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Background and study aims Endoscopic techniques are rapidly emerging for resection of subepithelial tumors (SETs). Submucosal tunneling for endoscopic resection (STER), endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) and laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS) are current alternatives to open surgery. In this study, we aimed to compare the three endoscopic techniques. Patients and methods Consecutive patients who underwent resection of a submucosal esophageal or gastric lesion at several tertiary care centers were included in a dedicated registry over 3 years. Demographics, size and location of resected lesion, histology of specimen, length of procedure, adverse events (AEs), duration of hospital stay, and follow-up data were collected. Results Ninety-six patients were included (47.7 % male, mean age 62): STER n = 34, EFTR n = 34, LECS n = 280. The lesions included leiomyoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and other. The mean lesion size was 28 mm (STD 16, range 20–72 mm). The majority of lesions in the EFTR and laparoscopic-assisted resection group were GISTs. There was no significant difference in clear resection margins, post-procedure complication rates, recurrence rate and total follow-up duration between the groups. However, the LECS group had a procedure time at least 30 minutes longer than STER or EFTR (P

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Rectal bleeding is the most important symptom of intestinal neoplasia; thus, tests of occult blood detection in stools are widely used for pre neoplastic lesions and colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the accuracy of OC-Sensor quantitative test (Eiken Chemical, Tokyo, Japan) at cut-off 10 µg Hb/g feces (50 ng/mL) in a cohort of subjects that had to undergo diagnostic colonoscopy, and if more than one sample collected in consecutive days would improve the diagnostic accuracy of the test. METHODS: Patients (mean age 56.3±9.7 years) that underwent colonoscopy prospectively randomly received one (1-sample FIT, FIT 1) or two (2-sample FIT, FIT 2) collection tubes. They collected the stool sample before starting colonoscopy preparation. Samples were analyzed by the OC-Auto Micro 80 (Eiken Chemical, Tokyo, Japan). The performance of FIT 1 and FIT 2 were compared to the colonoscopy findings. RESULTS: Among 289 patients, CRC was diagnosed in 14 (4.8%), advanced adenoma in 37 (12.8%), early adenoma in 71 (24.6%) and no abnormalities in 141 (48.8%). For FIT 1, the sensitivity for CRC was 83.3% (95%CI 36.5-99.1%), for advanced adenoma was 24% (95%CI 10.1-45.5%), with specificity of 86.9% (95%CI 77.3-92.9%). For FIT 2, the sensitivity for CRC was 75% (95%CI 35.6-95.5%), for advanced adenoma was 50% (95%CI 22.3-77.7%), with specificity of 92.9% (95%CI 82.2-97.7%). The positive likelihood ratios were 1.8 (95%CI 0.7-4.4 for FIT 1) and 7.1 (95%CI 2.4-21.4 for FIT 2) for advanced adenoma, and 6.4 (95%CI 3.3-12.3, for FIT 1) and 10.7 (95%CI 3.8-29.8, for FIT 2) for CRC. The negative likelihood ratio were 0.9 (95%CI 0.7-1, for FIT 1) and 0.5 (95%CI 0.3-0.9, for FIT 2) for advanced adenoma, and 0.2 (0.03-1.1, for FIT 1) and 0.3 (0.08-0.9, for FIT 2) for CRC. The differences between FIT 1 and FIT 2 performances were not significant. However, the comparison of the levels of hemoglobin in feces of patients of FIT 1 and FIT 2 showed that the differences between no polyp group and advanced adenoma and CRC were significant. CONCLUSION: The accuracy of OCR Sensor with 10 µg Hb/g feces cut-off was comparable to other reports and two-sample collection improved the detection rate of advanced adenoma, a pre neoplastic condition to prevent CRC incidence.

Background and study aims Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) have higher risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Guidelines recommend dysplasia surveillance with dye-spraying chromoendoscopy (DCE). The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to review all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) available and compare the efficacy of different endoscopic methods of surveillance for dysplasia in patients with UC and CD. Methods Databases searched were Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane and SCIELO/LILACS. It was estimated the risk difference (RD) for dichotomous outcomes (number of patients diagnosed with one or more dysplastic lesions, total number of dysplastic lesions diagnosed and number of dysplastic lesions detected by targeted biopsies) and mean difference for continuous outcomes (procedure time). Results This study included 17 RCTs totaling 2,457 patients. There was superiority of DCE when compared to standard-definiton white light endoscopy (SD-WLE). When compared with high-definition (HD) WLE, no difference was observed in all outcomes (number of patients with dysplasia (RD 0.06; 95 % CI [–0.01, 0.13])). Comparing other techniques, no difference was observed between DCE and virtual chromoendoscopy (VCE – including narrow-band imaging [NBI], i-SCAN and flexible spectral imaging color enhancement), in all outcomes except procedure time (mean difference, 6.33 min; 95 % CI, 1.29, 11.33). DCE required a significantly longer procedure time compared with WLE (mean difference, 7.81 min; 95 % CI, 2.76, 12.86). Conclusions We found that dye-spraying chromoendoscopy detected more patients and dysplastic lesions than SD-WLE. Although no difference was observed between DCE and HD-WLE or narrow-band imaging, the main outcomes favored numerically dye-spraying chromoendoscopy, except procedure time. Regarding i-SCAN, FICE and auto-fluorescence imaging, there is still not enough evidence to support or not their recommendation.

Background and study aims Endoscopic imaging of Barrett’s esophagus (BE) with advanced technologies, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and volumetric laser endomicroscopy (VLE), allows targeted biopsies and may reduce the number of random biopsies to detect esophageal neoplasia in the early stages during endoscopic BE surveillance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of OCT and VLE in diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and high-grade dysplasia (HGD), and intramucosal carcinoma (IMC) in BE. Patients and methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the primary outcome measure was diagnostic accuracy of OCT and VLE, in comparison with the gold standard. In the meta-analysis, we calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR+), negative likelihood ratio (LR-), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) for both methods. We performed analyses by patient and by lesion. Results We evaluated 14 studies involving a collective total of 721 patients and 1565 lesions. In the analysis by lesion, VLE showed a pooled sensitivity, specificity, LR+, LR−, DOR, and SROC AUC of 85 %, 73 %, 3.2, 0.21, 15.0, and 0.87, respectively, for detection of HGD/IMC. In the analysis by lesion for detection of HGD/EAC, OCT showed a pooled sensitivity, specificity, LR+, LR−, DOR, and summary receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 89 %, 91 %, 9.6, 0.12, 81.0, and 0.95, respectively. The accuracy of OCT in identifying intestinal metaplasia showed a pooled sensitivity, specificity, LR+, LR−, and DOR of 92 %, 81 %, 5.06, 0.091, and 55.58, respectively. Conclusion OCT- and VLE-guided targeted biopsies could improve detection of dysplasia and neoplasia. Further studies could determine whether the use of such biopsies might replace the current protocol.

