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Identifying frequent users' (≥3admissions/year) associated factors in an emergency department (ED), using a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), describing the characteristics of patients over 65 years of age.A cross-sectional study was performed between August 2017 and June 2018 in an ED in Lisbon, Portugal. CGA was applied and completed with clinical records. Clinical, functional, mental and social scores were created based in Portuguese Society of Internal Medicine, and a statistical model was developed.CGA was applied to 426 patients over 64 years old in an ED. The mean age was 79.3, 84.7% had multimorbidity. 51.2%, 75.6%, and 40% had dependence on basic, instrumental, and walking activities, respectively. 52% had depressive symptoms, 65.7% had cognitive impairment, 63% were undernourished/at risk for malnutrition. 33.1% were socially at risk. Polypharmacy was present with a use on average of 6.5 drugs daily. Social, clinical, functional, and mental scores were unfavourable in 48.6%, 79.6%, 54.9% and 83.1% of the population, respectively. There were 2.7 hospital admissions/year and 39.9% were frequent ED users (≥3/year). The logistic regression model was weak, but showed that patients with polypharmacy, elevated Charlson Comorbidity index and an impairment nutritional status presented higher risk of being frequent users.This study showed that 97.1% of patients had needs that would justify an interventional care plan. This intervention should be extended to primary care and nursing homes. While not providing a robust model, our study has indicated nutritional problems, polypharmacy, and an elevated Charlson index as the features with more weight in frequent users' admissions.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the use of emergency departments (ED) worldwide. This study identifies the pandemic-related factors associated with the number of ED visits in mainland Portugal and each of its regions. We collected data on ED visits from March 2020 to March 2022. Data on incidence, vaccination, mobility, containment index, and Google search volume were retrieved from open online sources at different time points. We fitted a quasi-Poisson generalized linear regression model, and each variable was modeled separately and adjusted for time and month. There was a positive ED trend throughout the two years of the pandemic in mainland Portugal and each of its regions. In the mainland, during months with high workplace mobility, there were 10.5% more ED visits compared to months with average mobility. ED visits decreased in months with low mobility for retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, and transit compared to months of medium mobility. Portugal saw a reduction in ED utilization during the pandemic period, but with a positive trend from March 2020 to March 2022. The change in the population’s behavior of seeking the ED throughout the pandemic might be associated with mobility, incidence, and pandemic fatigue.

Cancellations of elective operations on the day of the surgery reflect the efficiency and quality within organisations, and have a significant clinical, social and economic impact, not only for the patient and their families, but also for healthcare institutions. This study assesses the extent of these cancellations in one public Portuguese hospital, through case quantification and identification of the causes, origin, as well as its predictability according to the sociodemographic variables of the patient and interventions used to decrease it.Non-experimental descriptive quantitative methodology - longitudinal and retrospective - of operation cancellation cases on the day of the surgery, from the 1st of January to the 31st of December 2018.The rate of cancellations of elective surgeries on the same day of the operation was 2.9% with variations among different surgical specialties; cancelled operations are more frequent in female patients, in patients aged between 50 and 80 years old, physical status classified as II or III according to the American Society of Anesthesiology, and without anaesthetic pre assessment or preoperative consultations; the three most relevant causes for cancellations are: lack of operative time, scarcity of beds and/or medical equipment, and changes in health status; most of which can be avoided and are the responsibility of the institution.Different reasons for cancellation of elective operations reflect a variety of upstream and downstream processes causing cancellation of surgeries and whose origin/imputability is related to both the institution and patients.The rate of cancellations of elective surgeries on the same day of the operation is relatively low, but the causes are often preventable, thus justifying the generalization of cancellation reduction strategies.Introdução: Os cancelamentos de cirurgias eletivas que ocorrem no próprio dia da cirurgia acarretam importantes consequências clínicas, sociais e económicas, individuais e familiares, mas também institucionais, e refletem processos de eficiência