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Introducción. El maltrato a la infancia y la adolescencia es un problema a nivel mundial que tiene graves consecuencias que pueden durar toda la vida. La detección y evaluación eficaz del maltrato infantil se considera esencial para facilitar el proceso de toma de decisiones profesional. No obstante, en la actualidad, la descentralización de la atención, la falta de rigurosidad científica y objetiva en los diagnósticos y las evaluaciones parciales y fragmentadas pueden dificultar la adopción de medidas de protección efectivas. Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio es presentar el proceso de diseño de la herramienta DAP 360º, creada para colaborar en el juicio profesional para la evaluación y declaración de riesgo y/o desprotección en la infancia y adolescencia. Metodología. El diseño empleado corresponde al desarrollo de escalas e incluye tres pasos fundamentales: construcción de ítems, análisis teórico y evaluación psicométrica. Para ello, se han combinado técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas en la que han participado más de 300 profesionales y personas expertas que trabajan en servicios de atención a niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) de diferentes ámbitos de intervención en la Comunidad Valenciana (España). Resultados. DAP 360º se ha diseñado en formato rúbrica y estructurado en torno a dos secciones principales, 15 dimensiones y 97 indicadores de riesgo y protección. El desarrollo de esta herramienta permite establecer un diagnóstico completo de todas las áreas tanto de riesgo como también de protección de niños, niñas y adolescentes. Es un instrumento riguroso, consistente y fiable respecto a las situaciones de riesgo en la infancia y la adolescencia, identificando rangos de gravedad de la situación por la que atraviesa el NNA y unificando las diferentes áreas que evolucionan desde el riesgo a la desprotección del NNA, añadiendo, además, factores protectores para equilibrar las circunstancias de riesgo. DAP 360º articula, mediante una herramienta de software, la evaluación del riesgo y/o desprotección de la infancia y la adolescencia, la coordinación en tiempo real de profesionales e instituciones, el establecimiento de rangos de gravedad y la ponderación de factores protectores y de riesgo sobre el diagnóstico, y enlaza objetivos de intervención con áreas y servicios responsables de la misma. Conclusiones. La creación de instrumentos de evaluación válidos y fiables permite agilizar los procesos diagnósticos, invierte en la prevención, y garantiza la toma de decisiones respaldada en evidencias objetivas y coordinada entre diferentes profesionales, servicios y niveles de intervención. Asimismo, la detección y evaluación eficaz del riesgo y la desprotección en la infancia y la adolescencia permite sistematizar intervenciones, reevaluar casos y desarrollar actuaciones de éxito ajustadas a las necesidades del momento. La evaluación por diferentes profesionales en tiempo real es un factor determinante, ya que permite diseñar intervenciones de acuerdo con las potencialidades y déficits que se manifiestan. Esto tendrá implicaciones significativas para la calidad de vida y el bienestar de niños, niñas y adolescentes y sus familias. Introduction. Child maltreatment is a worldwide problem with serious consequences that can last a lifetime. It is essential to efficiently detect and assess child maltreatment to optimise professional decision-making processes. Nonetheless, the decentralisation of services, a lack of scientific and objective rigour in diagnoses together with partial and disrupted assessments can hinder the adoption of effective protection measures. Aim. The objective of this study was to present the design and content validation process of the DAP 360º, a tool designed to complement professional assessment and declaration of risk/vulnerability in childhood and adolescence. Methodology. The study applied scale development design and included three main steps: item construction, theoretical analysis, and psychometric assessment. We combined qualitative and quantitative techniques. More than 300 professionals and experts working in different child and adolescent care services in the Valencian Community participated in this process. Results. DAP 360º is a modular tool structured into two main sections, 15 dimensions, and 97 risk and protection indicators. This tool allows professionals to establish a complete diagnosis of all risk and protection areas of children and adolescents. It is a rigorous, consistent, and reliable instrument for the assessment of risk situations in childhood and adolescence. It allows the identification of the severity ranges of the situations faced by the child/adolescent and the unification of the different areas ranging from risk to vulnerability. Additionally, the tool contemplates protective factors that could compensate risks. DAP 360º brings together, via a software tool, the assessment of risk and/or vulnerability in childhood and adolescence, the real-time coordination of professionals and institutions, the establishment of ranges of severity – as it balances protective and risk factors in the diagnosis –, and links intervention objectives with the responsible services and resources. Conclusions. The construction of valid and reliable assessment instruments promotes faster diagnostic processes, allows to invest in prevention, and warrants more objective decision making, fostering a better coordination among professionals, resources and intervention levels. Moreover, efficient risk and vulnerability detection and assessment in childhood and adolescence permits better structuring of interventions, case reassessments, and the development of successful action plans according to each specific case. The assessment by different professionals in real time is a determinant factor, given that it allows designing interventions in line with manifested capabilities and shortfalls. The effects on the quality of life and well-being of children and adolescents, as well as of their families will be significant. El trabajo ha sido financiado por la Conselleria de Igualdad y Políticas Inclusivas de la Generalitat Valenciana y la Cátedra Luís Amigó de la Universitat de València, en el proyecto «Desarrollo de un instrumento para la detección y evaluación de situaciones de riesgo en la infancia y la adolescencia» (Ref. UVEG2019/20-20163CATED CC.28509). Sylvia Georgieva es investigadora del Programa I+D+i de la Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana y el Fondo Social Europeo (Ref. ACIF/2021/175). Irene Fernández es investigadora en formación con ayuda PRE2019-089021 financiada por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 y por FSE Invierte en tu futuro.

