2000-2002), B (2003-2005) y C (2006-2008), según sexo, grupo etáreo, porte poblacional, pertenencia a la región metropolitana, macro región de salud, distancia a la capital, índice de Condiciones de Vida y Salud y cobertura de Estrategia Salud de la Familia. La cobertura poblacional potencial de la Salud de la Familia fue calculada conforme a las directrices del Ministerio de la Salud. La variabilidad de las tasas fue evaluada según la prueba de t y ANOVA. RESULTADOS: Ocurrieron 253.254 internaciones (17,2% del total) por condiciones cardiovasculares sensibles de la atención primaria. Las tasas de hospitalización disminuyeron entre los trienios: A (213,5, de=104,6); B (199,7, de=96,3) y C (150,2, de=76,1), con diferencia entre los períodos A-C y B-C (pOBJECTIVE: To analyze rates of hospitalization due to primary care-sensitive cardiovascular conditions. METHODS: This ecological study on 237 municipalities in the state of Goiás, Central-West Brazil, between 2000 and 2008, used data from the Hospital Information System and the Primary Care Information System. The hospitalization rates were calculated as the ratio between the number of hospitalizations due to cardiovascular conditions and the population over the age of 40 years. The data were evaluated over the three-year periods A (2000-2002), B (2003-2005) and C (2006-2008), according to sex, age group, population size, whether the individual belonged to the metropolitan region, healthcare macroregion, distance from the state capital, living conditions index and coverage within the Family Health Strategy. The potential population coverage of the Family Health Strategy was calculated in accordance with Ministry of Health guidelines. The variability of the rates was evaluated using the t test and ANOVA. RESULTS: A total of 253,254 hospitalizations (17.2%) occurred due to primary care-sensitive cardiovascular conditions. The hospitalization rates diminished between the three-year periods: A (213.5, SD = 104.6), B (199.7, SD = 96.3) and C (150.2, SD = 76.1), with differences from A to C and from B to C (p < 0.001). Municipal population size did not influence the behavior of the rates. Municipalities near the state capital and those in the metropolitan area presented higher rates (p < 0.001). At all percentiles of the Life and Health Conditions Index, there were decreases in the rates (p < 0.001), except at percentile 1. Decreases were also observed in all the macroregions except for the northeastern region of the state. The reduction in rates was independent of the Family Health Strategy coverage. CONCLUSION: The rates of hospitalization due to primary care-sensitive cardiovascular conditions decreased in these municipalities, independent of the Family Health Strategy coverage.

FUNDAMENTO: A medida casual da pressão arterial (PA) pelos profissionais de saúde está sujeita a uma grande variabilidade, sendo necessário buscar novos métodos que possam superar essa limitação. OBJETIVO: Comparar e avaliar a correlação entre os níveis de PA obtidos por meio da automedida da pressão arterial (AMPA) com a medida casual e com a monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA). MÉTODOS: Avaliamos hipertensos que realizaram as três metodologias de medida da PA com intervalo menor que 30 dias; as médias das pressões foram utilizadas para comparação e correlação. Foram empregados os aparelhos: OMRON 705 CP (medida casual), OMRON HEM 714 (AMPA) e SPACELABS 9002 (MAPA). RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 32 pacientes, 50,09% mulheres, idade média 59,7 (± 11,2) anos, média do IMC 26,04 (± 3,3) kg/m². Valores médios de pressão sistólica (PAS) e pressão diastólica (PAD) para a AMPA foram de 134 (± 15,71)mmHg e 79,32 (± 12,38) mmHg. Na medida casual as médias da PAS e PAD foram, respectivamente, 140,84 (± 16,15)mmHg e 85 (± 9,68) mmHg. Os valores médios da MAPA na vigília foram 130,47 (± 13,26) mmHg e 79,84 (± 9,82) mmHg para PAS e PAD, respectivamente. Na análise comparativa, a AMPA apresentou valores semelhantes aos da MAPA (p > 0,05) e diferentes da medida casual (p < 0,05). Na análise de correlação a AMPA foi superior à medida casual, considerando a MAPA como o padrão de referência nas medidas tensionais. CONCLUSÃO: A AMPA apresentou melhor comparação com a MAPA do que a medida casual e também se correlacionou melhor com a aquela, especialmente para a pressão diastólica, devendo ser considerada uma alternativa com baixo custo para o acompanhamento do paciente hipertenso.FUNDAMENTO: La medida casual de la presión arterial (PA), por los profesionales de la salud está sujeta a una gran variabilidad, siendo necesario buscar nuevos métodos que puedan superar esa limitación. OBJETIVO: Comparar y evaluar la correlación entre los niveles de PA obtenidos por medio de la automedida de la presión arterial (AMPA) con la medida casual y con la monitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial (MAPA). MÉTODOS: Evaluamos hipertensos que realizaron las tres metodologías de medida de la PA con un intervalo menor que 30 días. Los promedios de las presiones fueron utilizados para la comparación y la correlación. Fueron usados los aparatos: OMRON 705 CP (medida casual), OMRON HEM 714 (AMPA) y SPACELABS 9002 (MAPA). RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 32 pacientes, 50,09% mujeres, edad promedio 59,7(± 11,2) años, promedio del IMC 26,04 (± 3,3) kg/m². Los valores promedios de presión sistólica (PAS) y presión diastólica (PAD) para la AMPA fueron de 134 (± 15,71) mmHg y 79,32(± 12,38) mmHg. En la medida casual los promedios de la PAS y PAD fueron, respectivamente, 140,84 (± 16,15) mmHg y 85 (± 9,68) mmHg. Los valores promedios de la MAPA en la vigilia fueron 130,47 (± 13,26) mmHg y 79,84 (± 9,82) mmHg para PAS y PAD, respectivamente. En el análisis comparativo, la AMPA tuvo valores similares a los de la MAPA (p > 0,05) y diferentes de la medida casual (p < 0,05). En el análisis de correlación la AMPA fue superior a la medida casual, considerando la MAPA como el estándar de referencia en las medidas tensionales. CONCLUSIÓN: La AMPA presentó una mejor comparación con la MAPA que la medida casual y también se correlacionó mejor con aquella, especialmente para la presión diastólica, debiendo ser considerada como una alternativa con bajo coste para el seguimiento del paciente hipertenso.BACKGROUND: Casual blood pressure (BP) measurement by healthcare professionals is subject to great variability and new methods are necessary to overcome this limitation. OBJECTIVE: To compare and assess the correlation between the BP levels obtained by self-measured BP (SMBP), casual BP measurement and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). METHODS: We assessed hypertensive individuals submitted to the three methods of BP measurement at an interval < 30 days; the BP means were used for comparison and correlation. The following devices were used: OMRON 705 CP (casual measurement), OMRON HEM 714 (SMBP) and SPACELABS 9002 (ABPM). RESULTS: A total of 32 patients were assessed, of which 50.09% were females, with a mean age of 59.7 (± 11.2), BMI mean of 26.04 (± 3.3) kg/m². Mean systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) for SMBP were 134 (± 15.71) mmHg and 79.32 (± 12.38) mmHg. The casual measurement means of SBP and DBP were, respectively, 140.84 (± 16.15) mmHg and 85 (± 9.68) mmHg. The mean values of ABPM during the wakefulness period were 130.47 (± 13.26) mmHg and 79.84 (± 9.82) mmHg for SBP and DBP, respectively. At the comparative analysis, the SMBP had similar results to those obtained at ABPM (p > 0.05) and different from the casual measurement (p < 0.05). At the analysis of correlation, SMBP values were higher than the casual measurements, considering ABPM as the reference standard in BP measurements. CONCLUSION: SMBP showed a better correlation with ABPM than the casual measurement and was also better correlated with the latter, especially regarding the DBP and should be considered as a low-cost alternative for the follow-up of the hypertensive patient.