e qualidade das organizações. Este estudo pretende avaliar a dimensão dos cancelamentos no dia da cirurgia numa instituição do Serviço Nacional de Saúde, quantificando-os, identificando as causas, origem e previsibilidade, na relação com variáveis sociodemográficas e intervenções dedicadas à sua redução.Material e Métodos: Metodologia quantitativa descritiva, de abordagem não experimental, longitudinal e de dimensão temporal retrospetiva, relativa aos episódios com cancelamentos cirúrgicos no dia da cirurgia, decorridos no período compreendido entre 1 de janeiro e 31 de dezembro de 2018.Resultados: A taxa de cancelamento no próprio dia foi de 2,9%, variando entre as especialidades cirúrgicas, maioritariamente em doentes do sexo feminino, na faixa etária dos 50 aos 80 anos, com estado físico II ou III, segundo a American Society of Anestesiology, e sem consulta pré-anestésica ou pré-operatória prévias; as três causas de cancelamentos mais evidentes são: a falta de tempo operatório, a falta de camas e/ou materiais e a alteração do estado de saúde, a maioria das quais evitáveis e imputáveis à instituição.Discussão: Os múltiplos motivos de cancelamento refletem uma variedade de processos a montante e a jusante, que culminam no cancelamento cirúrgico, e cuja a origem/imputabilidade se dispersa entre a instituição e o próprio doente.Conclusão: A taxa de cancelamento de cirurgias eletivas no próprio dia da operação é relativamente baixa, mas as causas são frequentemente evitáveis, justificando a generalização de estratégias de redução dos cancelamentos.

Introduction: Since December 2019, more than 925,000 cases of COVID-19 have been reported worldwide, 8,251 cases in Portugal by the end of March. Previous studies related to the SARS pandemic showed a decrease up to 80% in the emergency care episodes. Hence, the objective of this study is to analyze the use of emergency services during the first pandemic month, compared to historical records. Methods: Data from emergency episodes in mainland Portugal, from January 2014 to March 2020, were downloaded from the National Health Service (NHS) Transparency Portal and the NHS monitoring website. The evolution of emergency services from March to September 2020 was forecasted based on historical data from January 2014 to February 2020. Information for March 2020 was forecasted globally, by the Regional Health Administration (RHA) and Manchester Triage System (MTS). Results: Compared with forecasted values, there was a 48% reduction in the number of emergency episodes in March 2020. In the analysis by the RHA, Alentejo had the smallest decrease in the number of episodes; interestingly, Alentejo is also the area with fewer COVID-19 cases in mainland Portugal. In the analysis by the MTS, the episodes classified as yellow showed the highest reduction (50%). For episodes classified as urgent, there is a difference of about 144,000 episodes during March 2020. Discussion: The results of this preliminary study are aligned with the evidence produced for previous pandemics. Data about the use of emergency services, demographic and clinical characteristics of the episodes would be relevant to analyze this reduction. Conclusion: There was a significant drop in the number of emergency service use in March 2020, and although the causes of this reduction are not determined, the association between the beginning of the pandemic and the reduction of demand is evident. Understanding this phenomenon is crucial to plan interventions to avoid unnecessary morbidities or deaths, caused by a delayed visit to the emergency department.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the availability of clinical guidelines on the prevention and treatment of geriatric hip fractures, the percentage of recommended care received by patients is low. We conducted an importance-performance analysis for prioritizing interventions to improve the in-hospital management of these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A secondary data analysis was conducted on the in-hospital treatment of 540 geriatric hip fracture patients in 34 hospitals in Belgium, Italy, and Portugal. First, we assessed the level of expert consensus on the process indicators composing international guidelines on hip fracture treatment. Second, guideline adherence on in-hospital care was evaluated within and across hospitals. Third, an importance-performance analysis was conducted, linking expert consensus to guideline adherence. RESULTS: Level of expert consensus was high (above 75%) for 12 of 22 process indicators identified from the literature. There is large between and within hospital variation in guideline adherence for these indicators and for none of the 540 patients were all 22 process indicators adhered to. Importance-performance analysis demonstrated that three indicators that had a high level of expert consensus also had a high level of adherence (above 80%). Nine indicators, most of which have been previously linked to patient outcomes, had a high level of expert consensus but a consistently low level of adherence across hospitals and are identified as priority areas for improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Guideline adherence for the treatment of geriatric hip fracture patients is remarkably suboptimal. Importance-performance analysis is a useful strategic approach to assist practitioners and healthcare managers to improve the quality of care. ispartof: Archives Of Orthopaedic And Trauma Surgery vol:138 issue:8 pages:1077-1087 ispartof: location:Germany status: published