BackgroundAlthough prior research shows supportive evidence that parental practices are associated with adolescents' prosocial behaviors, limited evidence exists on the effects of parents' use of social and material rewards on distinct forms of prosocial behaviors, and the mediating effects of sociocognitive and socioemotive traits in these relations.AimsThe present study was designed to examine the longitudinal relations among parents' use of social and material rewards, youth prosocial traits, and prosocial behaviors.Materials & methodsParticipants were 417 adolescents (M age = 14.70 years; 225 girls) from Valencia, Spain who completed surveys on parents' use of social and material reward practices, prosocial moral reasoning, empathic concern, and six types of prosocial behaviors.ResultsPath analyses showed that parents' use of social rewards was indirectly, positively related to emotional, dire, altruistic, public (negatively), and compliant prosocial behaviors via empathic concern. The use of social rewards was also indirectly positively linked to altruistic prosocial behaviors via both empathic concern and prosocial moral reasoning. In contrast, parents' use of material rewards predicted less prosocial moral reasoning, which in turn, was linked to more altruistic, prosocial behaviors.Discussion and conclusionsThe implications for parental socialization and self-determination theories of prosocial and moral development are discussed.

Research on young offenders has primarily focused on identifying predictors of the maladaptive, aggressive behavior; there is a scarcity of evidence on factors that relate to prosocial behavior in these adolescents. The current study examined the link from parenting, emotional instability, and prosocial reasoning to prosocial behavior, while also examining the mediating roles of empathic concern (EC) and perspective taking (PT) in a sample of Spanish adolescent offenders compared to a sample of nonoffenders. Participants were 440 adolescents: 220 young offenders residing in four Youth Detention Centres of Valencia (67.3% men) and 220 enrolled in public and private schools within the metropolitan area of Valencia (65.9% men). The two subsamples were similar in age (15−18 years), gender, and social class. Analyses show differences in mother’s permissiveness with empathy (PT and EC), in emotional instability and internalized reasoning with PT in predicting prosocial behavior in offenders and nonoffenders adolescents. EC and PT are significative and positively related to prosocial behavior in both groups. These findings have implications for prevention and reeducation interventions oriented to social reinsertion of adolescent offenders and the development of family and social counseling programs that favor adaptive behavior.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la asociación entre el cociente de los dedos segundo y cuarto (2D:4D), como un biomarcador de la exposición prenatal a andrógenos, y la presencia de cáncer de próstata (CaP). Métodos Estudio de casos y controles con 260 hombres que consultaron en el Servicio de Urología del Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía (Murcia, España). Los casos (n = 125) fueron pacientes diagnosticados de CaP por anatomía patológica a los que se les realizó una prostatectomía radical. Los controles (n = 135) fueron pacientes que consultaron en Urología por otro motivo y que no mostraron signos ni síntomas de patología prostática. La longitud del 2D y 4D de la mano derecha fue medida mediante un pie de rey digital y se calculó el cociente entre ambos (2D:4D). Para los análisis estadísticos se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística obteniendo Odds ratios (OR) crudas y ajustadas e intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados Los casos presentaron un cociente 2D:4D significativamente menor que los controles. El cociente 2D:4D se relacionó significativamente con la presencia de CaP. Tras el ajuste multivariante, se observó que los varones que se encontraban en el primer tercil de distribución del cociente 2D:4D, presentaban casi el doble de riesgo de padecer CaP (OR 1,9: IC 95% 1,1–4,0; P-valor = 0,040) en comparación con los varones que se encontraban en el segundo y tercer tercil. Conclusiones Una mayor exposición prenatal a andrógenos, reflejada por un cociente 2D:4D menor, podría estar asociado con riesgo aumentado de padecer CaP, pero más estudios son necesarios para corroborar esos hallazgos.

Emotional regulation is a developmental milestone, as it promotes well-being throughout life. Children between 10 and 12 years old are expected to reach capacities that allow them to regulate themselves emotionally, the school context being a natural setting for this challenge. With the objective of analyzing the forms of expression and regulation of emotions that are observed in the school classroom, this research was conducted through a mixed methods study that systematically observed nine classes during five sessions each. The design was Nomothetic, Follow-up and Multidimensional; the observations were recorded on audio and in person and were later transformed into data by coding them according to an ad hoc designed instrument. The concordance of the records was evaluated, a sequential analysis of delays (GSEQ5) was performed to detect regularities and existing sequences, and a polar coordinate analysis (HOISAN) observed the relationships between the categories. Finally, the presence of multiple cases was detected. The results detail the ways in which different actors express emotions and interact, regulating the emotions of other people. The results are discussed based on the need to foster educational intentionality and allow students’ emotional self-regulation.