FUNDAMENTO: A hipertensão arterial (HA) é um problema de saúde que atinge um grande número de hipertensos não diagnosticados ou não tratados adequadamente e que possui um alto índice de abandono ao tratamento. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência da HA e sua correlação com alguns fatores de risco cardiovasculares na população adulta de Firminópolis-GO. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo, observacional e transversal com base populacional, amostra aleatória simples (> 18 anos): questionários padronizados com medidas de pressão arterial (critério de HA > 140 x 90 mmHg), peso, altura, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunferência da cintura (CC). Dados armazenados (Microsoft Acess) e analisados pelo Epi-info. RESULTADOS: Investigados 1.168 indivíduos, com predomínio de mulheres. Sexo feminino - 63,2% com média de idade entre 43,2 ± 14,9 anos. Prevalência de sobrepeso em 33,7% e obesidade em 16,0% dos indivíduos. Prevalência de CC alterada em 51,8% e de tabagismo em 23,2%. Sedentarismo no trabalho e no lazer presente em 67,6% e em 64,8% dos indivíduos, respectivamente, com proporção maior entre as mulheres. Etilismo em 33,3% da amostra. A prevalência de HA foi de 32,7%, em maior número entre os homens (35,8%) do que entre as mulheres (30,9%). Encontrada correlação positiva da HA com IMC, CC e faixa etária. Correlação negativa de HA e escolaridade, com 18,2% de hipertensos com nove anos ou mais de estudo. CONCLUSÃO: Encontrada alta prevalência de HA, excesso de peso e CC. O sexo feminino representou fator de proteção para o risco de HA. Encontradas correlação positiva da HA com IMC, CC, e faixa etária e correlação negativa com escolaridade.FUNDAMENTO: La hipertensión arterial (HA) es un problema de salud que alcanza a un gran número de hipertensos no diagnosticados o no tratados adecuadamente y que posee un alto índice de abandono del tratamiento. OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de la HA y su correlación con algunos factores de riesgos cardiovasculares en la población adulta de Firminópolis-GO. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal con base poblacional, muestra aleatoria simple (>18 años): cuestionarios estandarizados con medidas de presión arterial (criterio de HA > 140 x 90 mmHg), peso, altura, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Datos almacenados (Microsoft Acess) y analizados por el Epi-info. RESULTADOS: Investigados 1.168 individuos, con predominio de mujeres. Sexo femenino (63,2%) con media de edad entre 43,2 ± 14,9 años. Prevalencia de sobrepeso en 33,7% y obesidad en 16,0% de los individuos. Prevalencia de CC alterada en 51,8%y de tabaquismo en 23,2%. Sedentarismo en el trabajo y en el ocio presente en 67,6% y en 64,8% de los individuos, respectivamente, con proporción mayor entre las mujeres. Etilismo en 33,3% de la muestra. La prevalencia de HA fue de 32,7%, en mayor número entre los hombres (35,8%) que entre las mujeres (30,9%). Encontrada correlación positiva de la HA con IMC, CC y franja etárea. Correlación negativa de HA y escolaridad, con 18,2% de hipertensos con nueve años o más de estudio. CONCLUSIÓN: Encontrada alta prevalencia de HA, exceso de peso y CC. El sexo femenino representó factor de protección para el riesgo de HA. Encontradas correlación positiva de la HA con IMC, CC, y franja etárea y correlación negativa con escolaridad.BACKGROUND: Arterial hypertension (AH) is a health problem that affects a large number of undiagnosed or inadequately treated hypertensive individuals and presents a high rate of treatment nonadherence. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of AH and its correlation with some cardiovascular risk factors among the adult population of the town of Firminopolis, state of Goiás, Brazil. METHODS: Descriptive, observational and cross-sectional population-based study of a simple random sample (age > 18 years): standardized questionnaires with blood pressure (BP) measurements (AH criterion: BP > 140 x 90 mmHg), weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Data were stored (Microsoft Access) and analyzed using Epi-info software. RESULTS: We evaluated 1,168 individuals, with a predominance of the female sex - 63.2% and a mean age of 43.2 ± 14.9 years. There was a prevalence of overweight in 33.7% of the individuals and obesity in 16.0% of the individuals. There was a prevalence of altered WC in 51.8% demand of smoking in 23.2%. A sedentary life style at work and leisure activities was present in 67.6% and 64.8% of the individuals, respectively, with a higher proportion seen among the women. Alcohol consumption was observed in 33.3% of the sample. The prevalence of AH was 32.7%, higher among the men (35.8%) than among the women (30.9%). A positive correlation with AH was identified with BMI, WC and age range. A negative correlation was observed between AH and level of schooling, with 18.2% of hypertensive individuals with 9 or more years of schooling. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of AH, overweight and WC alteration was identified. The female sex represented a protective factor for the risk of AH. A positive correlation was found between AH and BMI, WC and age range; a negative correlation was identified between AH and level of schooling.