This study evaluates whether the implementation of an in-hospital care pathway (CP) improves interprofessional teamwork across countries and tests whether improved communications ("relational coordination") is the mechanism of action. A hospital-based cluster randomized controlled trial in Ireland, Belgium, Italy, and Portugal was performed. Fifty-six interprofessional teams caring for patients admitted with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or for patients with a proximal femur fracture were included and randomly assigned to an intervention group (31 teams and 567 team members), where a CP was implemented, and a control group (25 teams and 417 team members) representing usual care. Multilevel regression and mediation analysis were applied. First, although no significant effect was found on our primary outcome relational coordination, our CP significantly improved several team inputs, team processes (team climate for innovation) and team output (the level of organized care, level of competence) indicators. Second, our team process indicator of team climate for innovation partially mediated the association between CP implementation and team output indicator of better level of organized care. In conclusion, a CP sets in motion various mechanisms that improve some but not all aspects of interprofessional teamwork. Relational coordination does not appear to be the mechanism by which team outputs are enhanced. ispartof: Journal of Interprofessional Care pages:1-9 ispartof: location:England status: Published online

Kris Vanhaecht,1,2 Cathy Lodewijckx,1 Walter Sermeus,1 Marc Decramer,3,4 Svin Deneckere,1,5 Fabrizio Leigheb,6 Paulo Boto,7 Seval Kul,8 Deborah Seys,1 Massimiliano Panella1,6 1Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, 2Department of Quality Management, University Hospitals Leuven, 3Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, 4University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 5Medical Department, Delta Hospitals Roeselare, Roeselare, Belgium; 6Department of TranslationalMedicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Vercelli, Italy; 7Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; 8Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey Purpose: Current in-hospital management of exacerbations of COPD is suboptimal, and patient outcomes are poor. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate whether implementation of a care pathway (CP) for COPD improves the 6months readmission rate. Secondary outcomes were the 30days readmission rate, mortality, length of stay and adherence to guidelines. Patients and methods: An international cluster randomized controlled trial was performed in Belgium, Italy and Portugal. General hospitals were randomly assigned to an intervention group where a CP was implemented or a control group where usual care was provided. The targeted population included patients with COPD exacerbation. Results: Twenty-two hospitals were included, whereof 11 hospitals (n=174 patients) were randomized to the intervention group and 11 hospitals (n=168 patients) to the control group. The CP had no impact on the 6months readmission rate. However, the 30days readmission rate was significantly lower in the intervention group (9.7%; 15/155) compared to the control group (15.3%; 22/144) (odds ratio =0.427; 95% confidence interval 0.222–0.822; P=0.040). Performance on process indicators was significantly higher in the intervention group for 2 of 24 main indicators (8.3%). Conclusion: The implementation of this in-hospital CP for COPD exacerbation has no impact on the 6months readmission rate, but it significantly reduces the 30days readmission rate. Keywords: COPD, care pathway, readmission, quality improvement, cluster randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Adherence to guidelines for patients with proximal femur fracture is suboptimal. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a care pathway for the in-hospital management of older geriatric hip fracture patients on adherence to guidelines and patient outcomes. DESIGN: The European Quality of Care Pathways study is a cluster randomized controlled trial. SETTING: 26 hospitals in Belgium, Italy and Portugal. SUBJECTS: Older adults with a proximal femur fracture (n = 514 patients) were included. METHODS: Hospitals treating older adults (>65) with a proximal femur fracture were randomly assigned to an intervention group, i.e. implementation of a care pathway, or control group, i.e. usual care. Thirteen patient outcomes and 24 process indicators regarding in-hospital management, as well as three not-recommended care activities were measured. Adjusted and unadjusted regression analyses were conducted using intention-to-treat procedures. RESULTS: In the intervention group 301 patients in 15 hospitals were included, and in the control group 213 patients in 11 hospitals. Sixty-five percent of the patients were older than 80 years. The implementation of this care pathway had no significant impact on the thirteen patient outcomes. The preoperative management improved significantly. Eighteen of 24 process indicators improved, but only two improved significantly. Only for a few teams a geriatrician was an integral member of the treatment team. DISCUSSION: Implementation of a care pathway improved compliance to evidence, but no significant effect on patient outcomes was found. The impact of the collaboration between surgeons and geriatricians on adherence to guidelines and patient outcomes should be studied. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00962910. ispartof: Injury vol:49 issue:8 pages:1581-1586 ispartof: location:Netherlands status: Published online

Despite the availability of clinical guidelines on the prevention and treatment of geriatric hip fractures, the percentage of recommended care received by patients is low. We conducted an importance-performance analysis for prioritizing interventions to improve the in-hospital management of these patients.A secondary data analysis was conducted on the in-hospital treatment of 540 geriatric hip fracture patients in 34 hospitals in Belgium, Italy, and Portugal. First, we assessed the level of expert consensus on the process indicators composing international guidelines on hip fracture treatment. Second, guideline adherence on in-hospital care was evaluated within and across hospitals. Third, an importance-performance analysis was conducted, linking expert consensus to guideline adherence.Level of expert consensus was high (above 75%) for 12 of 22 process indicators identified from the literature. There is large between and within hospital variation in guideline adherence for these indicators and for none of the 540 patients were all 22 process indicators adhered to. Importance-performance analysis demonstrated that three indicators that had a high level of expert consensus also had a high level of adherence (above 80%). Nine indicators, most of which have been previously linked to patient outcomes, had a high level of expert consensus but a consistently low level of adherence across hospitals and are identified as priority areas for improvement.Guideline adherence for the treatment of geriatric hip fracture patients is remarkably suboptimal. Importance-performance analysis is a useful strategic approach to assist practitioners and healthcare managers to improve the quality of care.

RESUMO - Introdução: O envelhecimento populacional, o aumento da prevalência de doenças crónicas e de multipatologia, são fenómenos que encontraram novas respostas com a criação da Rede Nacional de Cuidados Continuados Integrados (RNCCI) em Portugal, a partir de 2006. É esperado que esta estrutura adicional de oferta de cuidados permita contribuir para a criação de valor aos seus utentes. Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivos estimar o consumo de recursos medido através da duração de internamento em unidades de internamento em cuidados continuados (UICC) em Portugal e analisar a associação com as características dos utentes e dos prestadores de cuidados. Método: Foi realizado um estudo transversal e retrospetivo, que utilizou informação da atividade das unidades da RNCCI entre 2010 e 2012. Recorreu-se a modelos de regressão lineares múltiplos, utilizando a duração de internamento como variável dependente e, como preditores, variáveis representativas das características individuais dos utentes e dos prestadores. Resultados: Para os 30.090 episódios incluídos, a duração média de internamento foi de 34,2 dias nas unidades de convalescença, 84,1 dias nas unidades de média duração e reabilitação e 106 dias nas unidades de longa duração e manutenção. A dispersão da duração de internamento foi elevada em todas as tipologias e regiões. Isoladamente, as variáveis associadas às características dos utentes apresentaram capacidade preditiva muito reduzida. A inclusão das variáveis associadas à organização da oferta de cuidados aumentou a capacidade do modelo explicar a variabilidade do tempo de internamento dos utentes. Conclusão: Os resultados do modelo de regressão linear múltipla sugerem que são as características associadas à oferta de cuidados que apresentam maior relevância para explicar a variabilidade da duração de internamento em cuidados continuados. Sugere- se que futuros desenvolvimentos incluam melhorias nas práticas de registo e a implementação de um sistema de classificação de utentes específico, internacionalmente validado para a estratificação do risco em cuidados continuados. ABSTRACT - Introduction: For the aging population, as well as for the growing prevalence of chronic diseases and multipathology, new answers have been found with the creation of the Portuguese National Long Term Care Network (PNLTCN) in 2006. It is expected that this additional level of care provision can create value for patients. Objective: This study aimed to estimate resource use in long-term care inpatient units in Portugal and to analyze its association with providers’ and patients’ characteristics. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional retrospective study using information from the PNLTCN units between 2010 and 2012. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed, including the logarithm of length of stay as dependent variable and variables on patients’ and providers’ characteristics as predictors. Results: For the 30,090 admissions included, the average length of stay was 34.2 days for Convalescent Care Units, 84.1 days for Medium Stay and Rehabilitation Units, and 106 days for Long Stay and Maintenance Units. Significant dispersion was found for all regions and type of providers. Patients’ characteristics alone showed low predictive capacity. The inclusion of providers’ characteristics increased the model’s predictive ability to explain the length of stay. Conclusions: Multiple regression model results suggest that resource utilization in long-term care is mainly influenced by the characteristics of the providers. Future development should include improvements on data collection procedures and the implementation of a risk-adjusted patient classification system internationally validated for long term care. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Guideline adherence rates for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation are low. The aim of this study is to perform an importance-performance analysis as an approach for prioritisation of interventions by linking guidelines adherence rates to expert consensus rates for the in-hospital management of COPD exacerbation. We illustrate the relevance of such approach by describing variation in guideline adherence across indicators and hospitals. A secondary data analysis of patients with an acute COPD exacerbation admitted to Belgian, Italian and Portuguese hospitals was performed. Twenty-one process indicators were used to describe adherence to guidelines from patient record reviews. Expert consensus on the importance for follow-up of these 21 indicators was derived from a previous Delphi study. Three of the twenty-one indicators had high level of expert consensus and a high level of adherence. Eleven of the twenty-one indicators had high level of expert consensus but a low level of adherence. For none of the 378 patients included in this study were all process indicators adhered to, patients received 41.0% of the recommended care on average, and only 34.1% of the patients received 50% or more of the care they should receive. There was also a large variation within and between hospitals regarding the care received. This study confirms the findings of previous studies, indicating that COPD exacerbations are largely undertreated. Importance-performance analysis provides a decision-making tool for prioritising indicators. All hospitals in this study would benefit from having in place a quality framework for systematic follow-up of these indicators. peerreview_statement: The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope. aims_and_scope_url: http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=icop20 ispartof: COPD vol:14 issue:2 pages:156-163 ispartof: location:England status: published

The aim of this paper was to perform a systematic overview of secondary literature studies on care pathways (CPs) for hip fracture (HF). The online databases MEDLINE-PubMed, Ovid-EMBASE, CINAHL-EBSCO-host, and The Cochrane Library were searched. A total of six papers, corresponding to six secondary studies, were included but only four secondary studies were HF-specific and thus assessed. Secondary studies were evaluated for patients' clinical outcomes. There were wide differences among the studies that assessed the effects of CPs on HF patients, with some contrasting clinical outcomes reported. Secondary studies that were non-specific for CPs and included other multidisciplinary care approaches as well showed, in some cases, a shorter hospital length of stay (LOS) compared to usual care; studies that focused on promoting early mobilization showed better outcomes of mortality, morbidity, function, or service utilization; CPs mainly based on intensive occupational therapy and/or physical therapy exercises improved functional recovery and reduced LOS, with patients also discharged to a more favorable discharge destination; CPs principally focused on early mobilization improved functional recovery. A secondary study specifically designed for CPs showed lower odds of experiencing common complications of hospitalization after HF. In conclusion, although our overview suggests that CPs can reduce significantly LOS and can have a positive impact on different outcomes, data are insufficient for formal recommendations. To properly understand the effects of CPs for HF, a systematic review is needed of primary studies that specifically examined CPs for HF.