The health and socio-economic challenges arising from the COVID-19 pandemic have led to greater reliance on the internet to meet basic needs and responsibilities. Greater engagement in online activities may have negative mental and physical health consequences for some vulnerable individuals, particularly under mandatory self-isolation or ‘lockdown’ conditions. The present study investigated whether changes in levels of involvement in online activities during the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e., watching TV series,online sexual activities, video games, social networks, gambling, online shopping, and instant messaging) were associated with problematic internet use, as well as whether certain psychological risk factors (positive/negative affect and impulsivity) were significant predictors of these changes. A total of 1,275 participants (66.1% female, aged between 18-55 years) completed an online survey while in lockdown in Spain (April 15th-23rd, 2020). The survey assessed current engagement in seven different online activities and their engagement prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as psychological risk factors (affect and impulsivity). Most participants (between 60.8%-98.6% depending on the activity) reported no changes in participation in online activities, butthere was a significant increase in weekly internet use (between 25 and 336 min). However, increased internet use was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in problematic use, except for problematic TV series watching and video gaming. Psychologicalrisk factors considered in the study (affect, impulsivity traits)were largely minor or non-significant predictors. Thus, increased internet use during the lockdown in Spain was not related to a proportional growth in problematic usage, suggesting that these behavioral changes may constitute adaptive coping strategies in the context of the pandemic

Traditional masculinity includes norms that encourage many of the aggressive behaviors whereas traditional femininity emphasizes aggression very little. In addition, the lack of emotional regulation as well as a poor impulse control have been related to aggression and, in particular, with reactive and proactive aggression. The objective of this study is to examine the role of gender stereotypes (masculinity/femininity) in reactive and proactive aggression, through regulatory emotional self-efficacy and emotion regulation. A total of 390 adolescents participated in a longitudinal study in Valencia, Spain. Structural equations modeling (SEM) was employed to explore a two-wave longitudinal model. The results show that femininity relates to reactive aggression through regulatory emotional self-efficacy and emotion regulation. This way, both emotional self-efficacy and emotional regulation mediate the relation between femininity and reactive aggression. Furthermore, reactive and proactive aggression relate positively and directly to masculinity and negatively to femininity. Therefore, violence prevention programs with adolescents should incorporate information to break down gender stereotypes and promote strategies to manage emotions. Such efforts may be helpful to reduce aggressive behaviors and violence.

Resumen Introduccion y objetivo La distancia entre los genitales y el ano (distancia anogenital [AGD]) es un reflejo de la concentracion de androgenos durante el desarrollo prenatal en mamiferos. En la actualidad solo existe un estudio que indique la relacion entre AGD y riesgo de presentar cancer de prostata (CaP). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la utilidad clinica de la AGD, como biomarcador del ambiente androgenico prenatal y el riesgo de presentar CaP en una amplia poblacion. Material y metodo Se realizo un estudio de casos y controles sobre 260 pacientes, atendidos en la consulta externa de Urologia, a los que se sometio a examen fisico y andrologico, y cumplimentaron cuestionarios. En los pacientes con CaP (n = 125) hubo confirmacion histologica de la enfermedad y se dividio a los pacientes segun la puntuacion de Gleason acorde con los grupos de riesgo de d’Amico. Los controles (n = 135) fueron hombres sin signos, ni sintomas de CaP que fueron atendidos en la consulta externa de Urologia para un examen rutinario. Se midieron 2 variantes de AGD (del ano a la base posterior del escroto [AGDAS] y del ano a la insercion cefalica del pene [AGDAP]). Se utilizaron pruebas parametricas y no parametricas y curvas ROC para determinar la relacion entre la AGD y la presencia de CaP. Resultados La mayor area bajo la curva se obtuvo para el subgrupo de Gleason = 7 con las mediciones AGDAS y AGDAP (0,69; IC del 95%: 0,60-0,78 y 0,69; IC del 95%: 0,61-0,77, respectivamente), con una sensibilidad y especificidad del 83 y el55%, y el 91 y el 41%, un valor predictivo positivo del 39 y el 35%, y predictivo negativo del 90 y el 93%, respectivamente. Conclusion Nuestros resultados sugieren que la AGD podria ser una herramienta clinica util para el diagnostico del CaP.

In this (introductory) paper, we present i) some basic figures about the rise of cities in the developing world, and ii) the four papers of this special issue. This paper and the other four papers in the issue have the intention to bring to the frontline the reality of cities of the developing world in the 21st century, hoping to motivate further and much needed research.

