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3. Development and optimization of sampling techniques for environmental samples from African swine fever virus-contaminated surfaces with no organic contaminants.

Author

Taeyong Kwon, Gebhardt, Jordan T., Eu Lim Lyoo, Gaudreault, Natasha N., Trujillo, Jessie D., Woodworth, Jason C., Paulk, Chad B., Jones, Cassandra K., and Richt, Juergen A.

Subjects
AFRICAN swine fever, ENVIRONMENTAL sampling, SURGICAL sponges, WILD boar, COMMUNICABLE diseases
Abstract

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious diseases in domestic pigs and wild boars with up to 100% mortality. ASF virus (ASFV) is a causative agent responsible for ASF and highly resistant in environments, which creates a significant challenge for the control and eradication of the virus. Despite the geographical expansion of ASFV and internationalmovement of products to sustain the swine production system, there is limited knowledge on the use of environmental samples to perform surveillance to prevent the introduction of ASFV into ASFV-free areas and for control of transmission in affected areas. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and optimize sampling techniques for environmental samples for ASFV detection. The stainless steel surfaces were contaminated with ASFV-infected blood, swabbed using different devices, and then processed through different techniques. The environmental samples were processed and tested using qPCR analysis. The results showed that the use of pre-moistened gauze surgical sponges, sweeping pads, and sponge sticks resulted in increased sensitivity, when compared to either dry sampling devices or Dacron swab. In particular, the combination of the sponge stick and the commercial nucleic acid preservative supported the best detection of ASFV DNA on the clean stainless steel surfaces evaluated. Pre-incubation for the short period of time and centrifugation at low speed were sufficient to provide satisfactory diagnostic sensitivity of ASFV detection using qPCR for environmental samples. Our findings contribute to the development of techniques for environmental samples for ASFV surveillance to prevent the introduction and dissemination of ASFV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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4. Nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA), and growth performance of thermally processed and fermented food waste for broilers12

Author

Beckman, Nelsa M., primary, Lancaster, Phillip A., additional, Engnell, Mason J., additional, Otott, Haley K., additional, Blomme, Allison K., additional, Badger, Patrick A., additional, Lopez, Diego A., additional, Zheng, Yi, additional, Amachawadi, Raghavendra G., additional, Schrader, Melissa A., additional, Stark, Charles R., additional, and Paulk, Chad B., additional

Published
2024
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5. Evaluation of Truck Cab Decontamination Procedures following Inoculation with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Author

Houston, Grace E., primary, Jones, Cassandra K., additional, Evans, Caitlin, additional, Otott, Haley K., additional, Stark, Charles R., additional, Bai, Jianfa, additional, Poulsen Porter, Elizabeth G., additional, de Almeida, Marcelo N., additional, Zhang, Jianqiang, additional, Gauger, Phillip C., additional, Blomme, Allison K., additional, Woodworth, Jason C., additional, Paulk, Chad B., additional, and Gebhardt, Jordan T., additional

Published
2024
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7. Effect of the pelleting process on diet formulations with varying levels of crystalline amino acids and reducing sugars on digestibility in growing pigs

Author

Dunmire, Kara M, primary, Lopez, Diego A, additional, Zhang, Yiqin, additional, Jones, Cassandra K, additional, Li, Yonghui, additional, Woodworth, Jason C, additional, Goodband, Robert D, additional, Tokach, Michael D, additional, Stark, Charles R, additional, Stein, Hans H, additional, and Paulk, Chad B, additional

Published
2024
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9. Detection of African Swine Fever Virus in Feed and Feed Mill Environment Following Extended Storage

