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Summary Background The WHO VISION 2020 global initiative against blindness, launched in 2000, prioritised childhood visual disability by aiming to end avoidable childhood blindness by 2020. However, progress has been hampered by the global paucity of epidemiological data concerning childhood visual disability. The British Childhood Visual Impairment and Blindness Study 2 (BCVIS2) was done to address this evidence gap. Methods BCVIS2 was a prospective UK-wide, cross-sectional, observational study to establish an inception cohort of children newly diagnosed with visual impairment. Ophthalmologists and paediatricians reported cases from 89 hospitals and community centres across the UK. We included children aged 18 years or younger who were newly diagnosed with any condition causing impaired visual acuity to a level of 0·5 logMAR or worse (worse than 6/18 Snellen) in each eye, or equivalent vision as assessed by standard qualitative measures, between Oct 1, 2015, and Nov 1, 2016. Eligible children were notified simultaneously but independently by their managing ophthalmologists and paediatricians via the two national active surveillance schemes, the British Ophthalmological Surveillance Unit and the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit. Standardised detailed demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical data about detection, management, and treatment were collected at diagnosis and 1 year later. We calculated incidence estimates and relative rates by key sociodemographic factors. We did descriptive analyses of underlying ophthalmic disorders and non-ophthalmic comorbidities. Findings 61 (7%) of 845 eligible children initially notified were ineligible at follow-up because of improved vision after treatment. Thus, the study sample comprised 784 children with permanent newly-diagnosed all-cause visual impairment, severe visual impairment, or blindness. 559 (72%) of 778 children had clinically significant non-ophthalmic impairments or conditions. 28 (4%) of 784 children died within a year after diagnosis of visual disability (all had underlying systemic disorders). Incidence of visual disability in the first year of life was 5·19 per 10 000 children (95% CI 4·71–5·72), almost ten times higher than among 1-to-4-year-olds and between 20 times and 100 times higher than in the older age groups. The overall cumulative incidence (or lifetime risk) of visual impairment, severe visual impairment, or blindness was 10·03 per 10 000 children (9·35–10·76). Incidence rates were higher for those from any ethnic minority group, the lowest quintile of socioeconomic status, and those born preterm or with low birthweight. 345 (44%) of 784 children had a single affected anatomical site. Disorders of the brain and visual pathways affected 378 (48%) of 784 children. Interpretation BCVIS2 provides a contemporary snapshot of the heterogeneity, multi-morbidity, and vulnerability associated with childhood visual disability in a high-income country. These findings could facilitate developing and delivering health care and planning of interventional research. Our findings highlight the importance of including childhood visual disability as a sentinel event and metric in global child health initiatives. Funding Fight for Sight, National Institute for Health Research, and Ulverscroft Foundation.

Esta é uma pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva e transversal, realizada em uma universidade pública em 2018, com o objetivo de avaliar os conhecimentos de estudantes do curso de graduação em Odontologia sobre a cárie dentária. Aplicou-se um questionário para 90 estudantes do 1º; 3º e 5º período. Foi analisado também o Projeto Pedagógico de Curso. Realizou-se análise descritiva e comparativa de proporções por meio do teste Exato de Fisher (p

By definition, pain is a sensory and emotional experience that is felt in a particular part of the body. The precise relationship between somatic events at the site where pain is experienced, and central processing giving rise to the mental experience of pain remains the subject of debate, but there is little disagreement in scholarly circles that both aspects of pain are critical to its experience. Recent experimental work, however, suggests a public view that is at odds with this conceptualisation. By demonstrating that the public does not necessarily endorse central tenets of the “mental” view of pain (subjectivity, privacy, and incorrigibility), experimental philosophers have argued that the public holds a more “body-centric” view than most clinicians and scholars. Such a discrepancy would have important implications for how the public interacts with pain science and clinical care. In response, we tested the hypothesis that the public is capable of a more “mind-centric” view of pain. Using a series of vignettes, we demonstrate that in situations which highlight mental aspects of pain the public can, and does, recognize pain as a mental phenomenon. We also demonstrate that the public view is subject to context effects, by showing that the public’s view is modified when situations emphasizing mental and somatic aspects of pain are presented together.