Studies of the Spanish adolescent population has concluded that victimization is related to lack of emotional regulation and impulse control. Therefore, if a victim is unable to recognize, understand and regulate their emotions, this can result in rejection by their peers. A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine regulatory emotional self-efficacy as a possible mediator in the association between peer and parents attachment and victimization. Adolescents (n = 563) completed Regulatory Emotional Self-Efficacy, Inventory of Parents and Peer Attachment and Kid at School questionnaires. Structural equation models (SEMs) were used to predict a latent variable of victimization with parents and peer attachment, emphasizing the mediating role of regulatory emotional self-efficacy, as comprised by a positive and a negative aspect. Results showed that peer attachment had an indirect negative effect, through perceived self-efficacy, in managing a positive effect in victimization, while father attachment had an indirect negative affect, through perceived self-efficacy, in managing a negative affect in victimization, and Mother attachment had no statistically significant indirect effect in victimization. This study suggests that the roles of parents and peers, and also between mothers and fathers, are different in relation to the perception of victimization of adolescents. Findings provide relevant information regarding implications for prevention and intervention in victimization.

Assessment of child maltreatment has been inconsistent across literature due to its complexity, multidimensionality, and the variety of conceptualizations of this construct. Five instruments have recurrently examined psychometric properties across the last years of research: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure, Child Abuse Potential Inventory, Identification of Parents at Risk for child Abuse and Neglect, and Psychosocial Screening Tool. This article aims to examine and wrap up the knowledge regarding the psychometric properties of these instruments. A systematic review was performed through three of the most relevant databases in order to identify the most validated instruments to assess child maltreatment from 2010 to 2020, and 19 research articles were identified. Results indicate that there is a lack of information regarding some psychometric properties and therefore, in the light of this information, it is not possible to clearly determine if there are instruments with stronger scientific evidence for their psychometric properties, although the Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure Scale (MACE) obtained the strongest psychometric evidence. This systematic review provided a comprehensive review on the main psychometric properties of five child maltreatment instruments in order to facilitate researchers and child welfare professionals the selection of the most suitable instrument for their specific purpose. We recommend addressing these gaps of information by further examining the psychometric properties of these instruments, and developing valid and reliable instruments for early detection in child maltreatment.

Objetivo La ratio digital del segundo y cuarto dedo de la mano (2D:4D) es un marcador de la exposición a andrógenos prenatal que presenta un dimorfismo sexual en mamíferos, siendo menor en hombres que en mujeres. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue analizar la asociación entre la ratio 2D:4D (como marcador indirecto del ambiente hormonal intrauterino) y la severidad preoperatoria del cáncer de próstata (CaP). Material y métodos Se trata de un estudio transversal que incluyó 118 pacientes intervenidos de CaP y con confirmación histológica por biopsia desde abril de 2007 hasta julio de 2015. A cada paciente se le realizó una exploración física y se midió desde la base de la falange proximal hasta el extremo de la falange distal tanto en el cuarto como en el segundo dedo de la mano derecha. La asociación entre la ratio 2D:4D y los indicadores de severidad prequirúrgicos de CaP se realizaron mediante test de medias, correlación de Spearman y regresión lineal simple. Resultados La ratio 2D:4D se asoció significativamente con el PSA prequirúrgico (p = 0,023) y con el porcentaje de cilindros afectados en la biopsia (p = 0,05) Conclusión Nuestros resultados sugieren que una mayor exposición androgénica prenatal, reflejado en una ratio 2D:4D disminuida, estaría asociada con una mayor severidad prequirúrgica del CaP.

We analyzed the roles of parenting style and peer attachment in predicting emotional instability in late childhood and early adolescence. Effects were analyzed separately by gender. Children's personal variables analyzed were empathy, anger, and the mechanisms used to cope with anger (externalization and self-control). Participants were 316 girls and 294 boys (N = 610) aged from 9 to 12 years who were students at schools in Valencia, Spain. Main gender differences for each variable were examined using one-way ANOVAs. Results of 2 multiple linear regression analyses (1 for boys and 1 for girls) explained 50.9% and 35.5%, respectively, of variance in the students' emotional instability. Considering emotional and cognitive variables, the results for our participant group show that parenting styles and peer attachment were equally significant as predictors of emotional instability.

The aim of our study was to analyze outcomes and safety of laparoscopic simple prostatectomy (LSP) in a high-volume center.A consecutive series of men with lower urinary tract symptoms and large prostates (80 cc) prospectively enrolled between November 2015 and December 2017 in one center. All patients underwent laparoscopic simple prostatectomy. Outcomes were evaluated considering the trifecta favorable outcome which was defined as a combination of the following items: 1) no perioperative complications; 2) postoperative IPSS8; 3) postoperative Qinfmax/inf15 mL/s. Complications were evaluated according to the modified Clavien classification system. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of a positive trifecta outcome.Overall 272 patients were enrolled. At three months after surgery median IPSS total score was 4 (IQR: 3-7), median IPSS QoL was 1 (IQR:1-2), median prostate-specific antigen was 0.53 (IQR: 0.33-1.00) ng/ml and median Qinfmax/infwas 23 (IQR: 17-30) mL/s. All these parameters improved statistically when compared to baseline (P0.001). The overall complication rate was 21% however most of the complications were low grade complications according to modified Clavien-Dindo classification (grade ≤2). Overall, 68% of the patients presented a positive trifecta outcome. On multivariate analysis only preoperative hemoglobin and hospital stay were confirmed predictors of positive trifecta outcome.LSP represents a safe and effective procedure in the treatment of large adenomas. Although RCTs are needed before reaching definitive conclusions, LSP is a promising technique for patients with LUTS and large prostates.