Author

National Pork Board (US), Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (US), Houston, Grace E. [0000-0001-8113-1616], Trujillo, Jessie D. [0000-0002-4930-5839], Cool, Konner R. [0000-0003-3666-0214], Paulk, Chad B. [0000-0001-8844-6477], Gaudreault, Natasha N. [0000-0002-7195-785X], Woodworth, Jason C. [0000-0001-7268-4278], Morozov, Igor [0000-0002-9343-5446], Gallardo, Carmina [0000-0003-3293-306X], Gebhardt, Jordan T. [0000-0002-6144-6714], Richt, Jürgen A. [0000-0001-7308-5672], Houston, Grace E., Trujillo, Jessie D., Jones, Cassandra K., Kwon, Taeyong, Stark, Charles R., Cool, Konner R., Paulk, Chad B., Gaudreault, Natasha N., Woodworth, Jason C., Morozov, Igor, Gallardo, Carmina, Gebhardt, Jordan T., Richt, Jürgen A., National Pork Board (US), Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (US), Houston, Grace E. [0000-0001-8113-1616], Trujillo, Jessie D. [0000-0002-4930-5839], Cool, Konner R. [0000-0003-3666-0214], Paulk, Chad B. [0000-0001-8844-6477], Gaudreault, Natasha N. [0000-0002-7195-785X], Woodworth, Jason C. [0000-0001-7268-4278], Morozov, Igor [0000-0002-9343-5446], Gallardo, Carmina [0000-0003-3293-306X], Gebhardt, Jordan T. [0000-0002-6144-6714], Richt, Jürgen A. [0000-0001-7308-5672], Houston, Grace E., Trujillo, Jessie D., Jones, Cassandra K., Kwon, Taeyong, Stark, Charles R., Cool, Konner R., Paulk, Chad B., Gaudreault, Natasha N., Woodworth, Jason C., Morozov, Igor, Gallardo, Carmina, Gebhardt, Jordan T., and Richt, Jürgen A.

Abstract

One way to mitigate risk of feed-based pathogens for swine diets is to quarantine feed ingredients before inclusion in complete diets. Data have been generated evaluating the stability of swine viruses in ingredients, but the stability of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in feed or in a feed manufacturing environment has not been well characterized. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the stability of ASFV DNA in swine feed and on mill surfaces over time. A pilot-scale feed mill was used to manufacture six sequential batches of feed consisting of a batch of ASFV-free feed, followed by a batch inoculated with ASFV (final concentration = 5.6 × 104 TCID50/g), and then four subsequent ASFV-free batches. After each batch, 10 feed samples were aseptically collected in a double “X” pattern. During feed manufacturing, 24 steel coupons were placed on the floor of the manufacturing area and allowed to collect dust during feed manufacturing. Once feed manufacturing was completed, feed samples and steel coupons were stored at room temperature. Three of each were randomly selected from storage on 3, 7, 14, 28, 60, 90, and 180 days after feed manufacturing and analyzed for ASFV DNA. For feed samples, there was evidence of a batch × day interaction (P ¼ 0:023) for the quantification of genomic copies/g of feed, indicating that the amount of ASFV DNA present was impacted by both the batch of feed and days held at room temperature. There were no differences of genomic copies/g in early batches, but quantity of detectable ASFV decreased with increasing storage time. In Batches 4–6, the greatest quantity of ASFV DNA was detected on the day of feed manufacturing. The lowest quantity was detected on Day 7 for Batch 4, Day 60 for Batch 5, and at 28 and 180 days for Batch 6. There was no evidence of ASFV degradation on environmental discs across holding times (P ¼ 0:433). In conclusion, the quarantining of feed may help reduce but not eliminate the presence of ASFV DNA in feed over t

Published
2023

10. 46 The Distribution of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, and Seneca Valley Virus 1 Inoculated Feed After Chemical Mitigation to Flush a Feed Mill

Author

Harrison, Olivia, primary, Otott, Haley, additional, Bai, Jianfa, additional, Hamill, Vaughn, additional, Woodworth, Jason C, additional, Jones, Cassandra K, additional, Stark, Charles R, additional, Pogranichniy, Roman, additional, Gebhardt, Jordan T, additional, and Paulk, Chad B, additional

Published
2023
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12. Detection of African Swine Fever Virus in Feed and Feed Mill Environment Following Extended Storage

Author

Houston, Grace E., primary, Trujillo, Jessie D., additional, Jones, Cassandra K., additional, Kwon, Taeyong, additional, Stark, Charles R., additional, Cool, Konner, additional, Paulk, Chad B., additional, Gaudreault, Natasha N., additional, Woodworth, Jason C., additional, Morozov, Igor, additional, Gallardo, Carmina, additional, Gebhardt, Jordan T., additional, and Richt, Jürgen A., additional

Published
2023
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16. Isolation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from feed ingredients and complete feed, with subsequent RT-qPCR analysis.