Background and aims: Post liver transplant biliary anastomotic strictures have traditionally been treated with balloon dilation and multiple plastic stents. Fully covered self-expandable metallic stents may be used as an initial alternative or after multiple plastic stents failure. Refractory strictures can occur in 10–22% and require revisional surgery. Alternatively, cholangioscopy allows direct visualization and therapeutic approaches. We aimed to assess the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of balloon dilation combined with cholangioscopy-guided steroid injection for the treatment of refractory anastomotic biliary strictures. Methods: Three post-orthotopic liver transplant patients who failed standard treatment of their biliary anastomotic strictures underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with balloon dilation followed by cholangioscopy-guided steroid injection at a tertiary care center. Patients had follow-up with images and laboratorial tests to evaluate for residual stricture. Results: Technical success of balloon dilation + cholangioscopy-guided steroid injection was achieved in all patients. Cholangioscopy permitted accurate evaluation of bile ducts and precise localization for steroid injection. No adverse events occurred. Mean follow-up was 26 months. Two patients are stent free and remain well in follow-up, with no signs of biliary obstruction. No further therapeutic endoscopic procedures or revisional surgery were required. One patient did not respond to balloon dilation + cholangioscopy-guided steroid injection after 11 months of follow-up and required repeat balloon dilation of new strictures above the anastomosis. Conclusion: Cholangioscopy-guided steroid injection combined with balloon dilation in the treatment of refractory post liver transplant strictures is feasible and safe. This method may be used as a rescue alternative before surgical approach. Randomized controlled trials comparing balloon dilation + cholangioscopy-guided steroid injection to fully covered self-expandable metallic stents are needed to determine the role of this treatment for anastomotic biliary strictures.

Background and study aims Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the primary therapeutic procedure for treatment of diseases that affect the biliary tree and pancreatic duct. While the therapeutic success rate of ERCP is high, the procedure can cause complications, such as acute pancreatitis (PEP), bleeding, and perforation. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in preventing PEP following (ERCP). Materials and methods We searched databases, such as MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Library. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the efficacy of NSAIDs and placebo for the prevention of PEP were included. Outcomes assessed included incidence of PEP, severity of pancreatitis, route of administration, and type of NSAIDs. Results Twenty-one RCTs were considered eligible with a total of 6854 patients analyzed. Overall, 3427 patients used NSAIDs before ERCP and 3427 did not use the drugs (control group). In the end, 250 cases of acute pancreatitis post-ERCP were diagnosed in the NSAIDs group and 407 cases in the placebo group. Risk for PEP was lower in the NSAID group (risk difference (RD): −0.05; 95 % confidence interval (CI): −0.07 to – 0.03; number need to treat (NNT), 20; P

Background and study aims The combination of endoscopy with laparoscopy for full-thickness gastric resection has received much attention. The advantage in using it is removak of the target lesion without resection of excessive normal tissue. The technique could prevent deformed scars, particularly at the cardia and in the prepyloric area. The aim of this protocol was to evaluate a new combined operation for full-thickness resection of the gastric wall. Materials and methods Gastric subepithelial lesions in multiple topographic locations of the stomach were simulated in seven live pigs. Full-thickness gastric resection was undertaken and after assessment of the outcome, the animals were euthanized. The primary endpoint was accomplishment of the procedure following all steps in the new technique, in various gastric locations. The secondary endpoints were duration of the procedure, quality of specimen margins, and complications. Results Resections were successful, complete, and complication-free, ensuring a safe surgical margin of healthy tissue. The procedure was completed in 50 minutes. No mucosal perforation or gas escape occurred. Conclusions The combined technique was safe, effective and minimally invasive. No expensive materials were used. Lesion exposure, gastric content leakage, incomplete resection, and excessive normal tissue elimination were avoided. Human trials of this technique may be warranted.

ABSTRACT Background: The propofolemia becomes directly linked to the clinical effects of this anesthetic and is the focus for studies comparing propofol clinical use, in different administration methods routinely used in endoscopy units where sedation is widely administered to patients. Aim: To evaluate the effects of three different regimens of intravenous propofol infusion in colonoscopies. Methods: A total of 50 patients that underwent colonoscopies were consecutively assigned to three groups: 1) intermittent bolus infusion; 2) continuous manually controlled infusion; 3) continuous automatic infusion. Patients were monitored with Bispectral IndexTM (BIS) and propofol serum levels were collected at three different timepoints. The development of an original dilution of propofol and an inventive capnography catheter were necessary. Results: Regarding clinical outcomes, statistical differences in agitation (higher in group 1, p=0.001) and initial blood pressure (p=0.008) were found. As for propofol serum levels, findings were similar in consumption per minute (p=0.748) and over time (p=0.830). In terms of cost analysis, group 1 cost was R$7.00 (approximately US$2,25); group2, R$17.50 (approximately US$5,64); and group 3, R$112.70 (approximately US$36,35, p

To compare the complications and mortality related to gastrostomy procedures performed using surgical and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy techniques, this review covered seven studies. Five of these were retrospective and two were randomized prospective studies. In total, 406 patients were involved, 232 of whom had undergone percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and 174 of whom had undergone surgical gastrostomy. The analysis was performed using Review Manager. Risk differences were computed using a fixed-effects model and forest and funnel plots. Data on risk differences and 95% confidence intervals were obtained using the Mantel-Haenszel test. There was no difference in major complications in retrospective (95% CI (-0.11 to 0.10)) or randomized (95% CI (-0.07 to 0.05)) studies. Regarding minor complications, no difference was found in retrospective studies (95% CI (-00.17 to 0.09)), whereas a difference was observed in randomized studies (95% CI (-0.25 to -0.02)). Separate analyses of retrospective and randomized studies revealed no differences between the methods in relation to mortality and major complications. Moreover, low levels of minor complications were observed among endoscopic procedures in randomized studies, with no difference observed compared with retrospective studies.

Background and study aims Us of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) has made endoscopic treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) more efficient, with reduction in morbidity and complications. However, some patients persist with symptoms despite medical treatment and some are not compliant with it or cannot afford it for financial reasons, and thus they require non-pharmacological therapeutic options such as surgical fundoplication. Surgery may be effective in the short term, but there is related morbidity and concern about its long-term efficacy. The possibility of minimally invasive endoluminal surgeries has resulted in interest in and development of newly endoscopic devices. Good short-term results with surgical fundoplication lack of studies of is with long follow-up justify our interest in this study. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of endoscopic polymer injection and endoluminal full-thickness plication in the long-term control of GERD. Patients and methods Forty-seven patients with GERD who underwent an endoscopic procedure were followed up for 60 months and evaluated for total response (RT), partial response (RP) and no response (SR) to endoscopic treatment with reintroduction of PPIs. Results Twenty-one patients received polymer injection (G0) and 26 endoluminal plication (G1). The number of patients with no response to endoscopic treatment with reintroduction of PPIs increased in time for both techniques (G0 P = 0.006; G1 P