lodewijckx c., sermeus w., panella m., deneckere s., leigheb f., troosters t., boto p.a., mendes r.v., decramer m. & vanhaecht k. (2012) Quality indicators for in-hospital management of exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results of an international Delphi study. Journal of Advanced Nursing69(2), 348–362. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012.06013.x Abstract Aim. To report a Delphi study that was conducted to select process and outcome indicators that are relevant to study quality of care and impact of care pathways for patients hospitalized with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Background. Management of patients hospitalized with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is suboptimal and outcomes are poor. To evaluate the impact of care pathways properly, relevant indicators need to be selected. Design. Delphi study. Methods. The study was conducted over 4 months in 2008, with 35 experts out of 15 countries, including 19 medical doctors, 8 nurses and 8 physiotherapists. Participants were asked to rate, for 72 process and 21 outcome indicators, the relevance for follow-up in care pathways for in-hospital management of exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Consensus (agreement by at least 75% of the participants) that an indicator is relevant for follow-up was sought in two rounds. Results. Consensus was reached for 26 of 72 process indicators (36·1%) and 10 of 21 outcome indicators (47·6%). Highest consensus levels were found for the process indicators regarding oxygen therapy (100%), pulmonary rehabilitation (100%) and patient education (94·5–88·6%) and for the outcome indicators concerning understanding of therapy (91·4–85·7%) and self-management (88·6–88·2%). Conclusion. The selected indicators appear to be sensitive for improvement. Therefore, researchers and clinicians that want to study and improve the care for patients hospitalized with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease should primarily focus on these indicators.

We performed a systematic review for primary studies on care pathways (CPs) for hip fracture (HF). The online databases MEDLINE-PubMed, Ovid-EMBASE, CINAHL-EBSCO host, and The Cochrane Library (Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials, Health Technology Assessment Database, NHS Economic Evaluation Database) were searched. Two researchers reviewed the literature independently. Primary studies that met predefined inclusion criteria were assessed for their methodological quality. A total of 15 publications were included: 15 primary studies corresponding with 12 main investigations. Primary studies were evaluated for clinical outcomes, process outcomes, and economic outcomes. The studies assessed a wide range of outcome measures. While a number of divergent clinical outcomes were reported, most studies showed positive results of process management and health-services utilization. In terms of mortality, the results provided evidence for a positive impact of CPs on in-hospital mortality. Most studies also showed a significantly reduced risk of complications, including medical complications, wound infections, and pressure sores. Moreover, time-span process measures showed that an improvement in the organization of care was achieved through the use of CPs. Conflicting results were observed with regard to functional recovery and mobility between patients treated with CPs compared to usual care. Although our review suggests that CPs can have positive effects in patients with HF, the available evidence is insufficient for formal recommendations. There is a need for more research on CPs with selected process and outcome indicators, for in-hospital and postdischarge management of HF, with an emphasis on well-designed randomized trials.

During the eight-year period covered in this report (2002-09), there has been a reduction in geographic variations in the use of some of the health care procedures selected in this study, such as cardiac catheterisation and coronary angioplasty. There has also been a reduction in geographic variations in caesarean section rates, although the variation between public and private hospitals rates continues to be wide. The Portuguese Ministry of Health recently asked a group of experts to develop a plan to reduce the inappropriate use of caesarean sections throughout the country. This study also shows that geographic variations in the use of some other procedures that are becoming less frequently used and replaced by other treatment options are increasing, for example for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and hysterectomy. This indicates that the reduction in the use of these procedures has not been uniform across the countries, and a need to promote greater convergence in clinical practices.