Author

Blomme, Allison K., Ackerman, Tate L., Jones, Cassandra K., Gebhardt, Jordan T., Woodworth, Jason C., Paulk, Chad B., and Pogranichniy, Roman M.

Subjects
PORCINE reproductive & respiratory syndrome, REPRODUCTIVE isolation, VIRUS isolation, SWINE nutrition, SOYBEAN meal
Abstract

We used virus isolation (VI) to determine tissue culture infectivity and reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to determine the stability of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 (PRRSV) strain P129 in solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM), dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), complete swine feed (FEED), or medium (DMEM) at 4°C, 23°C, or 37°C for up to 3 d. Samples of each treatment were taken at regular intervals and processed. Supernatant was titrated and used to inoculate confluent MARC-145 cells to determine infectivity. RNA was extracted from each supernatant sample and tested by RT-qPCR to determine any change in detectable virus RNA across matrix type, temperature, and time. An interaction (p = 0.028) was observed for matrix × temperature × hour for live virus detected by VI. At 4°C, the concentration of infectious virus was greatest in DMEM, intermediate in SBM, and lowest in DDGS and FEED. DMEM also had the greatest concentration of infectious PRRSV at 23°C over time; a higher infectious virus concentration was maintained in SBM for longer than in DDGS or FEED. At 37°C, a greater concentration of infectious virus was sustained in DMEM than in the feedstuffs, with concentrations decreasing until 48 h post-inoculation. Only matrix type influenced the quantity of viral RNA detected by RT-qPCR (p = 0.032). More viral RNA was detected in the virus control than in DDGS; SBM and FEED were intermediate. By VI, we found that infectious virus could be harbored in SBM, DDGS, and FEED for a short time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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17. Understanding the Reduction of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, and Seneca Valley Virus 1 RNA in Inoculated Feed and the Environment Following Thermal Processing

Author

Harrison, Olivia L., primary, Otott, Haley K., additional, Bai, Jianfa, additional, Hamill, Vaughn A., additional, Singrey, Aaron, additional, Gauger, Phillip C., additional, Almeida, Marcelo N., additional, Woodworth, Jason C., additional, Stark, Charles R., additional, Pogranichniy, Roman M., additional, Jones, Cassandra K., additional, Gebhardt, Jordan T., additional, and Paulk, Chad B., additional

Published
2023
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18. Evaluating the Distribution of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, and Seneca Valley Virus 1 Inoculated Feed After the Use of Physical or Chemical Mitigants to Flush a Feed Manufacturing Facility

Author

Harrison, Olivia L., primary, Otott, Haley K., additional, Bai, Jianfa, additional, Hamill, Vaughn A., additional, Singrey, Aaron, additional, Gauger, Phillip C., additional, Almeida, Marcelo N., additional, Woodworth, Jason C., additional, Stark, C. R., additional, Pogranichniy, Roman M., additional, Jones, Cassandra K., additional, Gebhardt, Jordan T., additional, and Paulk, Chad B., additional

Published
2023
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26. Evaluating dry vs. wet disinfection in boot baths on detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory virus RNA

Author

Harrison, Olivia L, primary, Houston, Grace E, additional, Blomme, Allison K, additional, Otott, Haley K, additional, Bai, Jianfa, additional, Poulsen Porter, Elizabeth G, additional, Woodworth, Jason C, additional, Paulk, Chad B, additional, Gebhardt, Jordan T, additional, and Jones, Cassandra K, additional

Published
2022
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28. Effect of mixing and feed batch sequencing on the prevalence and distribution of African swine fever virus in swine feed