Background and study aims Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Malignant colonic obstruction (MCO) due to CRC occurs in 8 % to 29 % of patients.The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs comparing colonic SEMS versus emergency surgery (ES) for MCO in palliative patients. This was the first systematic review that included only randomized controlled trials in the palliative setting. Methods A literature search was performed according to the PRISMA method using online databases with no restriction regarding idiom or year of publication. Data were extracted by two authors according to a predefined data extraction form. Primary outcomes were: mean survival, 30-day adverse events, 30-day mortality and length of hospital stay. Stoma formation, length of stay on intensive care unit (ICU), technical success and clinical success were recorded for secondary outcomes. Technical success (TS) was defined as successful stent placement across the stricture and its deployment. Clinical success (CS) was defined as adequate bowel decompression within 48 h of stent insertion without need for re-intervention. Results We analyzed data from four RCT studies totaling 125 patients. The 30-day mortality was 6.3 % for SEMS-treated patients and 6.4 % for ES-treated patients, with no difference between groups (RD: – 0.00, 95 % CI [–0.10, 0.10], I2: 0 %). Mean survival was 279 days for SEMS and 244 days for ES, with no significant difference between groups (RD: 20.14, 95 % CI: [–42.92, 83.21], I2: 44 %). Clinical success was 96 % in the ES group and 86.1 % in the SEMS group (RD: – 0.13, 95 % CI [–0.23, – 0.02], I2: 51 %). Permanent stoma rate was 84 % in the ES group and 14.3 % in the SEMS group (RR: 0.19, 95 % CI: [0.11, 0.33], I2: 28 %). Length of hospital stay was shorter in SEMS group (RD: – 5.16, 95 % CI: [–6.71, – 3.61], I2: 56 %). There was no significant difference between groups regarding adverse events (RD 0.18, 95 % CI: [–0.19, 0.54;]) neither regarding ICU stay. (RD: – 0.01, 95 % CI: [–0.08, 0.05], I2: 7 %). The most common stent-related complication was perforation (42.8 % of all AE). Conclusion Mortality, mean survival, length of stay in the ICU and early complications of both methods were similar. SEMS may be an alternative to surgery with the advantage of early hospital discharge and lower risk of permanent stoma.

Background and study aims Endoscopic removal of biliary stones has high success rates, ranging between 85 % to 95 %. Nevertheless, some stones may be challenging and different endoscopic methods have evolved. Papillary large balloon dilation after sphincterotomy is a widely used technique with success rates ranging from 68 to 90 % for stones larger than 15 mm. Cholangioscopy allows performing lithotripsy under direct biliary visualization, either by laser or electrohydraulic waves, which have similar success rate (80 % – 90 %). However, there is no study comparing these 2 techniques. Patients and methods From April 2014 to June 2016, 100 patients were enrolled and randomized in 2 groups, using a non-inferiority hypothesis: cholangioscopy + electrohydraulic lithotripsy (group 1) and endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation (group 2). The main outcome was complete stone removal. Adverse events were documented. Mechanical lithotripsy was not performed. Failure cases had a second session with crossover of the methods. Results The mean age was 56 years. 74 (75.5 %) patients were female. The initial overall complete stone removal rate was 74.5 % (77.1 % in group 1 and 72 % in group 2, P > 0.05). After second session the overall success rate achieved 90.1 %. Procedure time was significantly lower in group 2, – 25.2 min (CI95 % – 12.48 to – 37.91). There were no significant differences regarding technical success rate, radiologic exposure and adverse events. Conclusion Single-operator cholangioscopy-guided lithotripsy and papillary large balloon dilation are effective and safe approaches for removing complex biliary stones.

Background: Endoscopic submucosal dissection carries an increased risk of bleeding and perforation. The creation of a long lasting submucosal cushion is essential for the safe and complete removal of the lesion. There is not a suitable experimental model for evaluation of the durability of the cushioning effect of different solutions. Aim: To describe an improved experimental model to evaluate submucosal injection solutions. Methods: A total of four domestic pigs were employed to evaluate two different submucosal fluid solutions in the gastric submucosa. After midline laparotomy, the anterior gastric wall was incised from the gastric body to the antrum and its mucosal surface was exposed by flipping inside out the incised gastric wall. Two different solutions (10% mannitol and normal saline) were injected in the submucosa of the anterior wall of the distal gastric body. All submucosal cushions were injected until they reach the same size, standardized as 1.0 cm in height and 2.0 cm in diameter. A caliper and a ruler were employed to guarantee accuracy of the measurements. Results: All four animal experiments were completed. All submucosal cushions had the exact same size measured with caliper and a ruler. By using the mannitol solution, the mean duration of the submucosal cushion was longer than the saline solution: 20 and 22 min (mean, 21 min) vs 5 and 6 min (mean, 5.5 min) Conclusions: This experimental model is simple and evaluate the duration, size, and effect of the submucosal cushion, making it more reliable than other models that employ resected porcine stomachs or endoscopic images in live porcine models.

BackgroundEndoscopic ultrasound is considered the best imaging test for the diagnosis and evaluation of subepithelial lesions of the gastrointestinal tract.ObjectiveThe present study aims to describe the endosonographic characteristics of upper gastric subepithelial lesions and our experience using endoscopic ultrasound for evaluation of such lesions.MethodsRetrospective data study of 342 patients who underwent endoscopic ultrasound evaluation of subepithelial lesions.ResultsLesions of the fourth layer were more common in the stomach (63.72%) than in the esophagus (44.68%) and duodenum (29.03%). In stomach, 81.1% of the lesions ≥2 cm, and 96.5% ≥3 cm, were from the fourth layer. Endosonographic signs that could be related to malignant behavior, such as irregular borders, echogenic foci, cystic spaces and/or size greater than 3 cm were identified in 34 (15.81%) lesions at the first endoscopic ultrasound evaluation. Endoscopic ultrasound-fine needle aspiration did the diagnosis in 21 (61.76%) patients who were submitted a puncture. Three (12.0%) lesions of 25 who were submitted to regular endoscopic ultrasound surveillance increased the size.ConclusionStomach is the organ most affected with subepithelial lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and the fourth layer was the most common layer of origin. More than 80% of gastric subepithelial lesions from the fourth layer are ≥2 cm. Endoscopic ultrasound evaluation of subepithelial lesions has been very important for stratification into risk groups and to determine the best management.

Context Tissue sampling of renal masses is traditionally performed via the percutaneous approach or laparoscopicaly. The utility of endoscopic ultrasound to biopsy renal lesions it remains unclear and few cases have been reported. Objectives To evaluate the feasibility and outcome of endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration of renal tumors. Methods Consecutive subjects undergoing attempted endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration of a kidney mass after evaluation with computerized tomography or magnetic resonance. Results Ten procedures were performed in nine male patients (median age 54.7 years) on the right (n = 4) and left kidney (n = 4) and bilaterally (n = 1). Kidney masses (median diameter 55 mm ; range 13-160 mm) were located in the upper pole (n = 3), the lower pole (n = 2) and the mesorenal region (n = 3). In two cases, the mass involved more than one kidney region. Surgical resection confirmed renal cell carcinoma in six patients in whom pre-operative endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration demonstrated renal cell carcinoma. No complications were reported. Conclusions Endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration appears as a safe and feasible procedure with good results and minimal morbidity.