FUNDAMENTO: Segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), as doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) são responsáveis por 16,7 milhões de mortes/ano. Evidências mostram que as DCV resultam da interação entre fatores de risco variados, presentes desde a infância. OBJETIVO: Verificar, em profissionais da área médica, a presença e evolução de alguns fatores de risco cardiovasculares (FRCV) em um intervalo de 15 anos. MÉTODOS: Analisamos um grupo de indivíduos ao ingressar na faculdade de medicina e repetimos a análise 15 anos depois, comparando os dados encontrados. Utilizamos questionários sobre FRCV (hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), diabete melito (DM), dislipidemia e história familiar de DCV precoce, tabagismo, etilismo e sedentarismo). O colesterol, a glicemia, a PA, o peso, a altura, o índice de massa corpórea (IMC) foram determinados. RESULTADOS: Comparamos 100 indivíduos (sendo 64,0% homens com idade média de 19,9 anos), com os 72 (sendo 62,5% homens, 34,8 anos) incluídos 15 anos após. Houve aumento na prevalência de HAS (6,0% vs 16,7%, p = 0,024), excesso de peso (9,0% vs 26,4%, p = 0,002) e dislipidemia (4,0% vs 19,14%, p = 0,002). Os demais FRCV não se modificaram. Na análise dos valores de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), colesterol, glicemia e IMC, encontramos elevação na média de todas variáveis (p < 0,05). Houve correlação positiva entre valores de PAS, PAD, IMC e glicemia no intervalo de tempo avaliado (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Em profissionais da área médica, encontramos elevação na PAS, PAD, glicemia, IMC e colesterol em 15 anos. Na análise da prevalência de FRCV, houve aumento de hipertensão arterial, excesso de peso e dislipidemia.FUNDAMENTO: Según la Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS), las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son responsables de 16,7 millones de muertes/año. Evidencias muestran que las ECV resultan de la interacción entre factores de riesgo variados, presentes desde la infancia. OBJETIVO: Verificar, en profesionales del área médica, la presencia y evolución de algunos factores de riesgo cardiovasculares (FRCV) en un intervalo de 15 años. MÉTODOS: Analizamos a un grupo de individuos al ingresar en la facultad de medicina y hemos repetido el análisis tras 15 años, comparando los datos encontrados. Utilizamos cuestionarios sobre FRCV (hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS), diabetes melito (DM), dislipidemia e historia familiar de ECV precoz, tabaquismo, etilismo y sedentarismo). El colesterol, la glucemia, el PA, el peso, la altura, el índice de masa corpórea (IMC) fueron determinados. RESULTADOS: Comparamos a 100 individuos (siendo el 64% varones con edad promedio de 19,9 años), con los 72 (siendo un 62,5% varones, 34,8 años) incluidos 15 años después. Hubo un aumento en la prevalencia de HAS (6,0% vs 16,7%, p = 0,024), exceso de peso (9,0% vs 26,4%, p = 0,002) y dislipidemia (4,0% vs 19,14%, p = 0,002). Los demás FRCV no se modificaron. En el análisis de los valores de presión arterial sistólica (PAS), presión arterial diastólica (PAD), colesterol, glucemia e IMC, encontramos elevación en el promedio de todas las variables (p < 0,05). Hubo correlación positiva entre valores de PAS, PAD, IMC y glucemia en el intervalo de tiempo evaluado (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: En profesionales del área médica, encontramos elevación en la PAS, PAD, glucemia, IMC y colesterol en 15 años. En el análisis de la prevalencia de FRCV, hubo aumento de hipertensión arterial, exceso de peso y dislipidemia.BACKGROUND: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular diseases (CVD) account for 16.7 million deaths per year. Evidence shows that CVD result from the interaction of multiple risk factors that are present from childhood. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence and evolution of several cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) among medical professionals, in a period of 15 years. METHODS: We analyzed a group of individuals when they entered medical school, and repeated the analysis after 15 years, comparing the data found. We used CVRF questionnaires (systemic arterial hypertension (SAH); diabetes mellitus (DM); dyslipidemia and family history of premature CVD; smoking habit; alcoholism; and sedentary lifestyle). Cholesterol, blood glucose, BP, weight, height, body mass index (BMI) values were determined. RESULTS: We compared 100 subjects (64.0% men with a mean age of 19.9 years) with a total of 72 subjects (62.5% men, 34.8 years) that were included in the study 15 years later. There was an increase in the prevalence of hypertension (6.0% vs 16.7%, p = 0.024), overweight (9.0% vs 26.4%, p = 0.002), and dyslipidemia (4.0% vs 19.14%, p = 0.002). The other CVRF remained unchanged. Analyzing the values of systolic blood pressure (SBP); diastolic blood pressure (DBP); cholesterol; glucose; and BMI, we found an increase in the mean values of all variables (p < 0.05). We observed a positive correlation between the values of SBP, DBP, BMI, and blood glucose measured in the time interval (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Among medical professionals, there was an elevation in SBP, DBP, glucose, BMI, and cholesterol values in 15 years. In the CVRF prevalence analysis, we found an increase in the prevalence of hypertension, overweight, and dyslipidemia.

FUNDAMENTO: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), considerada um problema de saúde pública devido a sua elevada prevalência e dificuldade de controle, é descrita também como um dos mais importantes fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência da HAS, assim como as características de seu controle e tratamento, na população de 18 a 90 anos da região urbana de Nobres - MT. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com amostragem aleatória e com reposição. O critério para classificação da HAS foi pressão arterial (PA) > 140/90 mmHg ou uso atual de anti-hipertensivos. As entrevistas foram realizadas utilizando-se questionários padronizados e testados previamente. As variáveis foram descritas por médias ± desvios-padrão e frequências. As médias foram comparadas utilizando-se o teste t-Student e as associações por meio do teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Nos 1.003 indivíduos maiores de 18 anos analisados, foi observada prevalência de HAS de 30,1%. Entre os hipertensos (N = 302), 73,5% sabiam dessa condição, 61,9% faziam tratamento e 24,2% tinham a PA controlada. Observou-se a associação positiva entre HAS e idade; analfabetismo; escolaridade inferior a oito anos; IMC > 25kg/m²; circunferência da cintura aumentada e muito aumentada; razão cintura-quadril (RCQ) em faixa de risco; sedentarismo e etilismo. CONCLUSÃO: A HAS revelou-se um importante problema de saúde pública também em um município de pequeno porte do interior do país. Os níveis de controle e tratamento da hipertensão nessa população foram considerados insatisfatórios, apesar de melhores em comparação aos observados em outros estudos.FUNDAMENTO: La hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS), considerada un problema de salud pública debido a su elevada prevalencia y dificultad de control, se describe también como uno de los más importantes factores de riesgo para las enfermedades cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de la HAS, así como las características de su control y tratamiento, en la población de 18 a 90 años de la región urbana de Nobres - MT. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal, de base poblacional, con muestreo aleatorio y con reposición. El criterio para la clasificación de la HAS fue la presión arterial (PA) > 140/90 mmHg o el uso actual de antihipertensivos. Se realizaron las entrevistas utilizándose encuestas estandarizadas y comprobadas previamente. Se describieron las variables por promedios ± desviaciones estándar y frecuencias. Se compararon los promedios utilizándose el test t-Student y las asociaciones por medio del test de chi-cuadrado de Pearson, con nivel de significancia del 5%. RESULTADOS: En los 1.003 individuos mayores de 18 años analizados, se observó una prevalencia de HAS del 30,1%. Entre los hipertensos (N = 302), el 73,5% sabía de esa condición, el 61,9% hacía tratamiento y el 24,2% tenía la PA controlada. Se observó la asociación positiva entre HAS y la edad; analfabetismo; escolaridad inferior a 8 años; IMC > 25kg/m²; circunferencia de la cintura aumentada y muy aumentada; razón cintura-cadera (RCC) en grupos de riesgo; sedentarismo y etilismo. CONCLUSIÓN: La HAS se reveló un importante problema de salud pública también en un municipio de pequeño porte del interior del país. Los niveles de control y tratamiento de la hipertensión en esa población se consideraron insatisfactorios, aunque mejores si comparados a los observados en otros estudios.BACKGROUND: Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH), considered a public health problem due to its high prevalence and difficult control, is also described as one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of SAH, as well as characteristics related to its control and treatment, among individuals aging between 18 and 90 years from the urban region of Nobres, MT. METHODS: Cross-sectional, population-based study, with random sampling and with replacement. For classification of SAH, criteria included blood pressure (BP) > 140/90 mmHg or current use of antihypertensive drugs. Individuals were interviewed with standardized questionnaires previously tested. Variables were described as means ± standard deviations and frequencies. Means were compared with the Student´s t test and associations were determined with the Pearson chi-square test, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: SAH has a prevalence of 30.1% in the sample, composed of 1,003 individuals older than 18 years. Among hypertensive individuals (N = 302), 73.5% knew about their condition, 61.9% were under treatment and for 24.2% the BP was under control. A positive association was observed between SAH and age; illiteracy; less than 8 years education; BMI > 25 kg/m²; high and very high waist circumference; waist-hip ratio (WHR) at risk level; sedentariness; and alcoholism. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that SAH represents an important public health problem even in a small district in the interior region of Brazil. Levels of control and treatment of hypertension in the population were higher than those observed in similar studies, but were considered not satisfactory.