In this paper, an innovative bionic system will be presented. This system can be used to generate bio-inspired electromagnetic fields (BIEFM) by mimicking natural Earth magnetic fields, the frequencies, strengths and waveforms of body organs and cellular pulsations. The preliminary tests have been carried out to investigate the influences of BIEFM on the ATP levels of people to prove the interactions between BIEMF and the cellular level's bio-processing activities. This system has been applied for the health enhancement of humans and pets etc. A number of case studies will be present to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the system. The case study experimental results have shown that this innovative bio-inspired system works efficiently and effectively in enhancing human and animal health. It has been proven that this bio-inspired system can be effectively applied to many areas such as (1) human health enhancement and illness treatment, (2) pet health enhancement, and (3) reduction or elimination of 'jet lag'.

A physiological signal must have a certain level of randomness inside it to be a good source of randomness for generating cryptographic key. Dependency to the history is one of the measures to examine the strength of a randomness source. In dependency to the history, the adversary has infinite access to the history of generated random bits from the source and wants to predict the next random number based on that. Although many physiological signals have been proposed in literature as good source of randomness, no dependency to history analysis has been carried out to examine this fact. In this paper, using a large dataset of physiological signals collected from PhysioNet, the dependency to history of Interpuls Interval (IPI), QRS Complex, and EEG signals (including Alpha, Beta, Delta, Gamma and Theta waves) were examined. The results showed that despite the general assumption that the physiological signals are random, all of them are weak sources of randomness with high dependency to their history. Among them, Alpha wave of EEG signal shows a much better randomness and is a good candidate for post-processing and randomness extraction algorithm.

Face Detection is one of the most studied subjects in the Computer Vision field. Given an arbitrary image or video frame, the goal of face detection is to determine whether there are any faces in the image and, if present, return the image location and the extent of each face. Such a detection is easily done by humans, but it is still a challenge within Computer Vision. The high degree of variability and the dynamicity of the human face makes it an object very difficult to detect, mainly in complex environments. Recently, Deep Learning approaches started to be applied for Computer Vision tasks with great results. They opened new research possibilities in different applications, including Face Detection. Even though Deep Learning has been successfully applied for such a task, most of the state-of-the-art implementations make use of off-the-shelf face detectors and do not evaluate differences among them. In other cases, the face detectors are trained in a multitask manner that includes face landmark detection, age detection, and so on. Hence, our goal is threefold. First, we summarize and explain many advances of deep learning, detailing how each different architecture and implementation work. Second, we focus on the face detection problem itself, performing a rigorous analysis of some of the existing face detectors as well as implementations of our own. We experiment and evaluate variations of hyper-parameters for each of the detectors and their impact in different datasets. We explore both traditional and more recent approaches, as well as implementing our own face detectors. Finally, we implement, test, and compare a meta learning approach for face detection, which aims to learn the best face detector for a given image. Our experiments contribute in understanding the role of deep learning in face detection as well as the subtleties of changing hyper-parameters of the face detectors and their impact in face detection. We also show how well features obtained with deep neural networks trained on a general-purpose dataset perform on a meta learning approach for face detection. Our experiments and conclusions show that deep learning has indeed a notable role in face detection. Reconhecimento facial ? um dos assuntos mais estudos no campo de Vis?o Computacional. Dada uma imagem arbitr?ria ou um frame arbitr?rio, o objetivo do reconhecimento facial ? determinar se existem faces na imagem e, se existirem, obter a localiza??o e a extens?o de cada face encontrada. Tal detec??o ? facilmente feita por seres humanos, por?m continua sendo um desafio em Vis?o Computacional. O alto grau de variabilidade e a dinamicidade da face humana tornam-a dif?cil de detectar, principalmente em ambientes complexos. Recentementemente, abordagens de Aprendizado Profundo come?aram a ser utilizadas em tarefas de Vis?o Computacional com bons resultados. Tais resultados abriram novas possibilidades de pesquisa em diferentes aplica??es, incluindo Reconhecimento Facial. Embora abordagens de Aprendizado Profundo tenham sido aplicadas com sucesso para tal tarefa, a maior parte das implementa??es estado da arte utilizam detectores faciais off-the-shelf e n?o avaliam as diferen?as entre eles. Em outros casos, os detectores faciais s?o treinados para m?ltiplas tarefas, como detec??o de pontos fiduciais, detec??o de idade, entre outros. Portanto, n?s temos tr?s principais objetivos. Primeiramente, n?s resumimos e explicamos alguns avan?os do Aprendizado Profundo, detalhando como cada arquitetura e implementa??o funcionam. Depois, focamos no problema de detec??o facial em si, realizando uma rigorosa an?lise de alguns dos detectores existentes assim como algumas implementa??es nossas. N?s experimentamos e avaliamos varia??es de alguns hiper-par?metros para cada um dos detectores e seu impacto em diferentes bases de dados. N?s exploramos tanto implementa??es tradicionais quanto mais recentes, al?m de implementarmos nosso pr?prio detector facial. Por fim, n?s implementamos, testamos e comparamos uma abordagem de meta-aprendizado para detec??o facial, que visa aprender qual o melhor detector facial para uma determinada imagem. Nossos experimentos contribuem para o entendimento do papel do Aprendizado Profundo em detec??o facial, assim como os detalhes relacionados a mudan?a de hiper-par?metros dos detectores faciais e seu impacto no resultado da detec??o facial. N?s tamb?m mostramos o qu?o bem features obtidas com redes neurais profundas ? treinadas em bases de dados de prop?sito geral ? combinadas com uma abordagem de meta-aprendizado, se aplicam a detec??o facial. Nossos experimentos e conclus?es mostram que o aprendizado profundo possui de fato um papel not?vel em detec??o facial.