Context Direct endoscopic visualization of biliopancreatic duct is certainly one of the greatest advances of therapeutic endoscopy. The use of a single-operator cholangioscopy platform (SpyGlass) is a promising technique in the evaluation of diseases such as indeterminate biliary stricture and giant choledocholitiasis. This is the first Brazilian case series using this technology. Methods We report a case series of 20 patients in whom SpyGlass was used with diagnostic and therapeutic intention. Results Most patients were female (60%) and the median age was 48 years (ranging from 14 to 94). Choledocholitiasis was the most common indication (12/20), and electrohydraulic lithotripsy was applied in eight (66%). Electrohydraulic lithotripsy was successful in seven (87.5%) patients. Partial stone fragmentation occurred in one patient with large stone causing stone-choledochal disproportion, which was conducted with biliary plastic stent placement and a second scheduled endoscopic approach in 3 months. In cases of undefined etiology of biliary strictures, it was possible to exclude malignancy due to direct visualization (7/8) or biopsy (1/8). One complication occurred (duodenal perforation) after papillary balloon dilation. Conclusion The use of SpyGlass demonstrated the benefits, especially in cases of large bile duct stones and indeterminate biliary strictures. Other potencial improvements such as reduction on radiation exposure should be confirmed in prospective studies.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and clinicopathological characteristics of early gastric and esophageal cancers treated with endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) at five centers in Brazil. Methods Five centers in Brazil reported their initial experience with ESD. The cases reported had already been collected by each center before pooled analysis. Results Were resected 62 gastric lesions; 52(83,8%) of the gastric lesions were well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, 31(50%) from the antrum, 24 (38.7%) type IIa. 51 (82.2%) lesions had en-block resection with three showing lateral margin compromise. Concerning invasion, 25 (40.3%) tumors were M1. Mean tumor diameter was 18.9 mm (range, 0.6-5.0 cm) and mean procedure duration was 119.45 minutes. Gastric perforation occurred in three (4.8%) patients. Mean follow-up duration was 11.3 months, with two local recurrences and one death from pneumonia Seven months after treatment. Of the 16 esophageal lesions resected, 14 (87.4%) were squamous cell carcinoma, 10 (62.5%) were located proximally and 8 (50.0%) type IIa. Mean tumor diameter was 23.8 mm (range, 6-60 mm). Thirteen (81.2%) lesions had en-block resection with five cases of lateral margin compromise. Eight (50.0%) lesions were M1. Mean procedure duration was 78 minutes (range, 20-150 min). Complications included pneumomediastinum in two (12.5%) patients and stenosis in one (6.2%). Mean duration of follow-up was 8.6 months, with no local recurrence despite the presence of lateral margin compromise. Conclusion Different centers in Brazil feasibly perform ESD with a high success rate.

Background and study aims: Palliative treatment of gastric outlet obstruction can be done with surgical or endoscopic techniques. This systematic review aims to compare surgery and covered and uncovered stent treatments for gastric outlet obstruction (GOO). Patients and methods: Randomized clinical trials were identified in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, LILACs, BVS, SCOPUS and CINAHL databases. Comparison of covered and uncovered stents included: technical success, clinical success, complications, obstruction, migration, bleeding, perforation, stent fracture and reintervention. The outcomes used to compare surgery and stents were technical success, complications, and reintervention. Patency rate could not be included because of lack of uniformity of the extracted data. Results: Eight studies were selected, 3 comparing surgery and stents and 5 comparing covered and uncovered stents.The meta-analysis of surgical and endoscopic stent treatment showed no difference in the technical success and overall number of complications. Stents had higher reintervention rates than surgery (RD: 0.26, 95 % CI [0.05, 0.47], NNH: 4). There is no significant difference in technical success, clinical success, complications, stent fractures, perforation, bleeding and the need for reintervention in the analyses of covered and uncovered stents. There is a higher migration rate in the covered stent therapy compared to uncovered self-expanding metallic stents (SEMS) in the palliation of malignant GOO (RD: 0.09, 95 % CI [0.04, 0.14], NNH: 11). Nevertheless, covered stents had lower obstruction rates (RD: – 0.21, 95 % CI [-0.27, – 0.15], NNT: 5). Conclusions: In the palliation of malignant GOO, covered SEMS had higher migration and lower obstruction rates when compared with uncovered stents. Surgery is associated with lower reintervention rates than stents.

Background: Zenker’s diverticulum is a rare disease in the general population. Its treatment can be carried out by either an endoscopic or surgical approach. The objective of this study was to systematically identify all reports that compare both treatment modalities and to assess the outcomes in terms of length of procedure, length of hospitalization, time until diet introduction, complication rates, and recurrence rates. Methods: A search of Medline and Embase selected all studies that compared different methods of surgical and endoscopic treatment for Zenker’s diverticulum published in the English, Portuguese, and Spanish languages between 1975 and 2014. The meta-analysis was developed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. Data were extracted and analyzed for five different outcomes. Results: Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria, describing outcomes of endoscopic versus surgical treatment for 596 patients with Zenker’s diverticulum. A meta-analysis of the studies suggested a statistically significant reduction in operating time and length of hospitalization, favoring endoscopic treatment (standardized mean difference (SMD) – 78.06, 95 %CI – 90.63, – 65.48 and SMD – 3.72, 95 %CI – 4.49, – 2.95, respectively), just as with the reduction in the fasting period (SMD – 4.30, 95 %CI – 5.18, – 3.42) and risk of complications (SMD – 0.09, 95 %CI 0.03, 0.43) for patients who had undergone the endoscopic approach in comparison with the surgical group. Also, a statistically significant reduction in the risk of symptom recurrence was seen when the treatment of Zenker’s diverticulum was carried out by a surgical approach compared with endoscopic treatment (SMD 0.08, 95 %CI 0.03, 0.13). Conclusion: Compared with a surgical approach, endoscopic treatment appeared to result in a shorter length of procedure and hospitalization, earlier diet introduction, and lower rates of complications, but in higher rates of symptom recurrence.

Background and study aims: Several studies have evaluated the utility of double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) and capsule endoscopy (CE) for patients with small-bowel disease showing inconsistent results. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of overtube-assisted enteroscopy (OAE) as well as the diagnostic concordance between OAE and CE for small-bowel polyps and tumors. Patients and methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies in which the results of OAE were compared with the results of CE for the evaluation of small-bowel polyps and tumors. When data for surgically resected lesions were available, the histopathological results of OAE and surgical specimens were compared. The sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio for the diagnosis of small-bowel polyps and tumors were analyzed. Secondarily, the rates of diagnostic concordance and discordance between OAE and CE were calculated. Results: There were 15 full-length studies with a total of 821 patients that met the inclusion criteria. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio were as follows: 0.89 (95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.84 – 0.93), with heterogeneity χ2 = 41.23 (P = 0.0002) and inconsistency (I 2) = 66.0 %; 0.97 (95 %CI 0.95 – 0.98), with heterogeneity χ2 = 45.27 (P = 0.07) and inconsistency (I 2) = 69.1 %; 16.61 (95 %CI 3.74 – 73.82), with heterogeneity Cochrane’s Q = 225.19 (P

Los autores reportan el caso de una paciente derivada para el drenaje de la vía biliar por presentar ictericia. La paciente presentaba como antecedente una gastrectomía subtotal distal por cáncer gástrico avanzado y evolucionó con una masa extrahepática. La tomografía computada de abdomen mostró una masa extrahepática distal con dilatación de la vía biliar extrahepática y un calibre normal de la vía biliar intrahepática. Después de una discusión multidisciplinaria, se decidió intentar el acceso biliar extrahepático guiado por ecoendoscopía con la colocación de una prótesis metálica autoexpandible parcialmente cubierta. Después de un procedimiento exitoso, la paciente normalizó sus valores de bilirrubina.