The goal of this chapter is to describe how parenting relates to prosocial development in Spanish adolescents. Although not a lot of work has been done on Spanish youth, the work that has been done has largely paralleled the work done on European American youth. We present evidence from a longitudinal study that examines how support and communication, psychological control, and permissiveness from both mothers and fathers change across adolescence and relate to prosocial behavior in a large sample of Spanish adolescents. Adolescent prosocial behavior was relatively stable. Both mothers and fathers became more permissive and supportive across adolescence, but less psychologically controlling. Prosocial behavior was bidirectionally related to aspects of parenting across time. We highlight the ways in which these findings are both similar to and different from the work in other cultures.

The aim of this longitudinal study was to determine the associations among peer attachment, warmth from the mother and father, strict control by the mother and father, prosocial behavior, and physical and verbal aggression in adolescence. Few longitudinal studies have examined how peer attachment and parenting styles of the mother and father relate to prosocial behavior and aggression. Participants were 192 boys and 255 girls (M = 14.70 years; SD = 0.68) in wave 1. In the study participated 11 schools. For three successive years, participants reported on their fathers’ and mothers’ warmth and strict control, peer attachment, prosocial behavior, and aggression. Structural equations modeling was employed to explore two longitudinal models. Results show the influence of the mother and father on prosocial and aggression during adolescence. In addition, strong peer attachment predicted prosocial behavior in subsequent years. Therefore, the findings indicate that despite the increasingly important role of friends during the transition from childhood to adolescence, parenting styles play a key role in the personal and social development of their children. Programs aimed at preventing aggression should be designed considering the importance of stimulating and strengthening prosocial behavior, peer attachment and a family environment of affect, support and communication. Fil: Malonda, Elisabeth. Universidad de Valencia; España Fil: Llorca, Anna. Universidad de Valencia; España Fil: Mesurado, Maria Belen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi; Argentina Fil: Samper García, Paula. Universidad de Valencia; España Fil: Mestre, María Vicenta. Universidad de Valencia; España

ResumenEste estudio persigue un doble objetivo: i) analizar las relaciones entre empatía, conducta prosocial y razonamiento moral prosocial y sus diferencias en función del sexo; ii) analizar el valor predictor de dichas variables en la empatía, como variable dependiente. La población evaluada está compuesta por 1557 adolescentes de 12 a 15 años (M = 13.13, DT = .86; 47.4 % chicas; 52.6 % chicos). Los análisis muestran diferencias significativas entre chicos y chicas. Las chicas obtienen mayores índices de empatía, conducta prosocial, razonamiento moral prosocial, en las dimensiones de interiorizado, orientado hacia la necesidad y estereotipado. Los chicos, por su parte, muestran mayores índices en agresividad física y verbal, razonamiento moral hedonista y orientado a la aprobación. Las variables predictoras en la explicación de la empatía, tanto en chicos como en chicas, son la conducta prosocial (en positivo) y el razonamiento hedonista (en negativo). En el colectivo de varones aparecen, además, otras variables predictoras de la empatía. Éstas se refieren al razonamiento moral prosocial interiorizado y al orientado hacia la necesidad de forma positiva, y a la agresividad en negativo. Los resultaos aportan nuevas ideas para establecer programas de intervención. AbstractThis study has two objectives. On the one hand, to analyze the relationships between empathy, prosocial behavior and prosocial moral reasoning, as well as the differences between them in terms of gender. On the other hand, to analyze the predictive value of these variables on empathy, taken as a criterion vari­able. The sample comprised 1,557 participants (M = 13.13; DT = .86) from 12 to 15 years (47.4 % girls and 52.6 % boys). Comparison of means shows significant differences based on gender. The girls ex­pressed higher levels of empathy, prosocial behavior, prosocial moral reasoning, in the dimensions of in­ternalized, facing the necessity and stereotyped. The boys, meanwhile, show higher rates in physical and verbal aggressiveness and hedonistic and approval-oriented prosocial moral reasoning. Regression anal­ysis identified as predictors of empathy in boys and girls, prosocial behavior and hedonistic reasoning. Prosocial behavior maintains direct relationships with empathy, in the case of hedonism relationships are negative. In the group of boys there are other predic­tors of empathy. These variables are positively asso­ciated with internalized prosocial moral reasoning and moral reasoning led to the need, and negatively with aggressiveness. Perhaps more importantly, more efficient intervention programs designed to foster specific types of prosocial behaviors.

