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This study aimed to analyze the extent of major noncommunicable diseases and their common risk factors in Burkina Faso.It was an analysis based on secondary data from the 2013 national STEPS survey in Burkina Faso. The analysis conducted in 2018 concerned behavioral risk factors and metabolic factors. A multiple regression model was used to determine the independent factors associated with these diseases.The independent variables associated with behavioral risk factors were 1) young age(OR=0, 4423; p0,001) and males(OR=0,0030 ; p0,001) for smoking, 2) older age (OR= 2,01 ; p= 0,0066 and OR=2,18 ; p0,001) and males(OR=2,18 ; p0,001) for drinking and harmful use of alcohol, and 3) young age(OR=0,34 ; p0,001) and the urban environment(OR=1,57 ; p= 0,0236) for physical inactivity. The independent variables associated with metabolic risk factors were 1) young age (OR=1,33 ; p= 0,0295) and urban (OR=0,31 ; p0,001) for overweight, 2) female(OR=2,55 ; p= 0,0010) and urban(OR= 0,13; p0,001) for obesity, and 3) advanced age(OR=2,49 ; p0,001and OR= 2,12 ; p= 0,0115), and urban setting(OR=0,47 ; p0,001 and OR= 0,49 ;p= 0,0320) for high blood pressure and diabetes.In Burkina Faso, prevention and health promotion actions to reduce these risk factors need to be stepped up with a multi-sectoral approach.L'objectif de cette étude était d'analyser l'ampleur des principales maladies non transmissibles et leurs facteurs de risque communs au Burkina Faso.il s'agissait d'une analyse basée sur des données secondaires de l'enquête par étape (STEPS)au Burkina Faso réalisée en 2013. L'analyse a concerné les facteurs de risques comportementaux et métaboliques. Un modèle de régression multiple a été utilisé pour déterminer les facteurs indépendants associés à ces maladies.Les variables indépendantes associées aux facteurs de risque comportementaux étaient 1) le jeune âge (OR=0,4423 ; p0,001) et le sexe masculin (OR=0,0030 ; p0,001)pour le tabagisme, 2) l'âge avancé (OR= 2,01 ; p= 0,0066 et OR=2,18 ; p0,001) et le sexe masculin (OR=2,18 ; p0,001) pour la consommation et l'usage nocif d'alcool et 3) le jeune âge (OR=0,34 ; p0,001)et le milieu urbain(OR=1,57 ; p= 0,0236) pour l'inactivité physique. Les variables indépendantes associées aux facteurs de risque métaboliques étaient 1) le jeune âge (OR=1,33 ; p= 0,0295) et le milieu urbain (OR=0,31 ; p0,001) pour le surpoids, 2) le sexe féminin (OR=2,55 ; p= 0,0010) et le milieu urbain (OR= 0,13; p0,001) pour l'obésité et 3) l'âge avancé (OR=2,49 ; p0,001 et OR= 2,12 ; p= 0,0115) et le milieu urbain (OR=0,47 ; p0,001 et OR= 0,49 ;p= 0,0320) pour l'hypertension artérielle et le diabète.Au Burkina Faso, des actions de prévention et de promotion de la santé doivent être accentuées avec une approche multisectorielle pour lutter contre ces facteurs de risque.

Background. Antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis effectively reduces mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV). However, it is unclear whether stopping ARVs after breastfeeding cessation affects maternal HIV disease progression. We assessed 18-24-month postpartum disease progression risk among women in a randomized trial assessing efficacy and safety of prophylactic maternal ARVs. Methods. From 2005 to 2008, HIV-infected pregnant women with CD4(+) counts of 200-500/mm(3) were randomized to receive either triple ARV (zidovudine, lamivudine, and lopinavir/ritonavir during pregnancy and breastfeeding) or AZT/sdNVP (zidovudine until delivery with single-dose nevirapine without postpartum prophylaxis). Maternal disease progression was defined as the combined endpoint of death, World Health Organization clinical stage 4 disease, or CD4(+) counts of

Rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody tests have been adopted into national guidelines for HIV testing in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. One goal of HIV rapid testing is to minimize the occurrence of indeterminate results. From January 2005 to December 2007, plasma (or serum) samples from pregnant women in Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso, West Africa) were screened for HIV by using two rapid tests (the Determine HIV1/2 test [Abbott] and Genie II HIV-1/HIV-2 [Bio-Rad]) through a sequential algorithm prior to enrollment of HIV-1-infected women in a prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) trial (WHO/ANRS 1289 Kesho Bora trial). Samples exhibiting indeterminate results (Determine positive and Genie II negative) were further tested with a fourth-generation HIV enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Murex HIV Ag/Ab combination in 2005 and 2006 and Vironostika HIV Uni-Form II Ag/Ab in 2007). If positive, they were finally assessed for HIV-1 RNA (Generic HIV-1 RNA viral load assay; Biocentric). From a total of 44,653 samples tested, 597 (1.3%) showed indeterminate results. Of these, 367 could be analyzed by EIA. Only 15 (15/367, 4.1%) samples were found EIA reactive. Of these, 11 could be tested for HIV-1 RNA. All were HIV-1 RNA negative. In our clinical practice, pregnant women with such indeterminate results are now reassured during posttest counseling that they are very unlikely to be infected with HIV-1. As a consequence, such women with indeterminate results can reliably be considered negative when urgent clinical decisions (such as providing PMTCT prophylaxis) need to be taken.

Summary Objectives To evaluate risk factors for meningococcal carriage and carriage acquisition in the African meningitis belt, comparing epidemic serogroup A (NmA) to non-epidemic serogroups. Methods During the non-epidemic meningitis season of 2003, pharyngeal swabs were taken at five monthly visits in a representative population sample (N = 488) of Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso (age 4–29 years) and analysed by culture. Standardized questionnaires were administered. In 2006, a similar study was performed in 624 individuals (age 1–39 years) during an NmA meningitis epidemic. We evaluated serogroup-specific risk factors for carriage, carriage acquisition and clearance using multivariate logistic and Poisson regression, and a Cox proportional hazard model. Results The prevalence of NmA carriage (current or recent pharyngitis or rhinitis) was 16% (31%) vs. 0% (9%) in the epidemic vs. the hyperendemic setting. During the epidemic situation, NmA carriage was significantly associated with recent sore throat (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 3.41) and current rhinitis (OR 2.65). During the non-epidemic meningitis season in 2003, air humidity (20–39% and ≥40%, compared to