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To treat secondary hyperparathyroidism with subtotal parathyroidectomy or total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation might cause the disease to recur because of growth of the parathyroid remnant or the autografts. The aim of the present study was to determinate an alternative surgical treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism. Of 94 uremic patients, 44 (median age: 50.5 years; 33 women/11 men) were assigned to group A, patients who were not expected to receive kidney transplantation for various reasons and had total parathyroidectomy without autotransplantation; 50 (median age 46 years; 33 women/17 men) were assigned to group B, patients who had either total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation or subtotal total parathyroidectomy with preservation of parathyroid tissue in situ. Parameters measured included demographics, perioperative and follow-up biochemistry tests, operative time, postoperative complications, length of hospital stay, patients’ compliance with the postoperative calcium and 1,25 dihydroxy-viatmin D supplementation regimen, symptom relief, and presence of recurrence. Mean operative times were 103 and 122 min ( P = 0.007); postoperative complication rates were 18.2% and 12.0% ( P = 0.563); mean hospital stays were 6 and 9 days ( P = 0.259); adequate patient compliance with the postoperative calcium and 1,25 dihydroxy-viatmin D regimens were 84.1% and 78.0%, respectively ( P = 0.6); symptom relief rates were 88.6% and 80.0% ( P = 0.277). Recurrence rates over 60 months in group A and group B were 4.5% and 18.0%, resectively ( P = 0.028 by Kaplan-Meier analysis). Because of the lower recurrent rate and shorter operative time, total parathyroidectomy without autotransplantation may be an option for treating patients with symptomatic secondary hyperparathyroidism who are not expected to receive kidney transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]