Background Anogenital distance (AGD), the distance from the centre of the anus to the genitals, is a sexually dimorphic phenotype in mammals. Experimental studies have shown that AGD is a biomarker of prenatal androgen exposure during the masculinisation period of development. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between anogenital distance (AGD), as an indirect marker of prenatal hormonal environment, and prostate cancer (PCa) severity. Materials We conducted a cross-sectional study with a total of 120 PCa patients with confirmed biopsy of the tumour from April 2007 to July 2015. Two variants of the anogenital distance were assessed, from the anus to the posterior base of the scrotum (AGDAS ) and to the cephalad insertion of the penis (AGDAP ). We compared differences in groups to evaluate the association between AGD measurements and severity of the preoperative biopsy and clinical scores. Results Longer AGDAS was significantly associated with the highest Gleason score (P = 0.015) and D'Amico nomogram (P = 0.048). In contrast, no statistical differences were found in the AGDAP and severity of the preoperative biopsy. Conclusions These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a higher prenatal androgen exposure is associated with higher severity of PCa. Prostate 77: 406-411, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Background Depression is a broad and heterogeneous diagnostic grouping, central to which is depressed mood or inability to enjoy most activities. Depressive symptoms are frequently accompanied by conduct problems stemming from anger. It is very important to know the interrelation of these emotions very well to be able to help adolescents to manage them more easily. The main aim of this article is to present the problem of interaction between negative affects (emotional instability, anger state and trait, physical and verbal aggression and depression) analyzing the different relationship through the time in spanish sample. Material and Methods The sample included 470 adolescents (192 boys and 225 girls) in a three-wave longitudinal study in Valencia (Spain). The mean age was 14.70 in the first wave. Structural equations modelling was employed to explore two longitudinal models. Results The results show differences based on sex, and that an internalised variable, like emotional instability, is relevant to prevent the appearance of depression directly in girls and also the later appearance of aggression as long as anger mediates, in both boys and girls, so the control of anger becomes an important goal to control the rest of the negative affects. Conclusions This results has consequences in the preparation of all programmes that try to establish an emotional control on adolescents, as not only has to be taken into account as a direct goal the control of externalised emotions like anger, but internalised emotions like emotional instability have to be taken into account also. Furthermore, it is also made apparent that not only the punctual explosions and externalisation of anger have to be worked on, but the temperamental aspects which are the base of anger trait have to be worked on too. Key words:Emotional instability, anger, depression, aggression, negative emotions, adolescence.

Summary The distance from the genitals to the anus, anogenital distance, reflects androgen concentration during prenatal development in mammals. The use of anogenital distance in human studies is still very limited and the quality and consistency of measurements is an important methodological issue. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and reproducibility of adult male anogenital distance measurements by two different methods. All men were attending an outpatient clinic at a university hospital and underwent an andrological examination and completed a brief questionnaire. Two variants of anogenital distance [from the anus to the posterior base of the scrotum (AGDAS) and to the cephalad insertion of the penis (AGDAP)] by two methods (lithotomy or frog-legged position) were assessed in 70 men. Within and between coefficient of variations, intra-class correlation coefficients, two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance, and scatter and Bland–Altman plots were calculated. The two methods produced similar values for AGDAP but different estimates for AGDAS. Nonetheless, the overall agreement (ICC ≥ 0.80) was acceptable for both measures. Therefore, both methods are internally consistent and adequate for epidemiological studies, and may be used depending on the available medical resources, clinical setting, and populations.

