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The IUPAC–IUGS joint Task Group “Isotopes in Geosciences” (TGIG) has evaluated the published literature on the half-lives of six long-lived, geologically relevant radioactive nuclides. Where conflicting literature estimates are present, it is necessary to first identify any systematic bias in accordance with metrological traceability and to exclude the biased estimates from further consideration. The TGIG recommends three robust half-life estimates: 49.61 ± 0.16 Ga for 87Rb, corresponding to a decay constant λ(87Rb) = (1.3972 ± 0.0045) × 10−11 a−1; 106.25 ± 0.38 Ga for 147Sm, and a corresponding decay constant λ(147Sm) = (6.524 ± 0.024) × 10−12 a−1; 4.4683 ± 0.0096 Ga for 238U, i.e. a decay constant λ(238U) = (1.55125 ± 0.00333) × 10−10 a−1. All cited uncertainties have a coverage factor k = 2. For other radionuclides of Sm and U, no unambiguous consensus value can be endorsed at present by TGIG, which limits its evaluation to a status report highlighting unaccounted-for potential sources of bias. The improved repeatability of mass spectrometric measurements has revealed systematic bias effects that had been dismissed as subordinate in the past. These issues can only be resolved by future dedicated investigations.

Recent findings using U-Pb zircon geochronology combined with paleoenvironmental proxies and sedimentological observations have constrained the timing and extent of glacial advances and retreats across southwestern and south-central Gondwana during the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA). Sedimentary archives deposited during the transition from the latest Carboniferous to the earliest Permian reveal widespread short-term warming as reflected in the loss of subglacial deposits across Gondwana basins, some of which were fully deglaciated by the end of the Carboniferous at 299 Ma. These observations are accompanied by fluctuations in proxies for pCO2 and δ13C across the Carboniferous-Permian transition. These climate oscillations require large scale, short-lived climate forcing mechanisms. One such potential cause may be greenhouse gas emissions related to widespread magmatism across central and northwestern Europe, which has been linked to a deep-seated mantle plume. The effects of igneous activity may be further amplified by the interaction of magma with widely occurring organic-rich sedimentary rocks across this region. The products of this magmatic province predominantly show silicic compositions, but intermediate and basaltic melts also occur in outcrops and cores from the British Isles and southern Sweden (predominantly in the form of dykes and sills), the Oslo and Skagerrak Graben as well as the Northern and Southern Permian Basin, which extends from the North Sea across northern Germany to Poland (predominantly filled with rhyolitic and rhyodacitic volcanics).Available radioisotopic age constraints for these magmatic products are from different isotopic systems whose comparison requires consideration of systematic errors, and often have large uncertainties (at the several million-year level) rendering them unsuitable for studying potential causal relations to contemporaneous climate fluctuations that operate at much shorter timescales. We review these results and present new high-resolution U-Pb zircon CA-TIMS (Chemical Abrasion-Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry) ages from volcanic and intrusive products from the Southern Permian Basin and adjacent areas which show that the duration of magmatic activity was much shorter than previously thought. We suggest that greenhouse gas emissions from the magma, and its interaction with biogenic sedimentary rocks, may have been the cause for the observed short-term climate oscillations across the Carboniferous-Permian transition. These short-term events, and their effects, appear to be superimposed on long-term climate drivers such as continental arc volcanism, tropical silicate weathering, as well as changes in the distribution of continents in high latitudes, the opening and closing of oceanic gateways and tectonically induced variation in the equilibrium-line altitude for ice.The research presented here is supported by NSF grant 1728705

We investigate the shallow plumbing system of the Deccan Traps Large Igneous Province using rock and mineral data from Giant Plagioclase Basalt (GPB) lava flows from around the entire province, but with a focus on the Saurashtra Peninsula, the Malwa Plateau, and the base and top of the Western Ghats (WG) lava pile. GPB lavas in the WG typically occur at the transition between chemically distinct basalt formations. Most GPB samples are evolved basalts, with high Fe and Ti contents, and show major and trace elements and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions generally similar to those of previously studied Deccan basalts. Major element modeling suggests that high-Fe, evolved melts typical of GPB basalts may derive from less evolved Deccan basalts by low-pressure fractional crystallization in a generally dry magmatic plumbing system. The basalts are strongly porphyritic, with 6–25% of mm- to cm-sized plagioclase megacrysts, frequently occurring as crystal clots, plus relatively rare olivine and clinopyroxene. The plagioclase crystals are mostly labradoritic, but some show bytownitic cores (general range of anorthite mol%: 78–55). A common feature is a strong Fe enrichment at the plagioclase rims, indicating interaction with an Fe-rich melt similar to that represented by the matrix compositions (FeOt up to 16–17 wt%). Plagioclase minor and trace elements and Sr isotopic compositions analyzed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry show evidence of a hybrid and magma mixing origin. In particular, several plagioclase crystals show variable 87Sr/86Sri, which only partially overlaps with the 87Sr/86Sri of the surrounding matrix. Diffusion modeling suggests residence times of decades to centuries for most plagioclase megacrysts. Notably, some plagioclase crystal clots show textural evidence of deformation as recorded by electron back-scatter diffraction analyses and chemical maps, which suggest that the plagioclase megacrysts were deformed in a crystal-rich environment in the presence of melt. We interpret the plagioclase megacrysts as remnants of a crystal mush originally formed in the shallow plumbing system of the Deccan basalts. In this environment, plagioclase acquired a zoned composition due to the arrival of chemically distinct basaltic magmas. Prior to eruption, a rapidly rising but dense Fe-rich magma was capable of disrupting the shallow level crystal mush, remobilizing part of it and carrying a cargo of buoyant plagioclase megacrysts. Our findings suggest that basaltic magmas from the Deccan Traps, and possibly from LIPs in general, are produced within complex transcrustal magmatic plumbing systems with widespread crystal mushes developed in the shallow crust.