Author

Kansas State, US Department of Homeland Security, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (US), Jones, Cassandra K. [0000-0002-0671-8879], Paulk, Chad B. [0000-0001-8844-6477], Gallardo, Carmina [0000-0003-3293-306X], Gebhardt, Jordan T. [0000-0002-6144-6714], Elijah, Catherine Grace, Trujillo, Jessie D., Jones, Cassandra K., Kwon, Taeyong, Stark, Charles R., Cool, Konner R., Paulk, Chad B., Gaudreault, Natasha N., Woodworth, Jason C., Morozov, Igor, Gallardo, Carmina, Gebhardt, Jordan T., Richt, Jürgen A., Kansas State, US Department of Homeland Security, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (US), Jones, Cassandra K. [0000-0002-0671-8879], Paulk, Chad B. [0000-0001-8844-6477], Gallardo, Carmina [0000-0003-3293-306X], Gebhardt, Jordan T. [0000-0002-6144-6714], Elijah, Catherine Grace, Trujillo, Jessie D., Jones, Cassandra K., Kwon, Taeyong, Stark, Charles R., Cool, Konner R., Paulk, Chad B., Gaudreault, Natasha N., Woodworth, Jason C., Morozov, Igor, Gallardo, Carmina, Gebhardt, Jordan T., and Richt, Jürgen A.

Abstract

It is critical to have methods that can detect and mitigate the risk of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in potentially contaminated feed or ingredients bound for the United States. The purpose of this work was to evaluate feed batch sequencing as a mitigation technique for ASFV contamination in a feed mill, and to determine if a feed sampling method could identify ASFV following experimental inoculation. Batches of feed were manufactured in a BSL-3Ag room at Kansas State University's Biosafety Research Institute in Manhattan, Kansas. First, the pilot feed manufacturing system mixed, conveyed, and discharged an ASFV-free diet. Next, a diet was manufactured using the same equipment, but contained feed inoculated with ASFV for final concentration of 5.6 × 104 TCID50/g. Then, four subsequent ASFV-free batches of feed were manufactured. After discharging each batch into a collection container, 10 samples were collected in a double ‘X’ pattern. Samples were analysed using a qPCR assay for ASFV p72 gene then the cycle threshold (Ct) and Log10 genomic copy number (CN)/g of feed were determined. The qPCR Ct values (p < .0001) and the Log10 genomic CN/g (p < .0001) content of feed samples were impacted based on the batch of feed. Feed samples obtained after manufacturing the ASFV-contaminated diet contained the greatest amounts of ASFV p72 DNA across all criteria (p < .05). Quantity of ASFV p72 DNA decreased sequentially as additional batches of feed were manufactured, but was still detectable after batch sequence 4. This subsampling method was able to identify ASFV genetic material in feed samples using p72 qPCR. In summary, sequencing batches of feed decreases concentration of ASFV contamination in feed, but does not eliminate it. Bulk ingredients can be accurately evaluated for ASFV contamination by collecting 10 subsamples using the sampling method described herein. Future research is needed to evaluate if different mitigation techniques can reduce ASFV feed contaminatio

Published
2021

29. Evaluating the distribution of African swine fever virus within a feed mill environment following manufacture of inoculated feed

Author

Kansas State, US Department of Homeland Security, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (US), Elijah, Catherine Grace [0000-0001-8113-1616], Trujillo, Jessie D. [0000-0002-4930-5839], Cool, Konner R. [0000-0003-3666-0214], Paulk, Chad B.[0000-0001-8844-6477], Gallardo, Carmina [0000-0003-3293-306X], Gebhardt, Jordan T. [0000-0002-6144-6714], Richt, Jürgen A. [0000-0001-7308-5672], Elijah, Catherine Grace, Trujillo, Jessie D., Jones, Cassandra K., Gaudreault, Natasha N., Stark, Charles R., Cool, Konner R., Paulk, Chad B., Kwon, Taeyong, Woodworth, Jason C., Morozov, Igor, Gallardo, Carmina, Gebhardt, Jordan T., Richt, Jürgen A., Kansas State, US Department of Homeland Security, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (US), Elijah, Catherine Grace [0000-0001-8113-1616], Trujillo, Jessie D. [0000-0002-4930-5839], Cool, Konner R. [0000-0003-3666-0214], Paulk, Chad B.[0000-0001-8844-6477], Gallardo, Carmina [0000-0003-3293-306X], Gebhardt, Jordan T. [0000-0002-6144-6714], Richt, Jürgen A. [0000-0001-7308-5672], Elijah, Catherine Grace, Trujillo, Jessie D., Jones, Cassandra K., Gaudreault, Natasha N., Stark, Charles R., Cool, Konner R., Paulk, Chad B., Kwon, Taeyong, Woodworth, Jason C., Morozov, Igor, Gallardo, Carmina, Gebhardt, Jordan T., and Richt, Jürgen A.