CONTEXT: In spite of Helicobacter pylori infection being the etiological cause of peptic ulcer and its high prevalence in Brazil, the prevalence of peptic ulcer disease has been poorly studied. OBJECTIVES: To verify the peptic ulcer disease prevalence in patients of a tertiary care hospital. METHODS: Diagnostic findings from 1,478 consecutive endoscopies were correlated with the urease test results for H. pylori infection diagnosis and demographic data in a total of 3,779 endoscopies performed in 2005. The mean age of the patients was 51.14 ± 16.46, being 613 (41.5%) men. RESULTS: Peptic ulcer was diagnosed in 494 (33.4%) patients with a mean age of 54.86 ± 14.53, 205 (52%) were men, being 391 (26.5%) duodenal ulcer and 103 (7%) gastric ulcer. Normal endoscopy was found in 272 (18.4%) patients with a mean age of 38.4 ± 15.22, being 49 (18%) men. The comparison of peptic ulcer group with the patients that had normal endoscopy revealed that H. pylori infection [P = 0.005; OR = 1.70; 95% CI = 1.17-2.47][ign], male gender [P

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of biliary stenting in rats through analysis of collagen and elastin deposition in the bile ducts. METHODS: Twenty male rats underwent midline laparotomy, duodenotomy and transampullary stenting of the common bile duct with a 22Fr plastic stent. Animals were randomized in 4 groups, with 5 components in each: (I) control, (II) biliary stenting for 7 days, (III) biliary stenting for 14 days, and (IV) biliary stenting for 30 days. Sections of the common bile duct were stained using Hematoxylin Eosin; Sirius Red to quantitate the amount of collagen present; and Weigert's Resorcin-fuchsin to quantitate the amount of elastin present. RESULTS: The percentage of area stained for collagen was 13.4; 21.5; 29.5 and 32.8, for groups I to IV, respectively. The percentage of area stained for elastin fibers was 7.0; 5.2; 4.0 and 2.9, for groups I to IV, respectively. Collagen/Elastin ratio was 2.4; 5.1; 11.0 and 14.4 for groups I to IV, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The biliary stenting leads to collagen and elastin deposition in the bile ducts; and collagen deposition and collagen/elastin ratio are proportional to the period of stenting.OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da colocação de prótese biliar em ratos, analisando a deposição de colágeno e elastina no hepatocolédoco. MÉTODOS: Vinte ratos machos foram submetidos à laparotomia mediana, duodenotomia e colocação transpapilar de uma prótese plástica 22Fr no hepatocolédoco. Os animais foram randomizados em 4 grupos, com cinco componentes cada: (I) controle, (II) prótese biliar por 7 dias, (III) prótese biliar durante 14 dias e (IV) prótese biliar por 30 dias. Cortes do hepatocolédoco foram corados com Hematoxilina Eosina; Sirius Red para quantificar o colágeno; e Resorcina-fucsina de Weigert para quantificar a elastina. RESULTADOS: A porcentagem de área corada para colágeno foi de 13,4; 21,5; 29,5 e 32,8 para os grupos I a IV, respectivamente. A porcentagem de área corada para fibras de elastina foi de 7,0; 5,2; 4,0 e 2,9, para os grupos I a IV, respectivamente. A razão colágeno / elastina foi de 2,4, 5,1, 11,0 e 14,4 para os grupos I a IV, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: O implante da prótese biliar leva à deposição de colágeno e elastina nos ductos biliares; e a deposição de colágeno e a relação colágeno / elastina são proporcionais ao tempo de permanência da prótese.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic submucosal dissection is a new Japanese technique characterized by en-bloc resection of the entire lesion irrespective of size, with lower local recurrence when compared to endoscopic mucosal resection. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility, early results and complications of the endoscopic submucosal dissection technique for treating early gastric and esophageal cancer at the Endoscopic Unit of Clinics Hospital and Cancer Institute of the São Paulo University. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients underwent endoscopic resection using the endoscopic submucosal dissection technique for early gastric or esophageal cancer. The patients were evaluated prospectively as to the executability of the technique, the short-term results of the procedure and complications. RESULTS: Sixteen gastric adenocarcinoma lesions and six esophageal squamous carcinoma lesions were resected. In the stomach, the mean diameter of the lesions was 16.2 mm (0.6-3.5 mm). Eight lesions were type IIa + IIc, four were type IIa and four IIc, with thirteen being well differentiated and three undifferentiated. Regarding the degree of invasion, five were M2, seven were M3, two were Sm1 and one was Sm2. The mean duration of the procedures was 85 min (20-160 min). In the esophagus, all of the lesions were type IIb, with a mean diameter of 17.8 mm (6-30 mm). Regarding the degree of invasion, three were M1, one was M2, one was M3 and one was Sm1. All had free lateral and deep margins. The mean time of the procedure was 78 min (20-150 min). CONCLUSION: The endoscopic submucosal dissection technique was feasible in our service with a high success rate.

BACKGROUND: Echoendoscopy is a mixed technique which adds the advantages of endoscopy to those of transabdominal ultrasonography through an endoscope with transductor in its distal extremity, allowing for the evaluation of the abdominal organs reached by the endoscope and in contact with the intestinal wall. AIM: To verify the positivity rate of the echoendoscopy with puncture with thin needle (EEPTN) or (EE-PAF) in solid pancreatic mass based on the technique used in the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit of Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo. METHODS: Retrospective evaluation - cohort study - of 138 patients who were submitted to echoendoscopy through aspiration puncture between May 2004 and June 2007. The data were collected through the medical charts present in the medical files of Hospital das Clínicas (Clinical Hospital) of the University of São Paulo, having as inclusion criterion the presence of solid pancreatic mass in computerized tomography and as exclusion criterion the presence of non solid pancreatic tumor. The routine technique was the one used in the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit focusing the following variables: mass characteristics (size, location, presence of peripancreatic lymph node, presence of lymph node in celiac trunk); number of punctures to obtain microfragment for cytology, and experience of the professional in charge. The equipment used was an echoendoscopy device model Olympus EUS (EYES) Exera EU - C60, with electronic sectorial transductor and 22 gauges Wilson-Cook needles. RESULTS: Seventy six (55,4 %) male patients and 61 (44.5 %) female were enrolled. Age ranged from 16 to 87 years and means 59,9 years. The lesions were cephalic in 94 (68,1 %). Mass larger than 4 cm had a higher percentage of positivity reaching 40%, but lesions smaller than 2 cm had a percentage of 43% of inconclusive. Microfragments were obtained in 100% of the positive cases and only 73,1 % when negative (P=0,004). There was no statistic difference regarding the experience of the endoscopy professional. Only 80 patients had the number of punctures written down and it was noticed that there is better performance as the number of punctures was increased. The definitive histopathologycal diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasia occurred in only 41(29,7 %) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Regarding mass characteristics, when larger is the mass, larger is the positivity of the method; the location didn't correlate with higher positivity; when the lymph nodes were present, there was a tendency to positivity; concerning the number of punctures, the higher number, higher positivity; in relationship to the professional experience in endoscopy, there was no difference in the rate of positivity of the puncture of the solid pancreatic mass.RACIONAL: Ecoendoscopia é técnica mista que adiciona as vantagens da endoscopia àquelas da ecografia, somente que o procedimento ecográfico é realizado do interior dos órgãos para fora deles, no sentido centrífugo. OBJETIVO: Verificar a positividade da ecoendoscopia na punção com agulhas (EEPTN) ou (EE-PAF) em tumores sólidos pancreáticos baseados na técnica utilizada pelo Serviço de Endoscopia Digestiva do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Cohorte retrospectiva de 138 pacientes que realizaram ecoendoscopia com punção aspirativa por agulha fina (EE-PAAF) no período de maio de 2004 a junho de 2007. Os dados foram coletados por meio de consulta aos prontuários, constantes do arquivo médico. O critério de inclusão foi a presença de massa pancreática sólida à tomografia computadorizada e o critério de exclusão a presença de tumor pancreático não sólido. Foram utilizadas as seguintes variáveis: característica da massa (tamanho, localização, presença de linfonodo peripancreático, presença de linfonodo em tronco celíaco); número de punções para obtenção de microfragmento; citologia e experiência do profissional executante. O aparelho utilizado foi um ecoendoscópio da marca Olympus, modelo OLYMPUS EUS (EYS) EXERA EU-C60, com transdutor setorial eletrônico e agulhas de 22 gauges da marca Boston Scientific. RESULTADOS: Setenta e seis (55,4 %) deles eram do sexo masculino e 61 (44,5 %) do feminino. A idade variou de 16 a 87 anos, com média de 59,9 anos. As lesões foram cefálicas em 94 (68,1 %) dos casos. Massas maiores que 4 cm tiveram percentual de positividade maior, chegando a 40%, mas as lesões menores que 2 cm obtiveram percentual de 43 % de inconclusivo. A obtenção de microfragmentos foi conseguida em 100% dos casos positivos e apenas 73,1 %, quando negativo (P=0,004). Não houve diferença estatística em relação à experiência do endoscopista. Apenas 80 pacientes tiveram anotado o número de punções e notou-se que existe melhor desempenho quanto maior for o número delas. O diagnóstico anatomopatológico definitivo de neoplasia pancreática ocorreu em apenas 41 (29,7 %) indivíduos. CONCLUSÕES: Em relação às características da massa, quanto maior ela era maior a positividade do método; a localização não correlacionou com maior positividade; há tendência de positividade quando presentes os linfonodos peripancreáticos; em relação ao número de punções, quanto maior o número delas, maior a positividade do método; em relação à experiência do profissional, não houve diferença no índice de positividade da punção da massa pancreática sólida.