The last major mass extinctions in Earth history (e.g., end-Guadalupian, end-Permian, end-Triassic, and end-Cretaceous) are all correlated closely in time with the main-phase eruptions of major flood basalt provinces (Emeishan, Siberian, Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, and Deccan Traps, respectively). The causal relationship between flood volcanism and mass extinction is not clear, but likely involves the climate effects of outgassed volatile species such as CO2, SO2, Cl, F, etc., from some combination of magma and country rocks. In a surprising “coincidence,” the end-Cretaceous (K-Pg boundary) micro-faunal extinction also corresponds precisely in time to what may have been the largest meteor impact of the past billion years of Earth history, the Chicxulub crater at 66.05 Ma. The Deccan Traps eruptions were under way well before K-Pg/Chicxulub time and are most likely the result of the mantle plume “head” that initiated the presently active Reunion hotspot track—thus the Deccan Traps were clearly not generated, fundamentally, by the impact. However, recent high-precision 40Ar/39Ar geochronology indicates that conspicuous changes in basalt geochemistry, lava flow morphology, emplacement mode, and a possible 50% increase in eruption rate at the Lonavala/Wai subgroup transition in the Deccan Traps lava group corresponded, within radioisotopic age precision, to the K-Pg boundary and the Chicxulub impact. This has led to the testable hypothesis that the Mw ~11 seismic disturbance of the Chicxulub impact may have affected the Deccan eruptions. Here we review a broad landscape of evidence regarding Deccan volcanism and its relation to the K-Pg boundary and attempt to define what we see as the most important questions than can and should be answered by further research to better understand both the onshore and largely unknown offshore components of Deccan-related volcanism, and what their climate and environmental impacts at K-Pg time may have been.

The 40Ar/39Ar dating method is among the most versatile of geochronometers, having the potential to date a broad variety of K-bearing materials spanning from the time of Earth’s formation into the historical realm. Measurements using modern noble-gas mass spectrometers are now producing 40Ar/39Ar dates with analytical uncertainties of ~0.1%, thereby providing precise time constraints for a wide range of geologic and extraterrestrial processes. Analyses of increasingly smaller subsamples have revealed age dispersion in many materials, including some minerals used as neutron fluence monitors. Accordingly, interpretive strategies are evolving to address observed dispersion in dates from a single sample. Moreover, inferring a geologically meaningful “age” from a measured “date” or set of dates is dependent on the geological problem being addressed and the salient assumptions associated with each set of data. We highlight requirements for collateral information that will better constrain the interpretation of 40Ar/39Ar data sets, including those associated with single-crystal fusion analyses, incremental heating experiments, and in situ analyses of microsampled domains. To ensure the utility and viability of published results, we emphasize previous recommendations for reporting 40Ar/39Ar data and the related essential metadata, with the amendment that data conform to evolving standards of being findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) by both humans and computers. Our examples provide guidance for the presentation and interpretation of 40Ar/39Ar dates to maximize their interdisciplinary usage, reproducibility, and longevity.

We analyzed the mineral composition of Giant Plagioclase Basalt flows from the Deccan large igneous province. In these flows typically occurring at the transition between geochemically distinct volcanic formations, plagioclase occurs as mm-to cm-seized crystals and crystal clots, which sometimes show evidence of high-temperature deformation, as constrained by EBSD analyses. Plagioclase have anorthite contents generally in the range An65-An60, sometimes showing relatively high-An cores (ca. An75). Clinopyroxene has mainly augitic and rarely pigeonitic composition and generally crystallized at shallow depth. Minor and trace element compositions of plagioclase crystals are correlative to those of their host-rocks. Most core-rim profiles of rapidly diffusing elements (e.g., Mg) are flat, suggesting diffusive re-equilibration. On the contrary, slower diffusing elements like K and Fe are zoned in some samples. In particular, Fe shows a marked increase at the crystal rims. Sr isotopic compositions of plagioclase cores are slightly but significantly different from those of the crystal rims and of the surrounding matrix in several samples.These geochemical and textural characteristics of the analyzed plagioclase suggest that they derived from a crystalline mush crystallized and stored for variably long periods (years to centuries) in the shallow magmatic plumbing system, which was repeatedly flushed and partially deformed by magma rising from deeper levels. Finally, plagioclase-rich magmas became cargos of Fe-rich, dense magmas possibly mobilized by increased CO2 contents heralding the arrival of e mantle-derived magmas.

The IUPAC-IUGS joint Task Group “Isotopes in Geosciences” recommends a value of (106.25 ± 0.38) Ga for the half-life of 147Sm, and a corresponding decay constant λ147 = (6.524 ± 0.024) × 10−12 a−1, both with a coverage factor k = 2. For the extinct radionuclide 146Sm two very different half-lives are used in the scientific community (c. 68 and 103 Ma), to such a degree that no consensus value can be endorsed at present by the Task Group. Pending dedicated re-investigations it is recommended that papers using the 146Sm decay to quantify the cosmo/geological evolution of (extra)terrestrial samples perform a twin set of calculations using both proposed half-lives.