To evaluate the associationbetween anogenital distance (AGD), as a biomarker ofprenatal androgen milieu, and risk of prostate cancer(PCa).A case-control study was conducted on260 men attending a university hospital where theyunderwent physical and andrological examination andcompleted a brief questionnaire. PCa patients were confirmedby biopsy of the tumor. Controls were men withoutPCa attending the urology outpatient clinic for routineexaminations. Two variants of AGD [from the anus to theposterior base of the scrotum (AGDAS) and to the cephaladinsertion of the penis (AGDAP)] were measured.Unconditional multiple logistic regression was used toestimate the association between AGD measurementsand presence of PCa, and Odds Ratios and 95% confidenceintervals (CI) were calculated.Cases showed significantly shorter AGDAPand AGDAS than controls. Subjects with AGDAP andAGDAS in the lowest compared to the upper tertile were2.6 times (95% CI 1.2-5.6) and 3.2 times (95% CI 1.5-6.9) more likely to have PCa, respectively.We found that shorter measurementsof both distances (AGDAS and AGDAP) were associatedwith higher risk of PCa. A previous study reportedsimilar results, showing that longer AGDAP was associatedwith lower risk of PCa, but this relationship was notfound for AGDAS, as it was in our study with a largersample size.Evaluar la asociación entre la distancia anogenital (AGD) como biomarcador de la ventana androgénica prenatal y el riesgo de padecer cáncer de próstata (PCa).MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio de casos y controles realizado en 260 pacientes. Todos los pacientes fueron sometidos a examen físico y andrológico y completaron un breve cuestionario. Los pacientes con PCa tenían diagnóstico histológico por biopsia prostática. Los controles fueron varones sin sospecha de PCa que acudieron a la consulta externa de Urología para exámenes rutinarios. Se midieron dos variantes de AGD [del ano a la base posterior del escroto (AGDAS) y del ano a la inserción dorsal del pene (AGDAP)]. Se utilizóanálisis de regresión logística múltiple para estimar la asociación entre las medidas de AGD y la presencia de PCa. Se calcularon Odds Ratios (ORs) e intervalos de confianza (IC) 95%.Los casos mostraron unas AGDAP y AGDAS significativamente más cortas que los controles.Los pacientes con AGDAP y AGDAS en el tercil inferior comparado con los pacientes del tercil superior mostraron 2,6 (IC 95% 1,2-5,6) y 3,2 veces (IC 95% 1,5-6,9) más riesgo, respectivamente, de padecer PCa.Encontramos que las medidas acortadas de ambas AGDs se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de padecer PCa. Un estudio previo obtuvo resultados similares, mostrando que una AGDAP alargada se asoció con un menor riesgo de padecer PCa, pero noobservó ninguna relación con respecto a la AGDAS, como sí objetivamos en este estudio con un mayor tamaño muestral.

Objective: To evaluate the value of the neutrophil-to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) with different prognostic factors and with the risk of progression and recurrence of this neoplasm. The NLR has been recognised as a prognostic factor for multiple cancers as a systemic inflammatory response marker. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 103 patients diagnosed with high-grade NMIBC treated by transurethral resection of the tumour plus adjuvant bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG). Epidemiological data analysed included: gender, age, smoking habits, other neoplasms. Tumour data analysed included: size, stage, pattern, number, association with carcinoma in situ (CIS), and treatment-related effects. NLR was calculated based on a 30-day pre-transurethral resection blood sample. Statistical analysis included chi-squared test, Kaplan–Meier, and uni- and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Results: In all, 97 patients (94.7%) were men, 53 were aged ⩾70 years (51.5%) and 63 were smokers (61.2%). Overall, 85 (82.5%) were primary tumours, 62 (60.2%) were single, 65 (63.1%) were >3 cm, 68 (66%) were stage T1, and 87 (84.5%) were associated with CIS. The main BCG-related side-effect was irritative voiding symptoms in 19.4% of the patients. In all, 30.1% of the patients had a NLR of ⩾2.5, with a median (interquartile range [IQR)] of 2 (1.47–2.71). The median (IQR) follow-up was 40 (19–81.5) months. A NLR of ⩾2.5 was significantly related with smoking habits (P = 0.003). None of the other factors assessed showed any statistical significance. The 5-year recurrence-free survival for a NLR of

Anogenital distance (AGD), the distance from the centre of the anus to the genitals, is a sexually dimorphic phenotype in mammals. Several experimental studies have demonstrated that AGD is a biomarker of prenatal androgen exposure during the masculinisation period of development. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between AGD (as an indirect marker of prenatal hormonal environment) and severity of the surgical specimen and prostate cancer (PCa) prognosis.We conducted a cross-sectional study with a total of 119 PCa patients with confirmed biopsy of the tumour. Every participant underwent a physical examination where two variants of the AGD were assessed, a) from the anus to the cephalad insertion of the penis (AGDAP) and b) to the posterior base of the scrotum (AGDAS). To assess the association between both AGD and severity and PCa prognosis multiple logistic regression analysis was used.Longer AGDAS was significantly associated with biochemical recurrence and affected margins of the surgical specimen (OR: 2.5; IC 95%:1.2-5.5, and 2.8; IC 95%: 1.1-7.5, respectively).Our findings suggest that a higher prenatal androgen exposure, resulting in a longer AGD, is associated with worse prognosis of PCa.

Sexist attitudes are rooted in patriarchal structures, which uphold traditional gender stereotypes, and which are still found in society today. Scholars have found gender differences in perceived academic achievement, with girls performing better than boys, and negative relationships between sexism and perceived academic achievement. Moreover, perceived academic achievement and sexist attitudes have been associated with aggression and different kinds of violence. This study examined the associations between sexist attitudes and perceived academic achievement (using self-report data). The study also assessed the mediating role of physical and verbal aggression in the relationship between sexist attitudes and perceived academic achievement. Seven hundred eight Spanish adolescents participated in the study. The mean age was 13.00 (SD = 0.95, range = 12&ndash, 14 years). Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to analyse the effects among variables for boys and girls. Results showed the role of benevolent sexism and hostile sexism in perceived academic achievement, as well as the mediating role of aggression in the relationship between sexism and perceived academic achievement. Findings and implications are discussed to assess measures for establishing intervention programs and educating adolescents in a non-sexist manner.