The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the efforts of\ud two universities to address the issue of providing computer forensics\ud students with the opportunity to get involved in the practical aspects\ud of forensic search and seizure procedures. The paper discusses\ud the approaches undertaken by the University of Sunderland and\ud the University of South Wales (Glamorgan) to give the students the\ud opportunity to process a case from the crime scene through to the\ud court room. In order to do this both institutions adopted a problembased\ud learning (PBL) approach – to reflect real-world solutions and\ud encourage students to work in groups to seek further knowledge and\ud understanding of the various processes and procedures – in particular\ud the steps around search and seizure of digital evidence from a crime\ud scene. The PBL activities at Sunderland and Glamorgan were designed\ud in order to help the students understand the processes of digital crime\ud scene analysis and search and seizure procedures and to give them\ud the opportunity to put into practice their digital forensics techniques.\ud Both exercises were designed to give the opportunity to solve realistic\ud problems using PBL, and to illustrate the inter-relationships between\ud science, technology and human activity as it applies to digital forensics,\ud forensic science and the criminal justice system. The paper concludes\ud with an evaluation of the exercises considering the impact they have\ud had on student understanding and learning. Consideration is given\ud to how the PBL activities can be disseminated and/or transferred to\ud the wider community.

Objective This study examined the effects of an acuity-adaptable care model in a rural hospital setting on nurse satisfaction, patient satisfaction, patient safety, and quality indicators (events, falls, and medication errors), patient length of stay (LOS), and worked hours per patient-day (WHPPD). Background Acuity-adaptable care models have been implemented as a nursing strategy to improve workflow through the elimination of unit-to-unit patient handoffs. However, to our knowledge, this model of care has not been studied in a rural hospital setting. Methods A descriptive, comparative design with repeated measures was utilized for this study. A professional nurse survey was created to measure staff satisfaction; separate t tests for percentages were utilized to evaluate patient satisfaction and patient safety/quality indicators. Financial data were examined to perform the analysis of patient LOS and WHPPD. Results The nurse satisfaction survey demonstrated a decrease in weekly floating and cancellations due to low census. There was a statistically significant improvement in patient satisfaction for overall rating and willingness to recommend the hospital. No significant difference was noted in patient quality indicators or LOS; however, there was a favorable trend for all events and medication errors. This study also found a decrease in WHPPD, with a corresponding salary expense reduction reported. Conclusion Acuity-adaptable units may be a viable strategy for rural facilities.

The abilities of two natural products, genipin and lawsone, to enhance blood contaminated fingermarks on papers of various porosities and colour were investigated and compared to the routinely used amino acid reagents, ninhydrin and 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO). Fingermarks in blood were deposited as a split depletion series on various paper types and colours for ageing periods of 6 weeks, 4 weeks, 2 weeks and 1 week before enhancement. The developed marks were observed under different lighting conditions, recorded and graded by way of attributing quantitative data to each series. Results indicated that while genipin showed some potential as a reagent for the enhancement of latent fingermarks, it displayed no suitability for the enhancement of fingermarks in blood on paper. Lawsone also failed to successfully enhance either type of fingermark. Upon comparison of the results with those of ninhydrin and DFO it was found that ninhydrin displayed the highest success rate of development of these marks.