FUNDAMENTO: A hipertensão arterial (HA) é uma doença de massa, com conseqüências para o aparelho cardiocirculatório, pois suas complicações elevam as taxas de morbi-mortalidade. Controlar a pressão arterial (PA) diminui complicações e pode preservar a qualidade de vida (QV) dos pacientes. Estudos mostram os efeitos positivos da música como coadjuvante no tratamento de diversas patologias. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da musicoterapia na QV e no controle da PA de pacientes hipertensos. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um ensaio clínico controlado que avaliou pacientes de ambos os sexos, maiores que 50 anos, HA estágio 1, em uso de medicação, matriculados em serviço multiprofissional para tratamento da HA. Divididos em grupos experimental (GE) e controle (GC). O GE, além do tratamento convencional, participou de sessões musicoterápicas semanais por doze semanas. O GC permaneceu sob tratamento padrão do serviço. Antes e após a intervenção foi aplicado nos dois grupos o questionário SF-36 e verificada a PA. A voz, importante elemento da comunicação, reflexo do estado físico, psíquico e emocional, foi o principal recurso utilizado. Estatística: testes t-Student e Wilcoxon (significantes pFUNDAMENTO: La hipertensión arterial (HA) es una enfermedad de masa, con consecuencias para el aparato circulatorio, pues sus complicaciones elevan las tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad. Controlar la presión arterial (PA) disminuye complicaciones y puede preservar la calidad de vida (CV) de los pacientes. Estudios muestran los efectos positivos de la música como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de diversas patologías. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto de la musicoterapia en la CV y en el control de la PA de pacientes hipertensos. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado que evaluó pacientes de ambos sexos, mayores de 50 años, HA estado 1, en uso de medicación, matriculados en servicio multiprofesional para tratamiento de la HA. Se dividieron en grupos experimental (GE) y control (GC). El GE, además del tratamiento convencional, participó en sesiones musicoterápicas semanales por doce semanas. El GC permaneció bajo tratamiento estándar del servicio. Antes y después de la intervención se aplicó en los dos grupos el cuestionario SF-36 y se verificó la PA. La voz, importante elemento de comunicación, reflejo del estado físico, psíquico y emocional, fue el principal recurso utilizado. Estadística: tests t-Student y Wilcoxon (significantes pBACKGROUND: Arterial Hypertension (AH) is a mass disease, with consequences for the cardiocirculatory system, since its complications raise the rates of morbidity and mortality. Controlling blood pressure (BP) reduces complications and may preserve the quality of life (QOL) of patients. Studies show positive effects of music therapy as an adjuvant in the treatment of several diseases. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the effect of music therapy on the QOL and BP control of hypertensive patients. METHODS: This was a controlled clinical study that evaluated patients of both genders, aged over 50 years, with stage 1 hypertension, in use of medication and enrolled in multidisciplinary service for treatment of hypertension. They were divided into an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG). The EG, in addition to the conventional treatment, participated in weekly music therapy sessions for twelve weeks. The CG received the standard treatment of the service. Before and after the intervention, the SF-36 questionnaire was applied in both groups, and the BP of each patient was measured. The voice, an important element of communication, reflecting the patient's physical, mental and emotional state, was the main resource used. Statistics: Student T-test and Wilcoxon test were considered significant at p

FUNDAMENTO: A síndrome metabólica (SM) é um agregado de fatores predisponentes para doenças cardiovasculares e diabete melito, cujas características epidemiológicas são insuficientemente conhecidas nos níveis regional e nacional. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de SM e fatores associados em uma amostra de hipertensos da área urbana de Cuiabá - MT. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal (maio a novembro de 2007) em amostra de 120 hipertensos (com 20 anos ou mais), pareados por gênero e selecionados por amostragem sistemática de uma população fonte de 567 hipertensos de Cuiabá. Todos os selecionados responderam a um inquérito em domicílio para obtenção de dados sócio-demográficos e hábitos de vida. Foram medidos: pressão arterial; índice de massa corpórea (IMC); circunferências da cintura e quadril; glicemia; insulinemia; lípides séricos; cálculo do índice de homeostase da resistência insulínica (HOMA); proteína C-reativa; ácido úrico e fibrinogênio. O critério para hipertensão adotado foi: média da PAS > 140mmHg e/ou PAD > 90mmHg, para síndrome metabólica segundo a I Diretriz Brasileira de Síndrome Metabólica e NCEP-ATP III. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 120 hipertensos (60 mulheres), com média de idade de 58,3 ± 12,6 anos. Observou-se prevalência de SM de 70,8% (IC95% 61,8-78,8), com predomínio entre as mulheres (81,7% vs. 60,0%; p=0,009), sem diferenças entre adultos (71,4%) e idosos (70,2%). A análise de regressão múltipla revelou uma associação positiva entre a SM e o IMC > 25 kg/m², a resistência insulínica e algum antecedente familiar de hipertensão. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se uma elevada prevalência de SM entre hipertensos de Cuiabá, associada significativamente ao IMC >25 kg/m², à resistência insulínica (Índice HOMA) e, em especial, a uma história familiar de hipertensão. Estes resultados sugerem o aprofundamento deste assunto através de novos estudos.FUNDAMENTO: El síndrome metabólico (SM) es un agregado de factores que predisponen para enfermedades cardiovasculares y diabetes mellitus, cuyas características epidemiológicas no son suficientemente conocidas a nivel regional y nacional. OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de SM y factores asociados en una muestra de hipertensos del área urbana de Cuiabá - MT. MÉTODOS: Estudio de corte transversal (mayo a noviembre de 2007) en muestra de 120 hipertensos (con 20 años o más), clasificados por sexo y seleccionados por muestreo sistemático de una población fuente de 567 hipertensos de Cuiabá. Todos los seleccionados respondieron a una encuesta en domicilio para la obtención de datos sociodemográficos y hábitos de vida. Se midió: presión arterial; índice de masa corporal (IMC); circunferencias de cintura y cadera; glicemia; insulinemia; lípidos séricos; cálculo del índice de homeostasis de la resistencia insulínica (HOMA); proteína C-reactiva; ácido úrico y fibrinógeno. El criterio para hipertensión adoptado fue: Promedio de PAS > 140mmHg y/o PAD > 90mmHg, para síndrome metabólico según la I Directriz Brasileña de Síndrome Metabólico y NCEP-ATP III. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 120 hipertensos (60 mujeres), con un promedio de edad de 58,3 ± 12,6 años. Se observó una prevalencia de SM del 70,8% (IC95% 61,8-78,8), con predominio entre las mujeres (81,7% vs 60,0%; p=0,009), sin diferencias entre adultos (71,4%) y ancianos (70,2%). El análisis de regresión múltiple reveló una asociación positiva entre el SM y el IMC >25 Kg/m², la resistencia insulínica y algún antecedente familiar de hipertensión. CONCLUSIÓN: Se observó una elevada prevalencia de SM entre hipertensos de Cuiabá, asociada significativamente al IMC >25 Kg/m², a la resistencia insulínica (Índice HOMA) y, en especial, a una historia familiar de hipertensión. Estos resultados sugieren la profundización de este asunto mediante nuevos estudios.BACKGROUND: Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is a cluster of predisposing factors for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus, whose epidemiological characteristics are poorly known at regional and national levels. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of MS and its associated factors in a sample of patients with high blood pressure in the urban area of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study (May to November 2007) in a sample of 120 patients with high blood pressure (aged > 20 years), paired by gender and selected by the systematic sampling of a source population of 567 patients with high blood pressure in Cuiabá. All patients answered to home inquiries to provide sociodemographic and life habits data. The following measurements were taken: blood pressure; body mass index (BMI); waist and hip circumferences; plasma glucose, insulin, and lipid levels; homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA); C-reactive protein, uric acid and fibrinogen levels. High blood pressure criterion: average systolic blood pressure > 140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure > 90mmHg; and Metabolic Syndrome diagnosis according to the I Brazilian Directive for Metabolic Syndrome and the NCEP-ATP III criteria. RESULTS: 120 patients (60 women), with high blood pressure and an average age of 58.3 ± 12.6 years, were analyzed. We found a MS prevalence of 70.8% (95%CI 61.8 to 78.8), predominantly among women (81.7% vs. 60.0%; p=0.009), with no difference between adults (71.4%) and elderly patients (70.2%). The multiple regression analysis showed a positive association between MS and BMI > 25 kg/m², insulin resistance and family history of high blood pressure. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of MS was observed among patients with high blood pressure living in Cuiabá, with a significant association with BMI > 25 kg/m², insulin resistance (HOMA index) and, especially, a family history of high blood pressure. These results suggest the need for deeper studies on this subject.