BACKGROUND: Early gastric cancer (EGC) is defined as adenocarcinoma limited to the mucosa or submucosa regardless of lymph node involvement. Local EGC recurrence rates have been described in up to 6% of cases.

RACIONAL: A gastroplastia redutora à Capella, que combina técnicas restritiva e disabsortiva, é o procedimento bariátrico mais realizado no Brasil. Uma das complicações mais temidas desta operação é a fístula gastrocutânea que ocorre na linha de grampeamento vertical da neocâmara. O tratamento inicial consiste em drenagem adequada, suporte nutricional, bloqueio da produção de ácido e antibioticoterapia. Em 20% a 30% dos casos, a fístula tomará curso crônico. Nestes casos, vários tratamentos endoscópicos têm sido sugeridos. OBJETIVO: Descrever a técnica e os resultados do tratamento endoscópico das fístulas gastrocutâneas decorrentes de operações bariátricas através da aplicação de matriz acelular fibrogênica. MÉTODOS: Nesta série de casos, descrevem-se 25 pacientes com esta complicação tratados de maneira pioneira através da aplicação endoscópica de matriz acelular fibrogênica. O tempo entre o diagnóstico da fístula e a primeira sessão do tratamento endoscópico variou de 4 a 25 semanas, mediana: 7 semanas). RESULTADOS: Dos 25 pacientes, 20 (80%) tiveram a fístula fechada pelo método. Seis deles com uma única sessão (30,0%), 11 necessitaram de duas aplicações (55,0%) e 3 pacientes, de uma terceira sessão (15,0%) para a obliteração do trajeto fistuloso. Não houve complicações relacionadas ao procedimento. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de matriz fibrogênica para o tratamento endoscópico da fístula gástrica após operação de Capella é método seguro e eficaz, sendo sua principal limitação o número de sessões necessárias.BACKGROUND: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is one of the most commonly performed bariatric surgeries in Brazil. Gastric leaks are relatively uncommon and potentially dangerous complications. The initial management of gastric leaks consists in adequate drainage, nutritional support, antibiotics and acid suppression. In almost 30% of the cases the fistula will become chronic. AIM: A novel peroral endoscopic treatment of gastric leaks in Roux-en-Y gastric bypassed patients is presented. METHODS: An acellular biomaterial was endocopically placed in the fistulous orifice in order to promote healing and avoid surgery in 25 patients. The time between fistula diagnosis and endoscopic treatment varied from 4 to 25 weeks (median: 7 weeks). RESULTS: Endoscopic treatment was successful in 20 (80%) patients. Fistula closure was obtained after one, two and three sessions in 6 (30%), 11 (55%) and 3 (15%) patients, respectively. No procedure related complications were observed. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic repair of gastric leak after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass by using an acellular biomaterial is safe and effective. However two or three endoscopic sessions are usually needed.

BACKGROUND: Placement of self-expanding metallic esophageal stent in patients with advanced esophageal cancer offers excellent palliation of dysphagia and tracheo-esophageal fistulas. However, the safety of stent in patients undergoing radio and/or chemotherapy is controversial, in terms of the greater risk of complications in cases where these two treatments are used in conjunction. AIM: To assess the use of stent in patients with advanced cancer of the mid-thoracic esophagus, by comparing patients undergoing cytoreductive therapy with patients who have not undergone this treatment, in relation to improvement in the dysphagia, rate of complications, period of effectiveness and survival time. METHODS: Fifty seven patients were evaluated retrospectively (16 women and 41 men, with an average age 62 years) with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the mid-thoracic esophagus who underwent placement of the Ultraflex™ self-expandable metallic coated stent, at the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit of São Paulo University Medical School between October 1988 and October 2004. Out of the 57 patients, 24 patients received adjuvant cytoreductive therapy, and 33 patients were only treated with the stent placement. RESULTS: After stent placement, there was improvement in dysphagia in both groups; there were no differences in the rate of complications, such as migration, pain, fistula, obstruction and compression of the airways; the period of effectiveness was significantly higher in the group submitted to cytoreductive therapy (average 123 days compared to 63 days), as was the survival time (average of 210 days, compared with 120 days). CONCLUSIONS: Improvement in dysphagia was statistically significant in both groups, irrespective of whether the patient had undergone adjuvant cytoreductive therapy; there were no differences in the rate of complications between the two groups and both the period of effectiveness of the stent treatment and the survival time were higher in the group with adjuvant cytoreductive therapy.RACIONAL: A colocação de stent esofágico metálico e auto-expansível em pacientes com câncer esofágico avançado oferece boa paliação para disfagia e fístulas traqueoesofágicas. No entanto, a segurança do stent em pacientes submetidos à rádio e/ou quimioterapia é controversa, podendo gerar maior risco de complicações em casos onde estes dois tratamentos são utilizados em conjunto. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o uso de stent em pacientes com câncer médio-torácico de esôfago avançado, comparando os pacientes submetidos à terapia citoredutora aos que não foram submetidos a este tratamento, com relação a melhora da disfagia, índice de complicações, período de efetividade e tempo de sobrevivência. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadaos retrospectivamente 57 pacientes (16 mulheres e 41 homens, com idade média de 62 anos) com carcinoma de células escamosas avançado na região esofágica médio-torácica. Estes foram submetidos à colocação do stent metálico auto-expansível Ultraflex™, na Unidade de Endoscopia Gastrointestinal do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo durante outubro de 1988 a outubro de 2004. De um total de 57 pacientes, 24 receberam terapia citoredutora adjuvante e 33 somente o tratamento através da colocação de stent. RESLTADOS: Após a colocação do stent, houve melhora com relação a displasia em ambos os grupos; não houve diferenças com relação ao índice de complicações, como enxaquecas, dores, fístulas, obstrução e compressão das vias aéreas; o período de efetividade foi significativamente maior no grupo submetido à terapia citoredutora (média de 123 dias comparados à 63 dias), assim como no tempo de sobrevivência (média de 210 dias comparados a 120). CONCLUSÃO: Melhora estatisticamente significante foi encontrada em ambos os grupos com relação à displasia, independentemente se o paciente foi submetido ou não à terapia citoredutora adjuvante; não houve diferenças quanto ao índice de complicações entre os dois grupos e tanto o período de efetividade do tratamento com stent como o tempo de sobrevivência foram maiores no grupo com terapia citoredutora adjuvante.