Background Proximal femur fracture (PFF) is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. The European Quality of Care Pathway (EQCP) study on PFF (NCT00962910) was designed to determine how care pathways (CP) for hospital treatment of PFF affect consistency of care, adherence to evidence-based key interventions, and clinical outcome. Methods/Design An international cluster-randomized controlled trial (cRCT) will be performed in Belgium, Ireland, Italy and Portugal. Based on power analyses, a sample of 44 hospital teams and 437 patients per arm will be included in the study. In the control arm, usual care will be provided. Experimental teams will implement a care pathway which will include three active components: a formative evaluation of quality and organization of the care setting, a set of evidence-based key interventions, and support of the development and implementation of the CP. Main outcome will be the six-month mortality rate. Discussion The EQCP study constitutes the first international cRCT on care pathways. The EQCP project was designed as both a research and a quality improvement project and will provide a real-world framework for process evaluation to improve our understanding of why and when CP can really work. Trial registration number NCT00962910

RESUMO - Não existem indicadores de rotina ou mesmo relatórios/ estudos sobre a organização do processo produtivo hospitalar, neste caso particular sobre o internamento, mas academicamente é admissível que existam diferenças no número de profissionais de saúde durante as 24 horas do dia, ou entre os diferentes dias da semana. As alterações esperadas a este nível durante o fim-de-semana tornam imperativa a necessidade de estudar o seu impacte sobre os resultados da prestação quer ao nível da saúde dos doentes, quer ao nível da sua eficiência. Este artigo visa ser um estudo exploratório acerca da produção e de dois resultados em saúde relevantes para os doentes, a mortalidade e a duração de internamento, em função dos dias de admissão ou de alta, embora a distribuição e a intensidade do trabalho não sejam analisadas e discutidas. Foram analisados todos os episódios de internamento nos hospitais públicos do Continente em 2006. Apurou-se o número de admissões em cada dia da semana, bem como a taxa de mortalidade e a demora média observadas para esses doentes. Os valores observados foram comparados com os esperados, estimados com base na probabilidade de morte ou duração do internamento previstas pelo Disease Staging e recalibradas aos dados portugueses. Para a análise do dia de alta procedeu-se da mesma forma. Os resultados indicam que se registou um excesso de 483 óbitos face ao esperado para os doentes admitidos entre 6ª feira e domingo. Na análise do dia da alta, constatou-se que 6712 óbitos que ocorreram ao sábado e domingo não eram esperados. No que se refere à demora média, os doentes com alta à segunda-feira registaram um excesso de 57 160 dias de internamento. O mais interessante de evidenciar é que o principal efeito do «período fim-de-semana» é encontrado na mortalidade e, neste particular, com especial intensidade na alta dos doentes, mesmo após o ajustamento pelo risco. A importância da mortalidade e da demora média para os diversos agentes envolvidos na prestação de cuidados e, em certos casos, a magnitude das diferenças encontradas tornam premente o aprofundamento do estudo da variação da actividade hospitalar ao longo da semana. ABSTRACT - To date, there is no routine data or reports on the organization of hospital activities, particularly in the inpatient department. However, it is academically possible to expect differences in the availability of human resources during the 24 hours of the day or during the week. The changes expected during the weekend recommend the study of their impact on the outcomes of treatment as well as on its efficiency. This article aims to be a preliminary investigation about the output and about two relevant issues for patients: mortality and length of stay by day of admission or discharge, even though the distribution and intensity of workload are not considered. All inpatient admissions in Portuguese public hospitals during 2006 were considered. The number of admissions, mortality rate and length of stay were calculated by day of admission. Observed values were compared with expected values obtained from Disease Staging’s probability of death or expected length of stay recalibrated to Portuguese data. The same methods were used for day of discharge. Our results indicate that there were 483 more deaths than expected in patients admitted between Friday and Sunday. By day of discharge, 6712 deaths that occurred on Saturday and Sunday were not expected. For patients discharged on Monday, there were 57.160 days over the expected. The highest «weekend effect» was found on mortality and by day of discharge, even after risk adjustment. The relevance of the mortality and of the average length of stay for those involved in the healthcare delivery and, in some cases, the relevance of the differences found point to the need for further research on this subject. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