FUNDAMENTO: O baixo peso ao nascimento (BPN) está associado com aumento da pressão arterial (PA) e de doenças cardiovasculares no adulto. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as possíveis alterações na monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA) em crianças com BPN. MÉTODOS: Avaliou-se o peso ao nascimento (PN) de 1.049 crianças, entre 8 e 11 anos, em escolas de Goiânia. Aquelas com BPN (PN < 2,5 kg) foram comparadas com crianças com peso ao nascimento normal - PNN (PN > 3,0 kg). O PN foi obtido no cartão da criança. Avaliaram-se PA casual e MAPA. Após a obtenção do peso e da estatura para cálculo do índice de massa corpórea (IMC), realizou-se avaliação da maturação sexual segundo os critérios de Tanner (excluídos Tanner >2). RESULTADOS: Obtiveram-se 34 crianças com BPN e 34 com PNN. Os grupos foram semelhantes quanto a idade, sexo, raça, peso, estatura, IMC e história familiar de hipertensão. As crianças com BPN apresentaram maior pressão sistólica (PS) casual (p = 0,007). Na MAPA, apresentaram maior pressão diastólica (PD) nas 24 horas (p = 0,009), maior PD de vigília (p = 0,002), maiores PS e PD no sono (p = 0,005 e p = 0,001) e menor descenso noturno da PS e PD (p = 0,001) do que as com PNN. Observou-se uma correlação positiva do PN com o descenso noturno da PS (p = 0,022) e negativa com a PS no sono (p = 0,032). CONCLUSÃO: As crianças com BPN apresentaram PA mais elevada e alteração do ritmo circadiano da pressão arterial, com atenuação do descenso noturno. Esses achados podem representar um risco aumentado para a hipertensão arterial e doença cardiovascular no adulto.FUNDAMENTO: El bajo peso al nacer (BPN) está asociado al aumento de la presión arterial (PA) y de enfermedades cardiovasculares en el adulto. OBJETIVO: Evaluar las posibles alteraciones en el monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial (MAPA) en niños con BPN. MÉTODOS: Se evaluó el peso al nacer (PN) de 1.049 niños, entre 8 y 11 años, en escuelas de la ciudad de Goiânia. Aquellos con BPN (PN < 2,5 kg) se compararon con niños con peso normal al nacer - PNN (PN > 3,0 kg). El PN se obtuvo en la tarjeta del niño. Se evaluaron la PA casual y el MAPA. Tras la medición del peso y de la estatura para cálculo del índice de masa corpórea (IMC), se evaluó la maduración sexual según los criterios de Tanner (excluidos Tanner >2). RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo un total de 34 niños con BPN y 34 con PNN. Los grupos fueron semejantes relación a la edad, sexo, raza, peso, estatura, IMC e historia familiar de hipertensión. Los niños con BPN presentaron mayor presión sistólica (PS) casual (p = 0,007). En el MAPA, presentaron mayor presión diastólica (PD) en las 24 horas (p = 0,009), mayor PD de vigilia (p = 0,002), mayores PS y PD en el sueño (p = 0,005 y p = 0,001) y menor descenso nocturno de la PS y PD (p = 0,001) que las con PNN. Se observó una correlación positiva del PN con el descenso nocturno de la PS (p = 0,022) y negativa con la PS en el sueño (p = 0,032). CONCLUSIÓN: Los niños con BPN presentaron PA más elevada y cambio del ritmo circadiano de la presión arterial, con atenuación del descenso nocturno. Esos hallazgos pueden representar un riesgo aumentado para la hipertensión arterial y enfermedad cardiovascular en el adulto.BACKGROUND: Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with increased incidence of high blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate possible changes in Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) in LBW children. METHODS: The birth weight (BW) of 1049 school children (ages 8 to 11) living in Goiânia was assessed. Children with low birth weight (BW < 2.5 Kg) were compared with those of normal birth weight (BW > 3.0 Kg). Information on birth weight was obtained from each child's health card. Casual BP and ABPM were measured. Height and weight measurements were obtained to calculate the body mass index (BMI), and sexual maturity was assessed according to Tanner's criteria (those at Tanner stage > 2 were excluded). RESULTS: Thirty-four children had low birth weight (LBW) and 34 had normal birth weight (NBW). Both groups were similar regarding age, gender, race, body weight, height, BMI, and family history of hypertension. Low-birth-weight children had higher casual systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.007). ABPM recordings showed that these children had higher 24-hour diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p = 0.009), daytime DBP (p = 0.002), night-time DBP and SBP (p = 0.005 and p = 0.001), and reduced nocturnal dip in SBP and DBP (p = 0.001) than those born with normal weight. Birth weight was positively correlated with nocturnal dip in SBP (p = 0.022) and negatively correlated with sleep SBP (p = 0.032). CONCLUSION: Low-birth-weight children have higher BP and changes in circadian rhythm of blood pressure, with reduced nocturnal dipping. These findings may reflect increased risk of adult hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.