BACKGROUND: Esophagogastric abnormalities are recognized prior and after bariatric procedures, but frequency and severity are debated. Liver and biliary tract findings are also of clinical importance, especially gallstones and liver steatosis. AIM: To compare pre-operative findings of hepatobiliary ultrasound and upper digestive endoscopy with post-operative results in patients submitted to open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. METHODS: A total of 80 patients were enrolled 16.8 ± 12.1 months after operation, all of them on routine follow-up program, and 8 were excluded. Retrospective analysis aimed at pre-operative clinical, endoscopic and ultrasonographic examinations and were prospectively repeated. RESULTS: Pre-operative endoscopical report was available in 42 cases, and 52 examinations were performed post-operatively. Frequency of esophagitis changed from 16.7% (7/42) to 15.4% (8/52), and of gastritis from 45.2% (19/42) to 21.2% (11/52). Gastric or gastrojejunal ulcers were initially present in 4.8% (2/42) and increased to 9.6% (5/52). Post-operatively, an unusual abnormality was silastic band erosion: 7.7% (4/52). Helicobacter pylori was present in 50.0% (21/42) before and 3.5% (2/52) after operation. Ultrasonographic study had been done before intervention in 63 subjects, and 57 were executed on follow-up. Liver steatosis occurred previously in 58.7% (37/63) and in 43.9% (25/57) later on. Only 12.7% (8/63) of the patients had undergone cholecystectomy before bariatric operation, 29.1%(16/55) suffered simultaneous resection of gallbladder because of stones during Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, and an additional 26.8% (10/36) developed gallstones post-operatively. CONCLUSIONS: Liver steatosis did not statistically improve, nor did inflammatory conditions of the upper digestive tube, despite reduction of H. pylori infections; gallbladder stones requiring intervention were common.RACIONAL: Anormalidades esôfago-gástricas são reconhecidas anteriormente e após procedimentos bariátricos e suas freqüências são alvo de discussão. Achados hepáticos e biliares são também de importância clínica, especialmente litíase biliar e esteatose hepática. OBJETIVO: Comparar achados pré-operatórios de ultra-sonografia hepática e vias biliares e de endoscopias digestivas altas com resultados pós-operatórios dos mesmos em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia bariátrica aberta com derivação intestinal. MÉTODOS: Oitenta pacientes foram incluídos na pesquisa 16.8 ± 12.1 meses após a operação, todos no seguimento ambulatorial de rotina, tendo oito sido excluídos. Análise retrospectiva foi feita com enfoque nos dados pré-operatórios, em exames ultra-sonográficos e endoscópicos dos pacientes e estes foram, prospectivamente, realizados para este estudo. RESULTADOS: A endoscopia pré-operatória foi realizada em 42 casos e 52 exames foram realizados no pós-operatório. A freqüência de esofagite mudou de 16,7% (7/42) para 15,4% (8/52) e de gastrite de 45,2% (19/42) para 21,2% (11/52). Úlceras gástricas ou gastrojejunais estavam inicialmente presentes em 4,8% (2/42) e aumentaram para 9,6% (5/52). No pós-operatório uma anormalidade incomum encontrada foi a erosão da banda de silastic 7,7% (4/52). H. pylori estava presente em 50,0% (21/42) no período pré-operatório e em 3,5% (2/52) no seguimento pós-operatório. A análise ultra-sonográfica foi feita no período pré-operatório em 63 pacientes e 57 foram realizadas no pós-operatório. Esteatose hepática estava presente em 58,7% (37/63) e em 43.9% (25/57), posteriormente. Apenas 12,7% (8/63) dos pacientes tinham colecistectomia prévia, 29,1% (16/55) sofreram colecistectomia durante o procedimento bariátrico e mais 26,8% (10/36) desenvolveram litíase biliar no seguimento pós-operatório. CONCLUSÕES: Esteatose hepática não melhorou de forma estatisticamente significativa, nem as doenças inflamatórias do tubo digestivo superior, apesar da redução da infecção pelo H. pylori. Litíase biliar requerendo intervenção foi comum.

Background and study aims: The results of endoscopic treatment with elastic band ligation for esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with Child-Pugh class C cirrhosis remain poor. In comparison with treatment with elastic band ligation, we have found lower rates of rebleeding and mortality with n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injections. Thus, the aim of the current study was to describe our unit’s 10 years of experience with injection of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate to control esophageal variceal ruptures in patients with Child-Pugh class C cirrhosis. Patients and methods: A single-center, retrospective study was conducted. Sixty-three patients with Child-Pugh class C cirrhosis had been admitted to the center with an acute episode of esophageal variceal bleeding. All were treated with injection of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. The patients were assigned to 1 of 2 groups according to their Child-Pugh class C cirrhosis scores: group I (score range, 10 through 13 points) and group II (score, 14 or 15 points). The 3 variables studied were rates of initial failure to control bleeding, failure to prevent rebleeding (secondary prophylaxis), and mortality. Patients in the 2 groups (group I, n = 50; group II, n = 13) had similar characteristics. Results: Bleeding was successfully controlled in almost 75 % of the patients during the first 5 days after treatment, with no significant differences observed between groups I and II. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with respect to mortality rate for the first 5 days after treatment. Thirty-four patients (54 %) were free of bleeding at 6 weeks after treatment, with a significant difference noted between the groups: group I, 64 %, versus group II, 15.4 % (P