We examined the links between perceived parental use of social and material rewards and prosocial behaviors across youth from two countries. Six hundred forty adolescents (297 girls; [Formula: see text] age = 15.32 years) from Valencia, Spain, and 552 adolescents (321 girls; [Formula: see text] age = 13.38 years) from the United States completed measures of their perceptions of parental use of rewards, prosocial behaviors, and empathy. Results generally showed that perceived use of social rewards was directly and indirectly positively related to prosocial behaviors via empathic tendencies. In contrast, perceived use of material rewards was directly and indirectly negatively related to prosocial behaviors via empathic tendencies. There were significant differences such that material rewards had relatively more significant relations to prosocial behaviors in U.S. youth than in Spanish youth. Discussion focuses on the generalizability of parenting and prosocial development models across cultures and the relative links of social versus material rewards to prosocial behaviors.

The distance from the genitals to the anus (anogenital distance [AGD]) reflects androgen concentration during prenatal development in mammals. At the present time, there is only one study suggesting the relationship between AGD and risk of prostate cancer (CaP). The goal of this study was to assess the performance and clinical utility of AGD, as a biomarker of prenatal androgenic milieu, and risk of CaP in a larger population, in CaP diagnosis.A case-control study was conducted on 260 men seen in a hospital outpatient clinic where underwent a physical and andrological examination and completed a brief questionnaire. CaP patients were confirmed by biopsy of the tumor. Controls were men without CaP seen in the urology outpatient clinic for routine examinations. Two variants of AGD (from the anus to the posterior base of the scrotum [AGDThe highest area under the curve (0.69; 95% CI 0.60 to 0.78 and 0.69; 95% CI 0.61 to 0.77) was obtained for the Gleason=7 subgroup with the AGDAGD may be a useful clinical tool for the CaP diagnosis.

Background Emotions are potent modulators and motivators of the behaviour that the individual displays in the different situations they have to live and they can act as a protection factor or vulnerability of the adapted or maladaptive behaviour. This study focuses on anxiety in adolescence. Objectives. The objective is, through a longitudinal study, to analyse the psychological processes and emotions that facilitate the symptoms of anxiety and those which protect the adolescent from these symptoms. Material and Methods 417 adolescents (192 boys and 225 girls) participated in a three-wave longitudinal study in Valencia, Spain. In the first wave, adolescents were either in the third year of secondary school (81 boys and 85 girls) or the fourth year of secondary school (111 boys and 140 girls). The mean age was 14.70 (SD = 0.68; range = 13-17 years). This study monitored participating adolescents for three years. Results The results indicate a differential profile in the evaluated emotions according to sex, with the girls being the ones to experiment more anxiety and more empathy, while the boys show more emotional instability and aggression. Conclusions It is concluded that the best predictors for anxiety are anger state, aggressive behaviour, empathic concern together with the lack of coping mechanisms focused on problem solving and the perception of stress as a threat. Key words:Adolescence, anxiety, emotions, coping, stress.

Anogenital distance (AGD), the distance from the centre of the anus to the genitals, is a sexually dimorphic phenotype in mammals. Experimental studies have shown that AGD is a biomarker of prenatal androgen exposure during the masculinisation period of development. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between anogenital distance (AGD), as an indirect marker of prenatal hormonal environment, and prostate cancer (PCa) severity.We conducted a cross-sectional study with a total of 120 PCa patients with confirmed biopsy of the tumour from April 2007 to July 2015. Two variants of the anogenital distance were assessed, from the anus to the posterior base of the scrotum (AGDLonger AGDThese findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a higher prenatal androgen exposure is associated with higher severity of PCa. Prostate 77: 406-411, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Este estudio analiza la relación entre las estrategias de afrontamiento y las emociones para determinar en qué medida son procesos relacionados con la conducta agresiva. Se parte del supuesto de que en la agresividad influyen los mecanismos de afrontamiento en la resolución de problemas y el manejo delas emociones: inestabilidad emocional (falta de autocontrol ante situaciones que producen tensión) o empatía (sentimientos orientados al otro que tiene un problema o necesidad). Se ha evaluado una muestra de 1.557 niños yniñas, con un rango de edad entre 12 y 15 años, escolarizados en primer ciclo de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) en 36 Centros escolares de la Comunidad Valenciana, seleccionados aleatoriamente. Los resultados indican claras diferencias entre los sujetos con alta y baja agresividad y los mecanismos de afrontamiento que utilizan, los adolescentes más agresivos utilizan en mayor medida un afrontamiento improductivo, mientras que los menos agresivos aplican estrategias más centradas en la resolución del problema.En todos los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, el efecto directo de la inestabilidad emocional y la empatía sobre la agresividad es significativa, siempre positivo en el primer caso pero negativo en el segundo. Además, la empatía favorece el afrontamiento centrado en la resolución del problema, mientras que la inestabilidad emocional se relaciona positivamente con el afrontamiento improductivo y este con la agresividad.