INTRODUÇÃO: A prática regular de atividades físicas entre os níveis moderados e vigorosos tem relação inversa com a morbidade-mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares e obesidade. É fundamental a identificação dos determinantes desta prática para serem propostas estratégias populacionais com vista à adoção de um estilo de vida fisicamente ativo. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve por objetivo determinar os fatores associados à prática de atividade física e ao sedentarismo na população adulta de Goiânia. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Trata-se de parte de um estudo multicêntrico, transversal, realizado na cidade de Goiânia/GO com amostra probabilística da população adulta atendida por linhas telefônicas fixas. Foram realizadas 2.002 entrevistas por meio de ligações telefônicas, definindo uma taxa de sucesso de 73,1%. A construção do banco de dados e as análises estatísticas foram realizadas com auxílio do aplicativo STATA, versão 8.0. RESULTADOS: O sedentarismo foi mais prevalente entre as mulheres (55,5%) que entre os homens (42,0%). A prevalência de hipertensão foi menor naqueles indivíduos que praticavam atividade física (p=0,0002). Em relação à atividade física no lazer, as mulheres foram mais inativas (79,3%) que os homens (66,9%). Houve relação inversa entre sedentarismo e escolaridade em ambos os sexos. CONCLUSÃO: Diante do quadro encontrado de alta freqüência de sedentarismo na população, sugere-se a implementação de estratégias de prevenção primária para melhorar o perfil de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis.INTRODUCTION: Practicing regular, moderate to vigorous physical activities has an inverse relation to morbidity-mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases and obesity. It is essential to identify the determinants of this practice in order to propose strategies for populations to adopt a physically active lifestyle. OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors associated with practicing physical activity and sedentary lifestyle in the adult population of Goiania. METHODS: Multi-center, cross-sectional study, carried out in Goiania with a probabilistic sample of the adult population with landline phones. 2,002 interviews were conducted through phone calls, setting a success rate of 73.1%. The database was built, and statistical analyses were carried out with the support of STATA software, version 8.0. RESULTS: A sedentary lifestyle was more prevalent among women (55.5%) than among men (42.0%). The prevalence of hypertension was lower in individuals practicing physical activity (p=0.0002). Regarding leisure-time physical activity, women were more inactive (79.3%) than men (66.9%). There was an inverse relationship between a sedentary lifestyle and the educational background for both genders. CONCLUSION: Due to this snapshot, showing a high frequency of sedentary lifestyle in the population, we suggest the implementation of primary prevention strategies to improve the risk profile for non-communicable chronic diseases.

This study focused on adult obesity prevalence in Goiânia, Goiás State, Brazil, and the association between socio-demographic variables, lifestyle, physical activity, eating habits, and food consumption frequency and body mass index (BMI). A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2001 with a sample of 1,252 individuals from 20 to 64 years of age. The association between socio-demographic variables, lifestyle, food consumption, and physical activity and BMI was evaluated by hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis. Obesity prevalence was 10.7% in men and 13.9% in women. In males, age, income, and meat consumption showed a positive association with BMI, while physical activity during leisure time and commuting and the habit of eating > 4 meals per day were inversely associated with BMI. In women, positively associated factors were age, no smoking, and no meat consumption; in contrast, consumption of grains was inversely associated with BMI. High obesity prevalence was observed; active lifestyle coupled with ingestion of more grains and less meat appeared to protect against increased BMI.Este estudo investigou a prevalência de obesidade e a associação de variáveis sócio-demográficas, estilo de vida, atividade física, comportamento alimentar e freqüência de consumo alimentar, e o índice de massa corporal (IMC) da população adulta de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Estudo transversal de base populacional, em 2001, com 1.252 indivíduos de 20-64 anos. A associação entre as variáveis sócio-demográficas, estilo de vida, consumo alimentar e atividade física e o IMC foi avaliada por meio de análise de regressão linear múltipla hierarquizada. A prevalência de obesidade foi de 10,7% (homens) e de 13,9% (mulheres). Para os homens, idade, renda e consumo de carnes apresentaram associação positiva com IMC, enquanto que atividade física no lazer, atividade física no deslocamento para o trabalho e o hábito de fazer > 4 refeições por dia apresentaram associação negativa. Para as mulheres, idade, abandono do tabagismo, tempo assistindo à TV e consumo de carnes apresentaram associação positiva, já o consumo de cereais apresentou associação negativa. Foi observada alta prevalência de obesidade; um estilo de vida ativo, ingestão de mais cereais e menos carnes, promoveram maior proteção contra a elevação do IMC.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a validade do peso e altura referidos no diagnóstico da obesidade e identificar características sociodemográficas e individuais que podem constituir viés de informação. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal populacional realizado na cidade de Goiânia em 2001. Em entrevista domiciliar com 1.023 indivíduos de 20-64 anos, foram coletadas informações sociodemográficas e sobre peso e altura referidos. Na ocasião, os indivíduos foram pesados e medidos. Foram calculadas diferenças entre médias, coeficiente de correlação e de medidas referidas e aferidas, segundo idade, índice de massa corporal, escolaridade, renda e altura. RESULTADOS: Homens e mulheres superestimaram a altura (p0,05). O comportamento de supestimar a altura foi influenciado pela idade, escolaridade, altura e índice de massa corporal. Embora o índice obtido a partir dos dados referidos tenha sido subestimado (pOBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of self-reported weight and height at the time of diagnosing obesity, and to identify the sociodemographic and individual characteristics that might be a source of information bias. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional population-based study carried out in the city of Goiânia in 2001. Interviews were conducted with 1,023 individuals aged 20-64 years, in their homes, to collect sociodemographic and self-reported weight and height information. On the same occasion, weight and height measurements were made on these individuals. The mean differences and correlation coefficients between self-reported and measured data were calculated according to age, body mass index (BMI), schooling, income and height. RESULTS: Both the men and women overestimated their heights (p0.05). The behavior of overestimating height was influenced by age, schooling, height and body mass index. Although this index obtained from the self-reported data was underestimated (p