BACKGROUND: Gastric antral vascular ectasia is a disorder whose pathogenetic mechanism is unknown. The endoscopic treatment with argon plasma coagulation has been considered one of the best endoscopic therapeutic options. AIM: To analyze the endoscopic and clinical features of gastric antral vascular ectasia and its response to the argon plasma coagulation treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients were studied and classified into two groups: group 1 - whose endoscopic aspect was striped (watermelon) or of the diffuse confluent type; group 2 - diffuse spotty nonconfluent endoscopic aspect. RESULTS: Group 1 with eight patients, all having autoimmune antibodies, but one, whose antibodies were not searched for. Three were cirrhotic and three had hypothyroidism. All had gastric mucosa atrophy. In group 2, with 10 patients, all had non-immune liver disease, with platelet levels below 90.000. Ten patients were submitted to argon plasma coagulation treatment, with 2 to 36 months of follow-up. Lesions recurred in all patients who remained in the follow-up program and one did not respond to treatment for acute bleeding control. CONCLUSION: There seem to be two distinct groups of patients with gastric antral vascular ectasia: one related to immunologic disorders and other to non-immune chronic liver disease and low platelets. The endoscopic treatment using argon plasma coagulation had a high recurrence in the long-term evaluation.RACIONAL: "Watermelon stomach" ou ectasia vascular do antro gástrico é uma doença de etiopatogenia desconhecida. O tratamento endoscópico através da coagulação com plasma de argônio é considerado uma das melhores opções terapêuticas. OBJETIVO: Analisar os aspectos clínicos e endoscópicos da ectasia vascular do antro gástrico e a resposta ao tratamento com coagulação com plasma de argônio. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Dezoito pacientes foram estudados e classificados em dois grupos: grupo I - oito pacientes que exibiam ectasia vascular do antro gástrico de aspecto difuso confluente ou estriado. Grupo II - 10 pacientes que apresentavam aspecto difuso pontilhado não-confluente. RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes do grupo I apresentavam auto-anticorpos, exceto um paciente no qual não foi pesquisado. Três eram cirróticos, três tinham hipotireoidismo e todos apresentavam gastrite atrófica. No grupo II, todos tinham doença hepática não-autoimune, com plaquetas menores que 90.000. Dez pacientes foram submetidos a tratamento com coagulação com plasma de argônio, com 2 a 36 meses de seguimento. A ectasia vascular do antro gástrico recorreu em todos os pacientes que continuaram em acompanhamento e um paciente não respondeu ao tratamento para controle de sangramento agudo. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se a existência de dois grupos distintos de pacientes com ectasia vascular do antro gástrico: um grupo associado a distúrbios imunológicos e outro com doença hepática não auto-imune e plaquetopenia. O tratamento com coagulação com plasma de argônio apresentou alta recurrência das ectasias vasculares.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography is highly accurate in diagnosing choledocholithiasis, but it is the most invasive of the available methods. Endoscopic ultrasonography is a very accurate test for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis with a risk of complications similar to that of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. AIM: To compare the accuracy of endoscopic ultrassonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in the diagnosis of common bile duct stones before laparoscopic cholecystectomy and to analyze endoscopic ultrasound results according to stone size and common bile duct diameter. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred and fifteen patients with symptomatic gallstones were admitted for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Sixty-eight of them (31.7%) had a dilated common bile duct and/or hepatic biochemical parameter abnormalities. They were submitted to endoscopic ultrassonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. Sphincterotomy and sweeping of the common bile duct were performed if endoscopic ultrassonography or endoscopic retrograde cholangiography were considered positive for choledocholithiasis. After sphincterotomy and common bile duct clearance the largest stone was retrieved for measurement. Endoscopic or surgical explorations of the common bile duct were considered the gold-standard methods for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis. RESULTS: All 68 patients were submitted to laparoscopic cholecystectomy with intraoperative cholangiography with confirmation of the presence of gallstones. Endoscopic ultrassonography was a more sensitivity test than endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (97% vs. 67%) for the detection of choledocholithiasis. When stones >4.0 mm were analyzed, endoscopic ultrassonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography presented similar results (96% vs. 90%). Neither the size of the stone nor the common bile duct diameter had influence on endoscopic ultrasonographic performance. CONCLUSIONS: For a group of patients with an intermediate or moderate risk with respect to the likelihood of having common bile duct stones, endoscopic ultrassonography is a better test for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis when compared to endoscopic retrograde cholangiography mainly for small-sized calculi.RACIONAL: A colangiografia retrógrada endoscópica é método acurado porém invasivo para o diagnóstico da coledocolitíase. A ecoendoscopia também é método bastante eficaz para a detecção de cálculo coledociano e apresenta riscos semelhantes àqueles de uma endoscopia digestiva convencional. OBJETIVOS: Comparar a acurácia da ecoendoscopia e da colangiografia endoscópica para o diagnóstico do cálculo da via biliar principal antes da colecistectomia laparoscópica e analisar a influência do tamanho do cálculo e do calibre da via biliar principal na eficácia diagnóstica da ecoendoscopia. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Duzentos e quinze pacientes com colecistolitíase sintomática foram admitidos para colecistectomia laparoscópica. Destes, 68 (31,7%) apresentaram dilatação da via biliar extra-hepática à ecografia convencional e/ou alteração de enzimas hepáticas e canaliculares. Foram, então, submetidos a ecoendoscopia e colangiografia endoscópica, seguida de papilotomia, se qualquer um dos métodos sugerisse a presença de coledocolitíase. Após a papilotomia, o maior cálculo foi recuperado e medido. A exploração endoscópica ou cirúrgica da via biliar foi considerada o padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico de coledocolitíase. RESULTADOS: Todos os 68 pacientes foram submetidos a colecistectomia laparoscópica com colangiografia intra-operatória, comprovando-se colecistolitíase neste grupo. A ecoendoscopia foi mais sensível do que a colangiografia endoscópica para a detecção de cálculos coledocianos (97% vs. 67%). Para os cálculos maiores de 4,0 mm, os métodos apresentaram sensibilidades semelhantes (96% vs. 90%). Os resultados da ecoendoscopia não foram influenciados pelo tamanho do cálculo ou pelo calibre do colédoco. CONCLUSÕES: Para pacientes com risco intermediário para coledocolitíase, a ecoendoscopia é método mais sensível do que a colangiografia endoscópica, especialmente para cálculos pequenos.

Background/study aim: During the last several years, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided pancreatic fluid collections’ (PFC) drainage has evolved into the preferred drainage technique. Recently, self-expanding metallic stents (SEMS) have been used as an alternative to double pigtail stents, with the advantage of providing a larger diameter fistula, thereby decreasing the risk of early obstruction and also allowing for direct endoscopic exploration of the cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical and clinical success, safety, and outcome of patients undergoing EUS-guided drainage of complex PFC using SEMS. Patients/materials and methods: The study was conducted at two tertiary hospitals from January 2010 to January 2013. All patients with PFC referred for endoscopic drainage were enrolled in a prospective database. The inclusion criteria were: (1) patients with pseudocysts or walled-off necrosis based on the revised Atlanta classification; (2) symptomatic patients with thick PFC; (3) PFC that persisted more than 6 weeks; and (4) large PFC diameter (≥ 9 cm). The exclusion criteria consisted of coagulation disorders, PFC bleeding or infection, and failure-to-inform written consent. Results: A total of 16 patients (9 females, 7 males; mean age 52.6, range 20 – 82) underwent EUS drainage with SEMS. There were 14 cases of pseudocysts and 2 cases of walled-off necrosis. The etiologies of the PFC were mainly gallstones (8 of 16 patients, 50 %) and alcohol (5 of 16 patients, 31 %). Technical success was achieved in 100 % of the cases. All patients had a complete resolution of the PFC. Conclusion: Transmural EUS-guided drainage of complex PFC using SEMS is feasible, appears safe, and is efficacious. However, the exchange of the UC (uncovered)-SEMS for plastic stents is mandatory within 1 week. Future prospective studies, preferably multicenter studies, comparing SEMS versus traditional plastic stents for the drainage of PFC are warranted.