A typical undergraduate curriculum of study in Computing contains a broad range of modules. Computer Forensics is a specialised area of Computing and if specialised modules are being introduced into a typical Computing subject curriculum then one or more of the more traditional subject modules must be removed or modified to provide space to accommodate the new material. This paper investigates the opinions of academic members of staff from several UK institutions on which Computing subject areas should be included in specialised curricula in Computer Forensics. It builds on work done during the third Annual HE Academy Workshop on Teaching Computer Forensics, where delegates were asked to contribute to an undergraduate curriculum design exercise. The delegates were mostly academic lecturing staff from HE institutions around the UK and they were primarily involved in the delivery of Computer Forensic courses at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. They were asked to design an undergraduate BSc (Ho...

The vulnerability of network infrastructure was illustrated in 1996 when the Internet Domain Name entry for East Timor was removed from various DNS servers. The net effect of this attack was that to all intents and purposes East Timor was removed from the Internet. Now imagine a time a few years in the further when the USA and Europe are all doing business online and imagine what would happen if all .com entries vanished from the Internet. Modern IDS systems simply log events, they do very little else with the data. In this paper, I will demonstrate how network traffic can be analysed to produce a system that is capable of performing real-time (or near-real time) threat analysis of an attack as it happens. This type of analysis offers us the ability to eventually deploy countermeasures thus stopping, or limiting, an attack.

Introduction: Guided by Florence Nightingale, massage nurse training instruction methods were duplicated in the U.S. nurse training curricula. In the 1880s to 1900s massage training and instruction was delivered by physicians, nurses, or masseurs for many disease conditions. In the 1930s to 1940s, influential nurse authors and educators began to recommend specialization in physiotherapy for nurses. Scientific and pharmacological solutions for symptoms of disease became popular, thus practicing basic nursing comfort measures using massage declined. Purposes: To trace roots of massage in the medical literature, the inclusion of massage in U.S. nurse training school curricula, and examine the historical shift from massage as a basic nursing comfort measure to a specialization of physiotherapy. Method: Primary text books by physicians, nurses, massage instructors; medical/nursing journals; nursing curriculum guidelines—archival collections of the Center for Historical Nursing Inquiry; Historical Collections at the University of Virginia Claude Moore Health Sciences Library; private historical collections; and secondary published books/ articles were used. Findings: Prior to increase in scientific care, use of analgesics, and specialization of physiotherapy departments, the nurse provided basic comfort measures that included massage. Historical research in the use of massage in nursing may help refocus attention on the healing of the mind/body and reinforce the value of compassionate touch and balance in nursing practice today.

Multimedia and real-time applications applied on the Internet require Quality of Service (QoS) routing algorithms; however, QoS routing is considered an NP-complete problem. This paper proposes an enhanced source based QoS routing algorithm that aims at reducing the complexity of route selection for services with multi QoS metrics. The algorithm uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process to find the best path between the service provider and the client that meets a list of constraints stored in a QoS profile; these constraints are specific for that particular service. Simulation results show that the algorithm finds a path with multiple metrics in scalable time; also the algorithm shows high ability to handle various types of multimedia and real-time applications

Factors which have been causally related to neuropsychological deficits in acute spinal cord injury (SCI) patients include advanced age, limited educational level, acute traumatic brain injury, alcohol and/or substance abuse. Concomitant depression may impair motivation, prolong reaction time, and produce fatigue during neuropsychological testing, resulting in impaired performance. To test the hypothesis that abnormal neuropsychologic test results may be associated with depression, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (ZUNG) and a comprehensive, predominantly motor-free neuropsychological test battery were administered to 66 acute SCI patients approximately 8 weeks following injury. Spinal cord injury groups were dichotomized based on their ZUNG scores. Comparison of neuropsychological test scores between SCI groups failed to demonstrate any impairment in neuropsychological performance, within the limits of the test battery administered, suggesting that cognitive performance in this sample of acute SCI patients may not be influenced by the presence of depression.

ID theft, especially in its online form, is currently one of the most prevalent types of computer crime. The limited end-user awareness as well as the retention and business processing of large amounts of personal data in a manner that does not meet security and regulatory requirements provide plenty of opportunities to fraudsters. A number of organisations have produced guidelines of good practice targeted to individuals and organisations; however the matter is still on the rise. In this paper, we review computer-based techniques employed by fraudsters in order to steal IDs and refer to published guidelines and the documented good practice against those. We discuss the issues related to the investigation of such incidents and provide the grounds for the development of a framework to assist in their forensic examination.