Abstract

It is critical to understand the role feed manufacturing may have regarding potential African swine fever virus (ASFV) transmission, especially given the evidence that feed and/or ingredients may be potential vectors. The objective of the study was to evaluate the distribution of ASFV in a feed mill following manufacture of contaminated feed. To accomplish this, a pilot-scale feed mill consisting of a mixer, bucket elevator, and spouting was constructed in a BSL-3Ag facility. First, a batch of ASFV-free feed was manufactured, followed by a batch of feed that had an ASFV-contaminated ingredient added to feed, which was then mixed and discharged from the equipment. Subsequently, four additional ASFV-free batches of feed were manufactured using the same equipment. Environmental swabs from 18 locations within the BSL-3Ag room were collected after each batch of feed was discharged. The locations of the swabs were categorized into four zones: 1) feed contact surface, 2) non-feed contact surface < 1 meter away from feed, 3) non-feed contact surface > 1 meter from feed, and 4) transient surfaces. Environmental swabs were analyzed using a qPCR specific for the ASFV p72 gene and reported as genomic copy number (CN)/mL of environmental swab processing buffer. Genomic copies were transformed with a log10 function for statistical analysis. There was no evidence of a zone × batch interaction for log10 genomic CN/mL (P = 0.625) or cycle threshold (Ct) value (P = 0.608). Sampling zone impacted the log10 p72 genomic CN/mL (P < 0.0001) and Ct values (P < 0.0001), with a greater amount of viral genome detected on transient surfaces compared to other surfaces (P < 0.05). This study illustrates that once ASFV enters the feed mill environment it becomes widespread and movement of people can significantly contribute to the spread of ASFV in a feed mill environment.

Published
2021

30. A longitudinal investigation of the effects of age, dietary fiber type and level, and injectable antimicrobials on the fecal microbiome and antimicrobial resistance of finisher pigs

Author

Gaire, Tara N, primary, Noyes, Noelle R, additional, Scott, H Morgan, additional, Ericsson, Aaron C, additional, Dunmire, Kara, additional, Tokach, Mike D, additional, Paulk, Chad B, additional, Vinasco, Javier, additional, Roenne, Boyd, additional, Nagaraja, T G, additional, and Volkova, Victoriya V, additional

Published
2022
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33. 61 Persistence and Distribution of African Swine Fever Virus in Feed and Feed Mill Environment Over Time After Manufacture of Experimentally Inoculated Feed and Subsequent Manufactured Batches of Feed

Author

Elijah, Catherine G, primary, Trujillo, Jessie, additional, Jones, Cassandra K, additional, Kwon, Taeyong, additional, Stark, Charles R, additional, Cool, Konner, additional, Paulk, Chad B, additional, Gaudreault, Natasha, additional, Woodworth, Jason C, additional, Morozov, Igor, additional, Gallardo, Carmina, additional, Gebhardt, Jordan T, additional, and Richt, Jurgen, additional

Published
2022
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35. 53 Evaluating the Efficacy of Boot Baths with Wet and Dry Disinfectants for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Author

Harrison, Olivia, primary, Elijah, Catherine Grace, additional, Blomme, Allison K, additional, Ottot, Haley, additional, Bai, Jianfa, additional, Poulsen-Porter, Elizabeth, additional, Woodworth, Jason C, additional, Paulk, Chad B, additional, Gebhardt, Jordan T, additional, and Jones, Cassandra K, additional

Published
2022
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41. Evaluating a Dry vs. Wet Disinfection in Boot Baths on Detection of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus RNA

Author

Harrison, Olivia L., primary, Houston, Grace E., additional, Blomme, Allison K., additional, Otott, Haley K., additional, Bai, Jianfa, additional, Poulsen Porter, Elizabeth G., additional, Woodworth, Jason C., additional, Paulk, Chad B., additional, Gebhardt, Jordan T., additional, and Jones, Cassandra K., additional