Deccan Traps flood basalt volcanism affected ecosystems spanning the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, with the most significant environmental effects hypothesized to be a consequence of the largest eruptions. The Rajahmundry Traps are the farthest exposures (~1,000 km) of Deccan basalt from the putative eruptive centers in the Western Ghats and hence represent some of the largest volume Deccan eruptions. Although the three subaerial Rajahmundry lava flows have been geochemically correlated to the Wai Subgroup of the Deccan Traps, poor precision associated with previous radioisotopic age constraints has prevented detailed comparison with potential climate effects. In this study, we use new 40Ar/39Ar dates, paleomagnetic and volcanological analyses, and biostratigraphic constraints for the Rajahmundry lava flows to ascertain the timing and style of their emplacement. We find that the lower and middle flows (65.92 ± 0.25 and 65.67 ± 0.08 Ma, ±1σ systematic uncertainty) were erupted within magnetochron C29r and were a part of the Ambenali Formation of the Deccan Traps. By contrast, the uppermost flow (65.27 ± 0.08 Ma) was erupted in C29n as part of the Mahabaleshwar Formation. Given these age constraints, the Rajahmundry flows were not involved in the end-Cretaceous extinction as previously hypothesized. To determine whether the emplacement of the Rajahmundry flows could have affected global climate, we estimated their eruptive CO2 release and corresponding climate change using scalings from the LOSCAR carbon cycle model. We find that the eruptive gas emissions of these flows were insufficient to directly cause multi-degree warming; hence, a causal relationship with significant climate warming requires additional Earth system feedbacks.

Significance Understanding the evolution, dispersals, behaviors, and ecologies of early African Homo sapiens requires accurate geochronological placement of fossils and artifacts. We introduce open-air occurrences of such remains in sediments of the Middle Awash study area in Ethiopia. We describe the stratigraphic and depositional contexts of our discoveries and demonstrate the effectiveness of recently developed uranium-series dating of ostrich eggshell at validating and bridging across more traditional radioisotopic methods (14C and 40Ar/39Ar). Homo sapiens fossils and associated Middle Stone Age artifacts are placed at >158 and ∼96 ka. Later Stone Age occurrences are dated to ∼21 to 24 ka and ∼31 to 32 ka, firmly dating the upper portion of one of the longest records of human evolution., The Halibee member of the Upper Dawaitoli Formation of Ethiopia’s Middle Awash study area features a wealth of Middle and Later Stone Age (MSA and LSA) paleoanthropological resources in a succession of Pleistocene sediments. We introduce these artifacts and fossils, and determine their chronostratigraphic placement via a combination of established radioisotopic methods and a recently developed dating method applied to ostrich eggshell (OES). We apply the recently developed 230Th/U burial dating of OES to bridge the temporal gap between radiocarbon (14C) and 40Ar/39Ar ages for the MSA and provide 14C ages to constrain the younger LSA archaeology and fauna to ∼24 to 21.4 ka. Paired 14C and 230Th/U burial ages of OES agree at ∼31 ka for an older LSA locality, validating the newer method, and in turn supporting its application to stratigraphically underlying MSA occurrences previously constrained only by a maximum 40Ar/39Ar age. Associated fauna, flora, and Homo sapiens fossils are thereby now fixed between 106 ± 20 ka and 96.4 ± 1.6 ka (all errors 2σ). Additional 40Ar/39 results on an underlying tuff refine its age to 158.1 ± 11.0 ka, providing a more precise minimum age for MSA lithic artifacts, fauna, and H. sapiens fossils recovered ∼9 m below it. These results demonstrate how chronological control can be obtained in tectonically active and stratigraphically complex settings to precisely calibrate crucial evidence of technological, environmental, and evolutionary changes during the African Middle and Late Pleistocene.

Flood basalts were Earth's largest volcanic episodes that, along with related intrusions, were often emplaced rapidly and coincided with environmental disruption: oceanic anoxic events, hyperthermals, and mass extinction events. Volatile emissions, both from magmatic degassing and vaporized from surrounding rock, triggered short-term cooling and longer-term warming, ocean acidification, and deoxygenation. The magnitude of biological extinction varied considerably, from small events affecting only select groups to the largest extinction of the Phanerozoic, with less-active organisms and those with less-developed respiratory physiology faring especially poorly. The disparate environmental and biological outcomes of different flood basalt events may at first order be explained by variations in the rate of volatile release modulated by longer trends in ocean carbon cycle buffering and the composition of marine ecosystems. Assessing volatile release, environmental change, and biological extinction at finer temporal resolution should be a top priority to refine ancient hyperthermals as analogs for anthropogenic climate change. ▪ Flood basalts, the largest volcanic events in Earth history, triggered dramatic environmental changes on land and in the oceans. ▪ Rapid volcanic carbon emissions led to ocean warming, acidification, and deoxygenation that often caused widespread animal extinctions. ▪ Animal physiology played a key role in survival during flood basalt extinctions, with reef builders such as corals being especially vulnerable. ▪ The rate and duration of volcanic carbon emission controlled the type of environmental disruption and the severity of biological extinction.

Two timelines for extinction The Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction that wiped out the nonavian dinosaurs 66 million years ago was correlated with two extreme events: The Chicxulub impact occurred at roughly the same time that massive amounts of lava were erupting from the Deccan Traps (see the Perspective by Burgess). Sprain et al. used argon-argon dating of the volcanic ash from the Deccan Traps to argue that a steady eruption of the flood basalts mostly occurred after the Chicxulub impact. Schoene et al. used uranium-lead dating of zircons from ash beds and concluded that four large magmatic pulses occurred during the flood basalt eruption, the first of which preceded the Chicxulub impact. Whatever the correct ordering of events, better constraints on the timing and rates of the eruption will help elucidate how volcanic gas influenced climate. Science , this issue p. 866 , p. 862 ; see also p. 815