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre índices antropométricos, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunferência da cintura (CC) e hipertensão arterial (HA) e avaliar a capacidade desses índices na predição da HA. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal populacional realizado em Goiânia (GO), em 2001, com amostra de 1.238 adultos, de vinte a 64 anos. Foi definida como obesidade total (IMC > 30 kg/m²), como obesidade abdominal (CC no nível 2 - CC > 88 cm para mulheres e > 102 cm para homens) e como HA (pressão sistólica > 140 mmHg ou pressão diastólica > 90 mmHg, ou uso de hipotensores). Foi realizada análise de regressão logística múltipla para avaliar as associações entre os índices antropométricos e a HA. Análise de curva ROC para avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade do IMC (> 30) e nível 2 da CC na predição da HA e para determinar os pontos de corte com melhor predição da HA. RESULTADOS: A CC apresentou associação com a HA em ambos os sexos. O nível 2 da CC e o IMC >30 kg/m² apresentaram baixa sensibilidade em identificar a HA. Os pontos de corte com melhor capacidade preditiva de HA coincidiram com o nível 1 da CC (> 80 cm) e com o IMC >25 kg/m² (sobrepeso), para as mulheres, e foram inferiores aos valores do nível 1 da CC e de sobrepeso, para os homens. CONCLUSÃO: O nível 2 da CC e o IMC > 30 kg/m² não são adequados para identificar os grupos de maior risco de HA, já que esse risco se eleva com pequenos aumentos na adiposidade.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between anthropometric indexes - body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) - and hypertension, and to evaluate the predictive value of these indexes in detecting hypertension. METHODS: Cross-sectional population study conducted in the city of Goiânia (GO) with a sample of 1,238 adults aged twenty to 64 years, in 2001. Total obesity was defined as BMI > 30 kg/m²; abdominal obesity was defined as level 2 WC > 88 cm for women and > 102 cm for men, and hypertension was defined as systolic pressure > 140 mmHg, or diastolic pressure > 90 mmHg, or utilization of hypotensive drugs). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations between anthropometric indexes and hypertension. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of BMI (> 30) and level 2 WC as predictive factors of hypertension, and to determine the best predictive cut-off points for hypertension. RESULTS: WC was associated with hypertension in both genders. Level 2 WC and BMI >30 kg/m² showed a low sensitivity in identifying hypertension. The best predictive cut-off points for hypertension coincided with level 1 WC (> 80 cm) and with BMI >25 kg/m² (overweight) for women, and were lower than the values of level 1 WC and of overweight for men. CONCLUSION: Level 2 WC and BMI > 30 kg/m² are not adequate to identify the groups at the highest risk of hypertension, since this risk rises with small increases in adiposity.

OBJETIVO: Conhecer a ocorrência e associação de hipertensão arterial com algumas variáveis relacionadas ao estilo de vida. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, base populacional, amostra aleatória em indivíduos (7 a 14 anos) de escolas (rede pública e particular). Investigados o estado nutricional, pressão arterial e hábitos de vida (tabaco, álcool, atividade física e hábito alimentar). RESULTADOS: Dos 3.169 escolares avaliados, destacaram-se 5,0% de hipertensão arterial e 6,2% de pressão normal-alta. A categorização por sexo mostra 6,4% meninos e 6,0% meninas com pressão normal-alta e 4,3% meninos e 5,7% meninas com hipertensão arterial. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) identificou 16,0% com excesso de peso, dos quais 4,9% já obesos. Houve associação significante (p = 0,01) entre hipertensão arterial e excesso de peso. Dentre os investigados, 11,6% não faziam aulas de educação física e 37,8% eram sedentários no lazer. O tabagismo foi informado por vinte 0,6% escolares, e a experimentação de bebida alcoólica por 32,7%. Nenhuma dessas variáveis apresentou significância estatística em relação aos valores pressóricos e estado nutricional. CONCLUSÃO: Diante do encontro de escolares com valores médios de pressão arterial e IMC com freqüência acima da esperada, associado a hábitos de vida que tendem a favorecer o desenvolvimento das doenças cardiovasculares, sugere-se a proposição de medidas de intervenção cujo foco seja o escolar, como elemento capaz de disseminar as informações no núcleo familiar. Essa possibilidade nos mobiliza para uma proposta de atuação nas escolas como parceiras na promoção da saúde.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the occurrence and association of arterial hypertension with several lifestyle variables. METHODS: Transversal population-based study with a random sample of students (7 to 14 years of age) of public and private schools. Variables investigated were nutritional status, blood pressure, and lifestyle (tobacco use, alcohol intake, physical activity and eating habits). RESULTS: Out of the 3,169 schoolchildren assessed, 5.0% had arterial hypertension and 6.2% had normal-high blood pressure. Classification by gender shows boys 6.4% and girls 6.0% with normal-high blood pressure, and boys 4.3% and girls 5.7% with arterial hypertension. Body mass index (BMI) measurements identified 16.0% excess weight students, 4.9% of whom were obese. A significant association (p = 0.01) between arterial hypertension and excess weight was observed. Among the students participating in the study, 11.6% did not attend physical education classes and 37.8% had sedentary leisure habits. Twenty students (0.6%) were smokers and 32.7% had already experimented with alcohol. None of these variables showed statistical significance as to blood pressure values and nutritional status. CONCLUSION: In light of the findings in this study which show schoolchildren with a higher than expected frequency of mean blood pressure and BMI values, associated with a lifestyle that tends to favour the development of cardiovascular diseases, we felt led to propose interventional measures focused on the school as an agent of change and capable of conveying information to family units. This possibility encourages us to propose that schools be partners in promoting health.

Abstract Background: A registry assessing the care of hypertensive patients in daily clinical practice in public and private centers in various Brazilian regions has not been conducted to date. Such analysis is important to elucidate the effectiveness of this care. Objective: To document the current clinical practice for the treatment of hypertension with identification of the profile of requested tests, type of administered treatment, level of blood pressure (BP) control, and adherence to treatment. Methods: National, observational, prospective, and multicenter study that will include patients older than 18 years with hypertension for at least 4 weeks, following up in public and private centers and after signing a consent form. The study will exclude patients undergoing dialysis, hospitalized in the previous 30 days, with class III or IV heart failure, pregnant or nursing, with severe liver disease, stroke or acute myocardial infarction in the past 30 days, or with diseases with a survival prognosis < 1 year. Evaluations will be performed at baseline and after 1 year of follow-up. The parameters that will be evaluated include anthropometric data, lifestyle habits, BP levels, lipid profile, metabolic syndrome, and adherence to treatment. The primary outcomes will be hospitalization due to hypertensive crisis, cardiocirculatory events, and cardiovascular death, while secondary outcomes will be hospitalization for heart failure and requirement of dialysis. A subgroup analysis of 15% of the sample will include noninvasive central pressure evaluation at baseline and study end. The estimated sample size is 3,000 individuals for a prevalence of 5%, sample error of 2%, and 95% confidence interval. Results: The results will be presented after the final evaluation, which will occur at the end of a 1-year follow-up. Conclusion: The analysis of this registry will improve the knowledge and optimize the treatment of hypertension in Brazil, as a way of modifying the prognosis of cardiovascular disease in the country.