Published
2022
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43. Persistence of African Swine Fever Virus in Feed and Feed Mill Environment over Time after Manufacture of Experimentally Inoculated Feed

Author

Houston, Grace E., primary, Trujillo, Jessie D., additional, Jones, Cassandra K., additional, Kwon, Taeyong, additional, Stark, Charles R., additional, Cool, Konnor R., additional, Paulk, Chad B., additional, Gaudreault, Natasha N., additional, Woodworth, Jason C., additional, Morozov, Igor, additional, Gallardo, Carmina, additional, Gebhardt, Jordan T., additional, and Richt, Juergen A., additional

Published
2022
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47. Diet production and utilization of corn fermented protein compared to traditional yeast in healthy adult cats.

Author

Kilburn-Kappeler, Logan R., Paulk, Chad B., and Aldrich, Charles G.

Abstract

The inclusion of yeast in pet food can provide health benefits and increase palatability. Corn fermented protein is a co-product from ethanol production which contains approximately 20% to 25% yeast. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the yeast in CFP on diet production and utilization when fed to healthy adult cats. The four experimental diets included a control with 15% soybean meal (CON) and diets containing either 3.5% brewer’s dried yeast (BDY), 2.5% brewer’s dried yeast plus 17.5% distillers dried grains with solubles (BDY+DDGS), or 17.5% corn fermented protein (CFP). All treatments except CON were formulated to contain 3.5% yeast. Experimental diets were fed to adult cats (n = 11) in an incomplete 4 × 4 replicated Latin square design. Cats were adapted to diet for 9 d followed by a 5-d total fecal collection. Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to all diets as an external marker to estimate digestibility. Data were analyzed using a mixed model in SAS (version 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) with treatment as a fixed effect and cat and period as random effects. Preconditioner discharge temperature was greater (P < 0.05) for CON and BDY (average, 96 °C) compared to BDY + DDGS and CFP (average, 91 °C). Extruder screw speed, die temperature, kibble toughness, and kibble hardness were greatest (P < 0.05) for CFP. The bulk density of BDY + DDGS at 392 g/L was greater (P < 0.05) than BDY and CFP (average, 342 g/L). The sectional expansion index of kibble for CFP was greater (P < 0.05) than BDY + DDGS and smaller (P < 0.05) than CON but similar to BDY. Fecal output was greatest (P < 0.05) for cats fed BDY + DDGS. Nutrient digestibility was lowest (P < 0.05) for BDY + DDGS. The concentrations of short-chain and branched-chain fatty acids in fecal samples were not altered (P > 0.05) by dietary treatment. Cats had no preference (P > 0.05) when comparing CON to BDY or BDY + DDGS. However, cats consumed significantly less CFP compared to CON. The significant differences for bulk density, fecal output, and nutrient digestibility among dietary treatments are likely due to a greater fiber effect of DDGS compared to CFP. Therefore, the yeast component in CFP may provide greater kibble expansion and nutrient utilization compared to DDGS when fed to cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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49. Effects of conditioning temperature and pellet mill die speed on pellet quality and relative stabilities of phytase and xylanase1

Author

Evans, Caitlin E, Saensukjaroenphon, Marut, Gebhardt, Jordan T, Stark, Charles R, and Paulk, Chad B

Subjects
Feeds, pellet, pellet mill, AcademicSubjects/SCI00960, pellet durability, enzyme stability, die speed
Abstract