According to a number of studies, between 40% and 60% of acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) patients demonstrate cognitive dysfunction resulting from various forms of cerebral damage, including concurrent or premorbid closed head injury, chronic alcohol or substance abuse, and other causes. However, applicability of findings from these reports has been limited due to the use of inadequate neuropsychological testing techniques and the lack of control data. In a collaborative investigation, 81 acute SCI patients and 61 non-injured control subjects between 18 and 55 years of age completed a comprehensive motor-free neuropsychological test battery, including: Halstead Category Test (HCT), Vocabulary Subtest (VOCAB) of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised; Mental Control (MC) Subtest, and Initial and Recall trials of Logical Memory (LM) and Paired Associates (PA) Subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale; and the 8 trials of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). Percentages of retained information on the LM and PA were also calculated. Impairment levels for each test were defined as values which exceeded two standard deviations (one-tailed) from the control mean. Based on this definition, the prevalence of neuropsychological abnormality on each test ranged between 10% and 40%. Mean performance levels of patients were significantly more impaired than those of control subjects for all tests except for the Interference trial of the RAVLT and for the percentages of retained information on the LM and PA subtests. Comparison of test results of SCI patients with those of control subjects demonstrates that poor attention span and limited initial learning ability are frequent problems among SCI patients. Other common neuropsychological deficits among these patients include poor concentration ability, impaired memory function, and altered problem solving ability. These deficits may interfere with rehabilitation following SCI.

Interviews with 60 parents of children attending a rheumatic fever clinic showed confusion and many unrealistic beliefs about the disease and its long-term effects, about recurrences, and about the rationale for the prophylactic program. The parents' all-pervading anxiety about heart disease and death led them to impose or continue restrictions contrary to medical advice, even on children with normal hearts. The mothers' lack of understanding correlated with their level of education and a number of social and environmental factors. One group of families with a clearly defined pattern of social characteristics-almost entirely Negro, on public assistance, with a low educational level, a very low income, and a high degree of family disorganization-stood out because of its lack of understanding about the disease and about its prophylactic treatment. The responses of Negro mothers on public assistance as well as those with higher educational and income levels were similar in several respects and differed from those of Caucasian mothers. On the basis of what the mothers reported, communication about the disease was remarkably poor between physician and parent, parent and child, and physician and patient.

Hydrocephalus in early life can often be so successfully treated as to allow children to live and grow with normal intelligence. Whereas untreated hydrocephalus allows only unpredictable intelligence when arrested, a far better prognosis holds for treated hydrocephalus. In an analysis of 147 patients with hydrocephalus treated by valveregulated ventriculovenous shunt, IQ can be related to ultimate frontal cerebral mantle. We have sought to correlate late IQ with the nature of the presenting abnormality, the age at which treatment was instituted, and the adequacy of control of the hydrocephalus as reflected in growth of cerebral mantle. This analysis indicates that in certain specific situations, prognosis for good IQ is predictable. At the same time, the study suggests guidelines for adequacy of shunting and the urgency for early shunting to allow for maximum benefits.

A low osmolar modular defined formula diet has been successfully used in the treatment of 46 patients for a total treatment time in excess of 15 years. The diet is unique in that each constituent can be varied independently of any other, thus giving maximum flexibility in management. The diet is well tolerated in circumstances when the gastro-intestinal tract is unable to tolerate other nutrients. Also it will support normal growth and development over lengthy periods. The use of this diet may lessen the need for the more invasive and potentially dangerous technique of parenteral nutrition.

A retrospective 5 yr survey of the incidence of some neonatal surgically correctable congenital abnormalities in South Australia has been carried out. Meaning-ful figures have been obtained for the incidence, in terms of the live birth rate, of obstructive malformation of the gastrointestinal tract, major abdominal wall and diaphragmatic defects, and some anomalies of the genitourinary system. In the main, the incidence of these malformations is similar to that reported from other centers. However the incidence of exomphalos and small bowel obstructions is lower in this series than in others, and the incidence of tracheoesophageal and anorectal anomalies appears to be slightly higher in South Australia than in Victoria. The incidence of diaphragmatic defects, excluding esophageal hiatus, is very similar to that ascertained by the perinatal mortality survey carried out by Butler and Claireaux. 20

A personal computer is often used to store personal information about the user. This information may be intentionally kept by the user or information maybe automatically stored as the result of the user’s activities. In this paper we investigate whether it is possible for identity fraud to occur as a result of post-disposal access to the residual data stored on a personal computer’s hard drive. We provide indicative types of information required to commit an identify fraud and examine the personal information contained in a series of second-hand personal computer hard disk drives, purchased as part of a wider research study.