A 2 to 4 °C warming episode, known as the Latest Maastrichtian warming event (LMWE), preceded the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (KPB) mass extinction at 66.05 ± 0.08 Ma and has been linked with the onset of voluminous Deccan Traps volcanism. Here, we use direct measurements of melt-inclusion CO(2) concentrations and trace-element proxies for CO(2) to test the hypothesis that early Deccan magmatism triggered this warming interval. We report CO(2) concentrations from NanoSIMS and Raman spectroscopic analyses of melt-inclusion glass and vapor bubbles hosted in magnesian olivines from pre-KPB Deccan primitive basalts. Reconstructed melt-inclusion CO(2) concentrations range up to 0.23 to 1.2 wt% CO(2) for lavas from the Saurashtra Peninsula and the Thakurvadi Formation in the Western Ghats region. Trace-element proxies for CO(2) concentration (Ba and Nb) yield estimates of initial melt concentrations of 0.4 to 1.3 wt% CO(2) prior to degassing. Our data imply carbon saturation and degassing of Deccan magmas initiated at high pressures near the Moho or in the lower crust. Furthermore, we find that the earliest Deccan magmas were more CO(2) rich, which we hypothesize facilitated more efficient flushing and outgassing from intrusive magmas. Based on carbon cycle modeling and estimates of preserved lava volumes for pre-KPB lavas, we find that volcanic CO(2) outgassing alone remains insufficient to account for the magnitude of the observed latest Maastrichtian warming. However, accounting for intrusive outgassing can reconcile early carbon-rich Deccan Traps outgassing with observed changes in climate and atmospheric pCO(2).

A 2 to 4 °C warming episode, known as the Latest Maastrichtian warming event (LMWE), preceded the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (KPB) mass extinction at 66.05 ± 0.08 Ma and has been linked with the onset of voluminous Deccan Traps volcanism. Here, we use direct measurements of melt-inclusion CO2 concentrations and trace-element proxies for CO2 to test the hypothesis that early Deccan magmatism triggered this warming interval. We report CO2 concentrations from NanoSIMS and Raman spectroscopic analyses of melt-inclusion glass and vapor bubbles hosted in magnesian olivines from pre-KPB Deccan primitive basalts. Reconstructed melt-inclusion CO2 concentrations range up to 0.23 to 1.2 wt% CO2 for lavas from the Saurashtra Peninsula and the Thakurvadi Formation in the Western Ghats region. Trace-element proxies for CO2 concentration (Ba and Nb) yield estimates of initial melt concentrations of 0.4 to 1.3 wt% CO2 prior to degassing. Our data imply carbon saturation and degassing of Deccan magmas initiated at high pressures near the Moho or in the lower crust. Furthermore, we find that the earliest Deccan magmas were more CO2 rich, which we hypothesize facilitated more efficient flushing and outgassing from intrusive magmas. Based on carbon cycle modeling and estimates of preserved lava volumes for pre-KPB lavas, we find that volcanic CO2 outgassing alone remains insufficient to account for the magnitude of the observed latest Maastrichtian warming. However, accounting for intrusive outgassing can reconcile early carbon-rich Deccan Traps outgassing with observed changes in climate and atmospheric pCO2.

We investigated a suite of metabasite blocks from serpentinite matrix and shale matrix mélanges of the California Coast Ranges. Our new data set consists of 40Ar/39Ar dates of amphibole and phengite and U‐Pb dates of metamorphic zircon. Combined with published geochronology, including prograde Lu‐Hf garnet ages from the same blocks, we can reconstruct the timing and time scales of prograde and retrograde metamorphism of individual blocks. In particular we find that exhumation from amphibole‐eclogite facies conditions occurred as a single episode at 165–157 Ma, with an apparent southward younging trend. The rate and timing of exhumation were initially uniform (when comparing individual blocks) and fast (with cooling rates up to ~140°C/Ma). In the cooler and shallower blueschist facies, exhumation slowed and became less uniform among blocks. Considering the subduction zone system, the high‐grade exhumation temporally correlates with a magmatic arc pulse (Sierra Nevada) and the termination of forearc spreading (Coast Range Ophiolite). Our findings suggest that a geodynamic one‐time event led to exhumation of amphibole‐eclogite facies rocks. We propose that interaction of the Franciscan subduction zone with a spreading ridge led to extraction of the forearc mantle wedge from its position between forearc crust and subducting crust. The extraction led to fast and uniform exhumation of subducted rocks into the blueschist facies. We also show that the Franciscan subduction zone did not undergo significant cooling over time and that its initiation was not coeval with blueschist‐facies metamorphism of the Red Ant schist of the Sierra Nevada foothills.

Plesiadapiform mammals, as stem primates, are key to understanding the evolutionary and ecological origins of Pan-Primates and Euarchonta. The Purgatoriidae, as the geologically oldest and most primitive known plesiadapiforms and one of the oldest known placental groups, are also central to the evolutionary radiation of placentals and the Cretaceous-Palaeogene biotic recovery on land. Here, we report new dental fossils of Purgatorius from early Palaeocene (early Puercan) age deposits in northeastern Montana that represent the earliest dated occurrences of plesiadapiforms. We constrain the age of these earliest purgatoriids to magnetochron C29R and most likely to within 105–139 thousand years post-K/Pg boundary. Given the occurrence of at least two species, Purgatorius janisae and a new species, at the locality, we provide the strongest support to date that purgatoriids and, by extension, Pan-Primates, Euarchonta and Placentalia probably originated by the Late Cretaceous. Within 1 million years of their arrival in northeastern Montana, plesiadapiforms outstripped archaic ungulates in numerical abundance and dominated the arboreal omnivore–frugivore niche in mammalian local faunas.

Current models of early hominin biological and cultural evolution are shaped almost entirely by the data accumulated from the East African Rift System (EARS) over the last decades. In contrast, little is known about the archaeological record from the high-elevation regions on either side of the Rift. Melka Wakena is a newly discovered site-complex on the Southeastern Ethiopian Highlands (SEH) (>2300 m above mean sea level) just east of the central sector of the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER), where eight archaeological and two paleontological localities were discovered to date. Nine archaeological horizons from three localities were tested so far, all dated to the second half of the early Pleistocene (∼1.6 to >0.7 Ma). All the lithic assemblages belong to the Acheulian technocomplex. Here we report on geochronological, stratigraphic, paleontological and lithic technological aspects of the tested localities and contextualize them in the broader framework of hominin cultural evolution in eastern Africa. Findings from Melka Wakena, assessed against the backdrop of the few other highland sites (Melka Kunture and Gadeb), support a scenario of expansion rather than dispersal from the Rift to the highlands. When considered in the context of the Rift-highlands interface, results of the first-phase research at Melka Wakena help to parse existing general models into archaeologically testable hypotheses and demonstrate the site’s potential to contribute to research of early prehistory and to understanding the dynamics of early Pleistocene hominin populations in eastern Africa.

Here, we report on the Quaternary Volsci Volcanic Field (VVF, central Italy). In light of new 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data and compositional characterization of juvenile eruptive products, we refine the history of VVF activity, and outline the implications on the pre-eruptive magma system and the continental subduction processes involved. Different from the nearby volcanic districts of the Roman and Campanian Provinces, the VVF was characterized by small-volume (0.01–0.1 km3) eruptions from a network of monogenetic centers (mostly tuff rings and scoria cones, with subordinate lava occurrences), clustered along high-angle faults of lithospheric depth. Leucite-bearing, high-K (HKS) magmas (for which we report for the first time the phlogopite phenocryst compositions) mostly fed the early phase of activity (∼761–539 ka), then primitive, plagioclase-bearing (KS) magmas appeared during the climactic phase (∼424–349 ka), partially overlapping with HKS ones, and then prevailed during the late phase of activity (∼300–231 ka). The fast ascent of primitive magma batches is typical of a tectonically controlled volcanic field, where the very low magma flux is a passive byproduct of regional tectonic strain. We suggest that the dominant compressive stress field acting at depth was accompanied by an extensional regime in the upper crust, associated with the gravity spreading of the Apennine chain, allowing the fast ascent of magma from the mantle source with limited stationing in shallow reservoirs.

The Fucino Basin is the largest and probably the only Central Apennine basin hosting a thick, continuous lacustrine sediment succession documenting the environmental history from the Early Pleistocene to recent historical times. The basin is located downwind of the Italian volcanic districts (< 150 km), which makes it the best candidate available in the central Mediterranean to construct a long and continuous tephrostratigraphic and tephrochronological record. Tephrostratigraphic investigations conducted on a first core (F1-F3) revealed 21 tephra layers of different Italian volcaoes. Among them several widespread and well-dated key Mediterranean marker tephra layers (e.g., Neapolitan Yellow Tuff, Y-1, Campanian Ignimbrite, Y-7, X-5, X-6, and Taurano Ignimbrite) were recognized and allowed to date, together with 40Ar/39Ar ages directly obtained from the Fucino tephra layers, the record back to 190 ka.Based on these promising results, a new drilling site with a lower sedimentation rate was targeted, bringing forth the ~98 m long F4-F5 record. In addition to the already recognised tephra layers occurring in the section that overlaps with core F1-F3, ~110 additional tephra and cryptotephra horizons were identified in the composite sediment succession of the F4-F5 record, providing new insights into the Italian volcanic history for the poorly explored interval beyond 200 ka.Here we present the first tephrostratigraphic and tephrochronological results for this interval, which is dominated by eruptions from the Sabatini, Vulsini, Vico, and Colli Albani volcanoes. Several important known eruptions were identified and dated for the first time in distal settings: e.g., Canino (256.8 ± 1.1 ka), Tufo Giallo di Sacrofano (288.0 ± 2.0 ka), Magliano Romano Plinian Fall (315.0 ± 2.0 ka), Orvieto-Bagnoregio Ignimbrite (335.8 ± 1.4 ka), Villa Senni (367.5 ± 1.6 ka), Pozzolane Nere and its precursor (408.5 ± 1.3 ka, and 407.1 ± 4.2 ka, respectively). Finally, a tephra located at the base of the succession was directly dated by 40Ar/39Ar at 424.3 ± 3.2 ka, thus extending the record back to the MIS 12/11 transition (~430 ka).Ongoing geochemical analysis, including trace elements, Sr and Nd isotopes, and 40Ar/39Ar dating of both Fucino tephra layers and potential proximal counterparts will help to reveal their volcanic sources and enable further tephrostratigraphic correlations supported by independent age determinations. These results will contribute towards an improved MIS 11-MIS 7 Mediterranean tephrostratigraphy, which is still poorly characterized and exploited.The recognition and dating of the numerous tephra layers from the F4-F5 record can be directly combined to construct a comprehensive age-depth series of biogeochemical proxies and geomagnetic excursions derived from the lacustrine sediments, forming the backbone for an independent, radioisotopically anchored chronology for the F4-F5 multi-proxy record. Through paleoclimatic alignments and geomagnetic excursion synchronizations, the independent Fucino chronology can be propagated to the North Atlantic records, and possibly on a global scale, setting the framework for a better understanding of the spatio-temporal variability, magnitude, and different expressions of Quaternary orbital and millennial-scale paleoclimatic changes.

The metamorphic history of exhumed high-grade rocks provides invaluable insight into the thermomechanical processes of subduction zones. While subduction in most orogens has been terminated by continent collision entailing variably strong overprint of related units, the Franciscan Complex of California allows studying a >150 Myr long subduction history that started at ~175 Ma and ended by transformation into a transform plate boundary (San Andreas fault) without significant metamorphic overprint. The highest grade metamorphic rocks of the Franciscan Complex of California are found as blocks in serpentinite and shale matrix mélanges. They include amphibolites, eclogites, blueschists, and blueschist facies metasediments. These Franciscan mélanges inspired the subduction channel return-flow model, but other processes e.g., buoyancy-driven serpentinite diapirism have been argued to be concordant with our current understanding of their metamorphic history, too.We investigate a suite of metabasite blocks from serpentinite and shale matrix mélanges of the Califonia Coast Ranges. Our new dataset consists of U-Pb dates of metamorphic zircon and 40Ar/39Ar dates of calcic amphibole and white mica. Combined with published geochronology, particularly prograde Lu-Hf garnet ages from the same blocks, we can reconstruct the timing and time scales of prograde and retrograde metamorphism of individual blocks. We find: (i) Exhumation from the eclogite-amphibolite facies occurred only in a short episode at 165­–160 Ma with an apparent southward younging trend. (ii) Exhumation of the blocks was uniform and fast in the eclogite-amphibolite facies with rates of 2–8 km/Myr. In the blueschist facies exhumation of the blocks was less uniform and slowed by an order of magnitude. (iii) The age of amphibole in a metasomatic reaction zone indicates that at least one amphibolite was enclosed in a serpentinite matrix by ~155 Ma. Considering the entire subduction zone system, the high-grade exhumation temporally correlates with a significant pulse of magmatism in the respective magmatic arc (Sierra Nevada) and termination of forearc spreading (Coast Range Ophiolite).Our findings do not support a steady-state process that is continuously exhuming high-grade rocks. Instead the subduction zone system changed with an eventlike character resulting in exhumation of high-grade rocks enclosed in serpentinite.

Here we present the first tephrostratigraphic, palaeomagnetic, and multiproxy data from a new ∼98 m-deep sediment core retrieved from the Fucino Basin, central Italy, spanning the last ∼430 kyr. Palaeoenvironmental proxy data (Ca-XRF, gamma ray and magnetic susceptibility) show a cyclical variability related to interglacial-glacial cycles since the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 12-MIS 11 transition. More than 130 tephra layers are visible to the naked eye, 11 of which were analysed (glass-WDS) and successfully correlated to known eruptions and/or other equivalent tephra. In addition to tephra already recognised in the previously investigated cores spanning the last 190 kyr, we identified for the first time tephra from the eruptions of: Tufo Giallo di Sacrofano, Sabatini (288.0 ± 2.0 ka); Villa Senni, Colli Albani (367.5 ± 1.6 ka); Pozzolane Nere and its precursor, Colli Albani (405.0 ± 2.0 ka, and 407.1 ± 4.2 ka, respectively) and Castel Broco, Vulsini (419–490 ka). The latter occurs at the bottom of the core and has been 40Ar/39Ar dated at 424.3 ± 3.2 ka, thus providing a robust chronological constrain for both the eruption itself and the base of the investigated succession. Direct 40Ar/39Ar dating and tephra geochemical fingerprinting provide a preliminary radioisotopic-based chronological framework for the MIS 11-MIS 7 interval, which represent a foundation for the forthcoming multiproxy studies and for investigating the remaining ∼110 tephra layers that are recorded within this interval. Such future developments will contribute towards an improved MIS 11-MIS 7 Mediterranean tephrostratigraphy, which is still poorly explored and exploited.

The 238U decay constant (λU-238) is fundamental to radioisotope-based chronometry in the Earth and planetary sciences, yet only a single published λU-238 value (Jaffey et al. in Phys Rev C 4(5):1889–1906, 1971) is widely applied. We have determined λU-238 via the novel approach of measuring of 234Th ingrowth in high-purity 238U solutions, using isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ID-MS). The 234Th decay constant (λTh-234) was measured via decay counting with high-purity Ge (HPGe) γ detectors. Preliminary results for λU-238 agree with the value determined by α-counting [1] within the elevated uncertainty of 0.462% (k = 2). Ongoing efforts to reproduce λU-238 with reduced experimental uncertainties will inform future conclusions.

Magnesium isotopic compositions of evaporite deposits may record information concerning brine evolution during deposition. We report Mg isotopic values (delta Mg-26(DSM3)) measured from an evaporite deposit of langbeinite (K2Mg2(SO4)(3)) found in the Permian Salado Formation. We used these data to model Mg isotope fractionation between langbeinite and its parent brine. In addition, both measured and theoretical results are used to estimate precipitation temperature and interpret depositional environment. The Salado langbeinite delta Mg-26 values are relatively low and fall within a relatively narrow range (-4.12 +/- 0.03 parts per thousand to -3.81 +/- 0.07 parts per thousand). Equilibrium fractionation factors between langbeinite and aqueous Mg2+ solutions were calculated using quantum chemical density functional theory. All computations were performed at the B3LYP/6-31 + G(d,p) level. Solvation effects were addressed using a solvent model ("water-droplet'' approach) and mineral structures were investigated using volume variable cluster models (VVCM). The equilibrium Mg isotopic fractionation factors a between langbeinite and model brine solution we obtained are 1.0005, 1.0004, and 1.0003 (Delta Mg-26(langb-water)approximate to 10(3)ln alpha = 0.473 parts per thousand, 0.390 parts per thousand, and 0.322 parts per thousand) at 10 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 40 degrees C, respectively. These relatively large equilibrium fractionation factors indicate significant Mg isotope fractionation between langbeinite and its parent brine during precipitation, as langbeinite preferentially incorporates the heavier Mg-26 and Mg-25 isotopes. Rayleigh distillation modeling of the Salado langbeinite's relatively light Mg isotopic composition requires delta Mg-26(DSM3) values of -4 parts per thousand for the parent brine. Models favor a precipitation temperature as high as 40 degrees C under equilibrium conditions. Potential disequilibrium precipitation conditions suggested by Mg isotopic data also imply rapid deposition in a hot, arid sedimentary environment prevailing in the southwestern U.S. during the Late Permian.

The Cadmium-Lined Outer-Core Irradiation Tube (CLOCIT) is a new irradiation facility for 40Ar/39Ar geochronology at the Oregon State University TRIGA® reactor. We report fluence parameters from the first four CLOCIT irradiations and compare them to the existing Cadmium-Lined Inner-Core Irradiation Tube (CLICIT). CLOCIT provides an average neutron flux equivalent of 1.45–1.53 ×10-4 J/h; about 55% of CLICIT. Radial fluence gradients are on the order of 0.2–2.4 %/cm. A planar fit of J-values results in residuals in the range of uncertainty in the J-value, but systematic deviations resolve a non-planar component of the neutron flux field which has also been observed in CLICIT. Axial neutron fluence gradients are 0.6–1 %/cm, compared to 0.7–1.6 %/cm for the CLICIT. Production rate ratios of interfering reactions are (40Ar/39Ar)K = (4±6) ×10-4 and (38Ar/39Ar)K = (1.208±0.002) ×10-2, (36Ar/37Ar)Ca = (2.649±0.014) ×10-4, (38Ar/37Ar)Ca = (3.33±0.12) ×10-5, and (39Ar/37Ar)Ca = (9.1±0.28) ×10-4, similar to the CLICIT values.

Various interfering reactions producing Ar isotopes during neutron irradiation from Cl, Ar, K, and Ca have been previously detailed with the significant ones being routinely corrected for in 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology. Interference of double charged 80 Kr ( 80 Kr ++ ) with 40 Ar has not yet been considered. Significant amounts of 80 Kr are produced during neutron irradiation through the reaction 79 Br(n,β − ) 80 Kr. While previous workers reported a computed fission spectrum averaged cross section of ∼48 mb—compared to ∼113 mb for 39 K(n,p) 39 Ar—we determined a ∼33-fold higher production rate of 80 Kr from Br compared to 39 Ar from K in the CLICIT facility of the OSU reactor. Low-K, high-Br phases, e.g., some amphiboles, and fluid or melt inclusion rich samples are prone to 80 Kr ++ interference biasing 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates in the ‰ to % range. 80 Kr ++ resembles excess 40 Ar in step-heating experiments. The interference can be corrected for by using the parallel reaction 81 Br(n,β − ) 82 Kr.

A facility based on a next-generation, high-flux D-D neutron generator has been commissioned and it is now operational at the University of California, Berkeley. The current generator designed for 40Ar/39Ar dating of geological materials produces nearly monoenergetic 2.45MeV neutrons at outputs of 108n/s. The narrow energy range is advantageous relative to the 235U fission spectrum neutrons due to (i) reduced 39Ar recoil energy, (ii) minimized production of interfering argon isotopes from K, Ca, and Cl, and (iii) reduced total activity for radiological safety and waste generation. Calculations provided show that future conditioning at higher currents and voltages will allow for a neutron output of over 1010n/s, which is a necessary requirement for production of measurable quantities of 39Ar through the reaction 39K(n,p)39Ar. A significant problem encountered with increasing deuteron current was beam-induced electron backstreaming. Two methods of suppressing secondary electrons resulting from the deuterium beam striking the target were tested: the application of static electric and magnetic fields. Computational simulations of both techniques were done using a finite element analysis in COMSOL Multiphysics®. Experimental tests verified these simulations. The most reliable suppression was achieved via the implementation of an electrostatic shroud with a voltage offset of -800V relative to the target.

The accuracy of 40Ar/39Ar geochronology relies in large part on precise and accurate calibration of the ages and K-Ar isotopic compositions of standards. A widely used standard for Quaternary samples, the ∼1.2 Ma Alder Creek sanidine (ACs), has published ages spanning a range of ∼2%. New measurements of ACs co-irradiated with the Fish Canyon sanidine (FCs) standard and sanidines from astronomically dated Miocene tuffs in Crete and Morocco yield results that enable both (i) a direct calibration of ACs relative to FCs, and (ii) stepwise calibrations between these two standards employing the Miocene intermediaries. Results are summarized by the parameter R F C s A C s , defined as the ratio of (40Ar*/39ArK) of ACs to FCs, which embodies the fundamental age relationship between these standards that is independent of systematic variables such as decay constants or absolute ages of standards. Our new measurements, executed using three mass spectrometers and various irradiation and analytical protocols, yield a weighted mean R F C s A C s = 0.041702 ± 0.000014 (σ). This result can be combined with previously published determinations of R values for ACs relative to the Miocene tuffs and to FCs to yield a recommended interlaboratory value of R F C s A C s = 0.041707 ± 0.000011. The weighted-mean age of ACs using this interlaboratory value, based on astronomically-calibrated ages of FCs and the Miocene intermediary sanidines, is tACs = 1.1848 ± 0.0006 Ma (±0.05%). Applying this result to the most precise published 40Ar/39Ar data for the Matuyama-Brunhes geomagnetic polarity reversal yields tMBB = 780.1 ± 0.8 ka. In addition, these new data for ACs support previous conclusions that U-Pb zircon ages from the Alder Creek rhyolite incorporate ∼13 ka of pre-eruptive residence time.

A ~20 mm thick spherule bed representing Chicxulub impact ejecta deposits and marking the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary was recently discovered on Gorgonilla Island (Gorgona National Natural ...

The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) is a large igneous province (LIP) composed of basic dykes, sills, layered intrusions and lava flows emplaced before Pangea break-up and currently distributed on the four continents surrounding the Atlantic Ocean. One of the oldest, best preserved and most complete sub-provinces of the CAMP is located in Morocco. Geochemical, geochronologic, petrographic and magnetostratigraphic data obtained in previous studies allowed identification of four strato-chemical magmatic units, i.e. the Lower, Intermediate, Upper and Recurrent units. For this study, we completed a detailed sampling of the CAMP in Morocco, from the Anti Atlas in the south to the Meseta in the north. We provide a complete mineralogical, petrologic (major and trace elements on whole-rocks and minerals), geochronologic (40Ar/39Ar and U–Pb ages) and geochemical set of data (including Sr–Nd–Pb–Os isotope systematics) for basaltic and basaltic–andesitic lava flow piles and for their presumed feeder dykes and sills. Combined with field observations, these data suggest a very rapid (

Proxy records of past climate change spanning beyond the radiocarbon range commonly derive their chronologies from orbital tuning strategies, thus bounding our spatio-temporal reconstructions to a priori assumptions that can not be directly tested. Here we present a tephrochronologically constrained framework of past environmental and climatic changes in the central Mediterranean region during the last ca. 190 ka. Our research is based on a high-resolution, multi-proxy study of a sedimentary record (cores F1-F3) retrieved from the Fucino Basin lacustrine succession, central Italy, in 2015. We update the existing tephrostratigraphic framework of the F1-F3 record with the finding of the widespread Campanian Ignimbrite tephra marker layer and produce a robust and independent chronology based on new and published 40Ar/39Ar and 14C dating of 17 tephra layers. Observed palaeoenvironmental changes are tracked in other lacustrine, marine and speleothem records across the Mediterranean and North Atlantic regions via tephrostratigraphic correlations and chronological matching providing a robust assessment of age uncertainties. Results show a complex interplay between local environmental changes and broad-scale climatic processes highlighting a strong orbital forcing on glacial-interglacial changes. Along with these major changes we detect prominent millennial-scale variability. During times of intermediate global ice volumes, Mediterranean mountain ecosystems oscillated around an “interglacial” state suggesting that climatic shifts, although large, did not exceed the local environmental tolerance-resilience threshold. Conversely, during periods of large global ice volume, we observe subdued millennial-scale variability with ecosystems operating in a strictly ruled glacial environment.

Use of deuteron-deuteron fusion neutrons may substantially improve applicability and accuracy of the 40Ar/39Ar technique., We designed and tested a compact deuteron-deuteron fusion neutron generator for application to 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. The nearly monoenergetic neutrons produced for sample irradiation are anticipated to provide several advantages compared with conventional fission spectrum neutrons: Reduction of collateral nuclear reactions increases age accuracy and precision. Irradiation parameters within the neutron generator are more controllable compared with fission reactors. Confidence in the prediction of recoil energies is improved, and their likely reduction potentially broadens applicability of the dating method to fine-grained materials without vacuum encapsulation. Resolution of variation in the 39K(n,p)39Ar neutron capture cross section at 1.3 to 3.2 MeV and discovery of a strong resonance at ~2.4 MeV illuminate future pathways to improve the technique for 40Ar/39Ar dating.

The Matuyama-Brunhes Boundary (MBB) recorded in the lacustrine sequence in the Sulmona basin (central Apennines, Italy) raised considerable scientific interest and has been the focus of various papers (Giaccio et al. 2013; Sagnotti et al. 2014; 2016). The interest comes from evidence for a very sharp geomagnetic polarity transition, that is radioisotopically dated. A paper recently published by Evans and Muxworthy (2018) questions the reliability of the Sulmona palaeomagnetic record. With new measurements on companion samples from the same stratigraphic block studied by Evans and Muxworthy, we show that directional results obtained by different demagnetization treatments (AF, thermal and thermal + AF) are in close agreement. We here propose a different interpretation of the magnetostratigraphy, and confirm that the palaeomagnetic record of the MBB geomagnetic reversal in the Sulmona basin is properly documented

Intermediate composition titanohematite, Fe2-yTiyO3 with 0.5 ≤ y ≤ 0.7, is seldom the focus of paleomagnetic study and is commonly believed to be rare in nature. While largely overlooked in magnetostratigraphic studies, intermediate titanohematite has been identified as the dominant ferrimagnetic mineral in an array of Late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic Laramide clastic deposits throughout the central United States. Intermediate titanohematite is ferrimagnetic and has similar magnetic properties to titanomagnetite, except its unique self-reversing property. Due to these similarities, and with detrital remanent magnetizations masking its self-reversing nature, intermediate titanohematite is often misidentified in sedimentary deposits. Past studies relied upon nonmagnetic techniques including X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis. While these techniques can identify the presence of intermediate titanohematite, they fail to test whether the mineral is the primary recorder. To facilitate the identification of intermediate titanohematite in sedimentary deposits, we characterize this mineral using low-temperature magnetometry and high-temperature susceptibility experiments, and present a new identification technique based on titanohematite's self-reversing property, for sediments that span the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (Hell Creek region, Montana). Results from the self-reversal test indicate that the majority of remanence is held by minerals that become magnetized parallel to an applied field, but that intermediate, self-reversing titanohematite (y = 0.53–0.63) is an important ancillary carrier of remanence. While earlier literature suggests that intermediate titanohematite is rare in nature, reanalysis using specialized rock magnetic techniques may reveal that it is more abundant in the rock record, particularly within depositional basins adjacent to calc-alkaline volcanics, than previously thought.