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of conditioning temperature and die speed on pellet quality and enzyme stability of phytase and xylanase. Treatments were initially arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial of conditioning temperature (74 and 85 °C) and die speed (127, 190, and 254 rpm); however, when conditioning at 85 °C, it was not possible to pellet at 127 rpm. Thus, data were analyzed in two different segments using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. First, linear and quadratic contrasts were utilized to test the response to increasing die speed at 74 °C. Second, the data was analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial of conditioning temperature (74 and 85 °C) and die speed (190 and 254 rpm). Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design and replicated three times. Diets were conditioned for approximately 30 s and pelleted with a 4.8-mm-diameter × 44.5-mm-effective length die at a rate of 4.5 MT/h. Pellet durability index (PDI) was determined using the tumble box and Holmen NHP 100 methods. Samples of the unconditioned mash (M), conditioned mash (CM), and pellets (P) were collected and analyzed for phytase and xylanase concentration. Relative enzyme stabilities were expressed as CM:M, P:CM, and P:M. Stabilities expressed as P:M were used an indication of enzyme stability through the entire pelleting process. Diets conditioned at 74 °C showed no evidence of difference in phytase or xylanase P:M stability when decreasing die speed from 254 to 127 rpm. However, when conditioning diets at 74 °C, decreasing die speed increased (linear, P < 0.001) PDI. There was no conditioning temperature × die speed interaction for overall xylanase P:M stability or PDI. However, there was a conditioning temperature × die speed interaction (P < 0.01) for phytase P:M stability. When conditioning diets at 85 °C, increasing die speed decreased phytase P:M stability. However, when conditioning at 74 °C, increasing die speed did not influence phytase P:M stability. For main effects of conditioning temperature, increasing temperature improved (P < 0.001) PDI with no evidence of difference for xylanase P:M stability. For the main effects of die speed (254 vs. 190 rpm), decreasing die speed decreased (P < 0.001) the P:M xylanase stability, but there was no evidence of difference for PDI. The results of this trial indicate that die speed should be taken into consideration when evaluating enzyme stability of both phytase and xylanase as pellet mill models may be operating at different speeds. Additionally, increasing conditioning temperature will improve PDI but may result in decreased phytase stability.

Published
2021

50. longitudinal investigation of the effects of age, dietary fiber type and level, and injectable antimicrobials on the fecal microbiome and antimicrobial resistance of finisher pigs.

Author

Gaire, Tara N, Noyes, Noelle R, Scott, H Morgan, Ericsson, Aaron C, Dunmire, Kara, Tokach, Mike D, Paulk, Chad B, Vinasco, Javier, Roenne, Boyd, Nagaraja, T G, and Volkova, Victoriya V

Subjects
DRUG resistance in microorganisms, SWINE, DIETARY supplements, PENICILLIN G, BACTERIAL diversity, DIETARY fiber, CORN as feed, ANIMAL weaning
Abstract

Age and diet are among the factors that influence the community composition of the fecal microbiome. Additionally, antimicrobial use can alter the composition of bacterial communities. An 86-d study with finisher pigs aimed to evaluate age-related dynamics (day 98 to 177 of age), effects of types and levels of dietary fiber, and injectable antimicrobials on the fecal microbiome and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was conducted. A total of 287 pigs, housed in 36 pens, with 7 to 8 pigs per pen, fed a corn grain and soybean meal-based basal diet, formulated to contain 8.7% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 1) basal diet with no supplement, 2) basal diet supplemented with 20% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) formulated to contain 13.6% NDF, or 3) basal diet supplemented with 14.5% sugar beet pulp (SBP) formulated to contain 13.6% NDF. Five finisher pigs from each treatment group were selected randomly, and fecal samples were collected on days 98, 110, 144, and 177 of age. In addition, fecal samples were collected from pigs that were injected intramuscularly ceftiofur hydrochloride or penicillin G on days 1 and 3 along with pen-mate-untreated controls on day 1. Fecal samples were subjected to 16S rRNA amplicon-based microbiome analysis and culture methods to quantify the abundance of total AMR coliforms and enterococci populations. The alpha-diversity, such as species richness, increased with age, and the overall bacterial composition changed with age (P =0.001) and diet (P = 0.001). Diet-associated shifts in the specific bacterial taxa were observed. The richness, diversity, and evenness of bacterial taxa did not differ between pigs that were injected with ceftiofur vs. their untreated pen mates or by dietary treatments but differed in pigs that received penicillin G injection. Both antimicrobial treatments contributed to changes in the overall fecal bacterial composition at the genus level. Collectively, the data demonstrate that both age and the diet (control vs. DDGS-, control vs. SBP-, or DDGS- vs. SBP-based diets) were associated with the overall bacterial community composition, and the impact of age on variations in fecal microbiome composition was greater than the diet. Antibiotic treatment had minimal effect on bacterial diversity and relative abundance of taxa. Furthermore, diets and antimicrobial treatment had minimal impact on the overall counts of AMR coliforms and enterococci populations in feces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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