OBJETIVO: Analisar taxas de hospitalização por condições cardiovasculares sensíveis à atenção primária. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico com 237 municípios do Estado de Goiás, de 2000 a 2008, utilizando dados do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar e Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica. As taxas de hospitalização foram calculadas pela proporção entre o número de hospitalizações por condições cardiovasculares e a população acima de 40 anos. Foram avaliadas em triênios: A (2000-2002), B (2003-2005) e C (2006-2008), segundo sexo, faixa etária, porte populacional, pertencimento à região metropolitana, macrorregião de saúde, distância da capital, Índice de Condições de Vida e Saúde e cobertura de Estratégia Saúde da Família. A cobertura populacional potencial da Saúde da Família foi calculada conforme diretrizes do Ministério da Saúde. A variabilidade das taxas foi avaliada segundo teste t e ANOVA. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram 253.254 internações (17,2% do total) por condições cardiovasculares sensíveis à atenção primária. As taxas de hospitalização diminuíram entre os triênios: A (213,5, dp = 104,6), B (199,7, dp = 96,3) e C (150,2, dp = 76,1), com diferença entre os períodos A-C e B-C (p < 0,001). Porte populacional municipal não influenciou o comportamento das taxas. Municípios próximos à capital e aqueles da região metropolitana apresentaram maiores taxas (p < 0,001). Em todos os percentis do Índice de Condições de Vida e Saúde, houve redução das taxas (p < 0,001), exceto no percentil 1. Redução foi também observada em todas as macrorregiões, exceto na região nordeste do estado. A redução das taxas ocorreu independentemente da cobertura da Saúde da Família. CONCLUSÕES: As taxas de hospitalização por condições cardiovasculares sensíveis à atenção primária diminuíram nesses municípios, independentemente da cobertura da Saúde da Família.

Verificar a percepção que os pacientes internados em um Hospital Escola (HC-UFG) têm da presença dos alunos de medicina no atendimento prestado a eles e observar outros fatores relacionados à satisfação com o atendimento. MÉTODO: Critério de inclusão: internação há menos de um ano em outro Hospital não Escola. Excluídos: Menores de 18 anos e incapazes de colaborar. Aplicado questionário, por alunas da Faculdade de Medicina da UFG, com informações sobre a internação, privacidade, comparação com outros hospitais e avaliação da presença dos alunos. Utilizados estatística descritiva, teste de Wilcoxon, c² e Regra de Sinais de Descartes. RESULTADOS: Avaliados 96 pacientes. A média das notas do HC-UFG foi 9,01±1,5, a dos outros hospitais foi 5,67±3,38. A maioria (58,33%) relatou mudança no conhecimento sobre sua doença após a internação no HC-UFG. A presença dos alunos foi avaliada como boa ou muito boa por 91,58% e despertou sentimentos positivos em 84,54% dos entrevistados. As aulas ao redor dos leitos foram consideradas agradáveis por 69,79% deles. CONCLUSÃO: O aluno tem papel relevante no atendimento prestado no Hospital Escola. Contribui para maior confiança no serviço, desperta maior segurança e alegria nos pacientes, torna o ambiente mais acolhedor e atua como disseminador de conhecimentos.

Abstract Background: As the world population ages, patients older than 80 years, known as very elderly, are more frequently found. There are no studies in this age group aimed at analyzing the multidisciplinary intervention in the treatment of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and some comorbidities. Objectives: To assess the effect of a multidisciplinary approach in very elderly hypertensives cared for at a specialized service. Methods: Longitudinal retrospective cohort study in a multidisciplinary service specialized in the SAH treatment in the Brazilian West-Central region. Patients aged 80 years and older by June 2015 were included. Data from the first (V1) and last visit (Vf) were assessed. Anthropometric variables, blood pressure (BP), renal function, pharmacological treatment, lifestyle, comorbidities and cardiovascular events were studied, comparing data from V1 and Vf. Controlled BP was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) lower than 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) lower than 90 mm Hg. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSSR software, version 21.0. Values of p

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de excesso de peso (EP) e fatores associados em adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em escolas públicas e privadas de Goiânia (GO). Foram analisados adolescentes de 12 a 18 anos (n = 1.169) por meio de questionário padronizado. A prevalência de EP foi avaliada pelas curvas de crescimento da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) de Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) por idade. As associações entre as variáveis sociodemográficas, de antecedentes familiares de obesidade, de estilo de vida e de pressão arterial com o EP foram analisadas por intermédio da razão de prevalência bruta e ajustada por meio da regressão múltipla de Poisson. Resultados: A prevalência de EP foi de 21,2%, sendo 14,1% de sobrepeso e 7,1% de obesidade, com diferenças significativas entre gêneros (26,3% dos rapazes versus 16,8% das moças). Na análise de Poisson, a obesidade materna (RP = 1,86; p = 0,004) foi associada com a maior prevalência de EP no sexo masculino, e aqueles com idade entre 15 e 18 anos tiveram menor prevalência de EP quando comparados àqueles com idade entre 12 e 14 anos (RP = 0,70; p = 0,021). No sexo feminino, a presença de pais obesos (RP = 2,42; p < 0,001) associou-se a maior prevalência de EP, e as moças pertencentes à classe C tiveram menor prevalência de EP (RP = 0,67; p = 0,035). Conclusões: O EP em adolescentes esteve associado ao gênero, à obesidade familiar, e a melhor classificação socioeconômica - fatores que devem ser o foco do planejamento de intervenções específicas na promoção da saúde.

Abstract Background: Regional differences of using home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) as an alternative to ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in hypertensive adolescents are unknown. Objectives: Define if HBPM is an option to confirm diagnoses of hypertension in adolescents from a Brazilian capital with elevated office blood pressure (BP). Methods: Adolescents (12-18years) from public and private schools with BP > 90th percentile were studied to compare and evaluate the agreement among office BP measurements, HBPM and ambulatory BP monitoring. Office BP measurements, HBPM and ABPM were performed according to guidelines recommendations. Semi-automatic devices were used for BP measurements. Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: We included 133 predominantly males (63.2%) adolescents with a mean age of 15±1.6 years. HBPM systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure mean values were similar to the daytime ABPM values (120.3 ± 12.6 mmHg x 121.5 ± 9.8 mmHg - p = 0.111 and 69.4 ± 7.7 mmHg x 70.2 ± 6.6 mmHg - p = 0.139) and lower than the office measurement values (127.3 ± 13.8 mmHg over 74.4 ± 9.5 mmHg - p < 0,001). The Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement between HBPM and ABPM. Conclusions: HBPM is an option to confirm diagnoses of hypertension in adolescents from a Brazilian state capital with elevated office BP and can be used as an alternative to ABPM.

Abstract Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) account annually for almost one third of all deaths worldwide. Among the CVD, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is related to more than half of those outcomes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for SAH because it causes functional and structural damage to the arterial wall, leading to stiffness. Several studies have related oxidative stress, production of free radicals, and neuroendocrine and genetic changes to the physiopathogenesis of vascular aging. Indirect ways to analyze that aging process have been widely studied, pulse wave velocity (PWV) being considered gold standard to assess arterial stiffness, because there is large epidemiological evidence of its predictive value for cardiovascular events, and it requires little technical knowledge to be performed. A pulse wave is generated during each cardiac contraction and travels along the arterial bed until finding peripheral resistance or any bifurcation point, determining the appearance of a reflected wave. In young individuals, arteries tend to be more elastic, therefore, the reflected wave occurs later in the cardiac cycle, reaching the heart during diastole. In older individuals, however, the reflected wave occurs earlier, reaching the heart during systole. Because PWV is an important biomarker of vascular damage, highly valuable in determining the patient’s global cardiovascular risk, we chose to review the articles on vascular aging in the context of cardiovascular risk factors and the tools available to the early identification of that damage.