RESUMO - Face ao interesse crescente em processos de acreditação e/ou benchmarking, o presente estudo procura ver até que ponto a participação nestes projectos influencia a qualidade dos cuidados prestados, nomeadamente em termos de taxas de mortalidade intra-hospitalar ajustadas pelo risco. Para este efeito, foram analisados os valores dos hospitais públicos portugueses envolvidos nos processos de acreditação, pelo HQS ou pela JCI, bem como no projecto de benchmarking IQIP. Para calcular os valores por hospital das taxas de mortalidade intra-hospitalar ajustadas pelo risco, foram utilizadas as bases de dados dos resumos de alta para os anos de 2001 a 2006. Os valores obtidos foram ajustados para a gravidade dos doentes. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os hospitais envolvidos e os não envolvidos em processos de acreditação e/ou de benchmarking, em termos da variável dependente escolhida. Uma das inovações deste trabalho é o facto de olhar para processos ainda não avaliados nesta perspectiva. Embora se acredite que os processos de acreditação podem trazer benefícios consideráveis às instituições que a eles se submetem, numa altura em que, nacional e internacionalmente, se começa a solicitar evidência da efectividade e custo-efectividade dos mesmos, para os decisores, políticos ou gestores, é importante saber se o investimento num processo de acreditação ou de benchmarking vale ou não a pena ser generalizado, e, na presença de várias opções, qual é a que promete melhores resultados. A resposta, neste momento e neste contexto, é que nenhuma parece estar associada a um melhor desempenho. O presente estudo deve suscitar uma reflexão sobre o impacto destes diferentes processos nos hospitais portugueses, para ajudar a definir para o futuro uma estratégia mais fundamentada e mais universal. ABSTRACT - Given the growing interest in benchmarking and accreditation projects, this study assesses the extent to which participation in these impacts the quality of health care, as measured by riskadjusted in-hospital mortality. The rates of public sector hospitals involved in the HQS and/or JCI accreditation programs, as well as in the IQIP benchmarking scheme, were analysed. Hospital discharge databases from 2001 to 2006 were used to calculate in-hospital mortality. Results were adjusted for patient severity. No statistically significant differences were found between participating and non-participating hospitals, in terms of mortality. One of the strengths of the study is looking at processes not yet analysed in this perspective. Although the authors believe that accreditation and benchmarking programs can bring substantial benefits to the institutions involved in them, at a time when, nationally and internationally, evidence of their effectiveness and costeffectiveness starts being called for, decision makers, be they politicians or managers, need to know if the investment in these programs is worth being generalized, and, given competing options, which looks more promising. The answer, at this moment and in this context, is that none seems associated with better performance. This study should promote a reflection on the impact of these programs in Portuguese hospitals, to help define a more supported and universal strategy for the future. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

RESUMO - O financiamento de serviços de saúde é um dos temas centrais da problemática da gestão das organizações de saúde, resultando tal importância do reconhecimento da sua capacidade na criação de incentivos institucionais e individuais. A unidade de pagamento capitação, devidamente ajustada pelas características dos indivíduos que influenciam as suas necessidades em saúde, é a que melhor se adapta a uma estrutura de oferta de cuidados verticalmente integrada. Foi desenvolvido de forma empírica um modelo de financiamento por capitação ajustado pelo risco, utilizando as variáveis que traduzem a mortalidade e morbilidade — hospitalar e de ambulatório — possíveis de obter no nosso país. O desenvolvimento de modelos desta natureza encontra forte condicionamento na disponibilização de informação adequada para o efeito. ABSTRACT - The capacity of healthcare financing to create institutional and individual incentives provides this subject with a central importance in healthcare management. Capitation is the payment unit which better adapts to an integrated context of healthcare provision. Using the information available in Portugal (years of potential life lost, complexity, severity of illness and ambulatory drug prescription), this study proposes an empirical model of a risk adjusted capitation system, which aims to reflect the mortality and morbidity levels in a vertically integrated healthcare structure. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion