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SUMMARY We present a semi-analytical method and expressions for computing the displacements, strains and stress due to localized (e.g. faulting) and distributed (volumetric) inelastic deformation in heterogeneous elastic full- and half-spaces. Variations in elastic properties are treated as piecewise-constant homogeneous subregions as in orthodox multiregion approaches. The deformation in the subregions is solved by matching the interface traction and displacement conditions for contrasting elastic parameters. We show equivalence between the integral equation convolving boundary traction and those convolving displacement discontinuities and volumetric inelastic strain in the representation theorem for a bounded volume. This equivalence allows us to express the deformation fields in the half-/full-space which comprises those subregions by using virtual fault displacement elements or volumetric eigenstrain elements, the integral kernels of which have known analytic forms for finite sources in homogeneous volumes. We include computer programs that implement our method with known analytic solutions of homogeneous volumes free of major singular points. We provide an extension to the existing toolkit available for the observational and theoretical analyses of deformation fields allowing users to model heterogeneous geological structures, with a number of primary geophysical applications, including earthquake and volcano deformation, where variations in elastic parameters may present a substantial contribution to the observed deformation.

International audience; The capture of a soft spherical particle in a rectangular slit leads to a nonmonotonic pressure-flow rate relation at low Reynolds number. Simulations reveal that the flow induced deformations of the trapped particle focus the streamlines and pressure drop to a small region. This increases the resistance to flow by several orders of magnitude as the driving pressure is increased. As a result, two regimes are observed in experiments and simulations: a flow-dominated regime for small particle deformations, where flow rate increases with pressure, and an elastic-dominated regime in which solid deformations block the flow.

Faults and fractures are a critical store and pathway for groundwater in Ireland’s limestone bedrock aquifers either directly as conductive structures or indirectly as the locus for the development of karst conduits. From the quantitative analysis of post-Devonian faults and fractures in a range of lithological sequences, this report describes the principal characteristics of Cenozoic strike-slip faults and joints, the youngest and the most intrinsically conductive fractures within Irish bedrock. Analysis of these structures in more than 120 outcrop, quarry, mine and cave locations in a range of bedrock types, provides a basis for: (1) definition of quantitative models for their depth dependency, lithological control, scaling systematics and links to preexisting structure, (2) conceptualisation of their impact on groundwater behaviour, and (3) estimation of groundwater flow parameters. The quantitative models provide constraints on fracture-controlled flow connectivity. Commonly observed decreases in sustainable flows and water strike interceptions with depth are attributed to increasing confinement and decreasing fracture connectivity and dissolution. Faults and joints have quite different end member geometries, with faults having strongly heterogeneous scale-independent properties and joints more often showing scale-dependent stratabound properties. The highest and most sustainable groundwater flows are usually associated with the complexity of structure of Cenozoic faults and of preexisting Carboniferous structures (on which conductive fracturing localises), enhanced by karstification and strongly jointed limestone bedrock particularly in the near-surface. Increased groundwater flow is promoted within bedded, rather than massive (i.e. unbedded), limestone sequences, characterised by bedding-parallel fractures and karst connecting otherwise subvertical fractures and subvertical wells.

A hydrogeological conceptual model of the source, circulation pathways and temporal variation of a low-enthalpy thermal spring in a fractured limestone setting is derived from a multidisciplinary approach. St. Gorman's Well is a thermal spring in east-central Ireland with a complex and variable temperature profile (maximum of 21.8 °C). Geophysical data from a three-dimensional(3D)audio-magnetotelluric(AMT) survey are combined with time-lapse hydrogeological data and information from a previously published hydrochemical analysis to investigate the operation of this intriguing hydrothermal system. Hydrochemical analysis and time-lapse measurements suggest that the thermal waters flow within the fractured limestones of the Carboniferous Dublin Basin at all times but display variability in discharge and temperature. The 3D electrical resistivity model of the subsurface revealed two prominent structures: (1) a NW-aligned faulted contact between two limestone lithologies; and (2) a dissolutionally enhanced, N-aligned, fault of probable Cenozoic age. The intersection of these two structures, which has allowed for karstification of the limestone bedrock, has created conduits facilitating the operation of relatively deep hydrothermal circulation (likely estimated depths between 240 and 1,000 m) within the limestone succession of the Dublin Basin. The results of this study support a hypothesis that the maximum temperature and simultaneous increased discharge observed at St. Gorman's Well each winter is the result of rapid infiltration, heating and recirculation of meteoric waters within a structurally controlled hydrothermal circulation system.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10040-021-02393-1.Un modèle conceptuel hydrogéologique de la source, des voies de circulation et de la variation temporelle d’une source thermale à faible enthalpie dans un contexte de calcaire fracturé est dérivé d’une approche multidisciplinaire. St. Gorman’s Well est une source thermale du centre-est de l’Irlande avec un profil de température complexe et variable (maximum de 21.8 °C). Les données géophysiques d’un levé audio-magnétotellurique (AMT) en trois dimensions (3D) sont combinées avec des données hydrogéologiques à intervalles de temps et des informations provenant d’une analyse hydrochimique publiée précédemment pour étudier le fonctionnement de cet intrigant système hydrothermal. L’analyse hydrochimique et les mesures à différentes périodes suggèrent que les eaux thermales s’écoulent à tout moment dans les calcaires fracturés du bassin carbonifère de Dublin, mais présentent une variabilité de débit et de température. Le modèle de résistivité électrique 3D du sous-sol a révélé deux structures importantes: (1) un contact faillé orienté NW entre deux lithologies calcaires; et (2) une faille alignée au Nord, améliorée par dissolution, d’âge cénozoïque probable. L’intersection de ces deux structures, qui a permis la karstification du socle calcaire, a créé des conduits facilitant le fonctionnement d’une circulation hydrothermale relativement profonde (profondeurs estimées vraisemblablement entre 240 et 1,000 m) au sein de la succession calcaire du bassin de Dublin. Les résultats de cette étude appuient l’hypothèse selon laquelle la température maximale et l’augmentation simultanée du débit observés à St. Gorman’s Well chaque hiver sont le résultat d’une infiltration, d’un réchauffement et d’une recirculation rapides des eaux météoriques dans un système de circulation hydrothermale structurellement contrôlé.Se deriva un modelo conceptual hidrogeológico de la fuente, las vías de circulación y la variación temporal de un manantial termal de baja entalpía en un entorno de caliza fracturada a partir de un enfoque multidisciplinar. Gorman’s Well es un manantial termal en el centro-este de Irlanda con un perfil de temperatura complejo y variable (máximo de 21.8 °C). Los datos geofísicos de un estudio audio-magnetotelúrico (AMT) tridimensional (3D) se combinan con los datos hidrogeológicos de un lapso de tiempo y la información de un análisis hidroquímico previamente publicado para investigar el funcionamiento de este intrigante sistema hidrotermal. El análisis hidroquímico y las mediciones a intervalos de tiempo sugieren que las aguas termales fluyen dentro de las calizas fracturadas de la cuenca carbonífera de Dublín en todo momento, pero muestran variabilidad en la descarga y la temperatura. El modelo de resistividad eléctrica tridimensional del subsuelo reveló dos estructuras prominentes: (1) un contacto de falla alineado al NW entre dos litologías calcáreas; y (2) una falla de disolución incrementada, alineada al N, de probable edad cenozoica. La intersección de estas dos estructuras, que ha permitido la karstificación del lecho rocoso calcáreo, ha creado conductos que facilitan el funcionamiento de una circulación hidrotermal relativamente profunda (probablemente a profundidades estimadas entre 240 y 1,000 m) dentro de la sucesión calcárea de la cuenca de Dublín. Los resultados de este estudio apoyan la hipótesis de que la temperatura máxima y el aumento simultáneo de la descarga observados en St. Gorman’s Well cada invierno son el resultado de una rápida infiltración, calentamiento y recirculación de aguas meteóricas dentro de un sistema de circulación hidrotermal estructuralmente controlado.通过多学科方法, 建立了裂缝型石灰岩环境中低焓温泉的来源、循环路径和时间变化的水文地质概念模型。圣戈尔曼井是爱尔兰中东部的温泉, 温度分布复杂多变 (最高21.8 °C)。将三维 (3D) 音频-大地电磁 (AMT) 调查的地球物理数据与延时水文地质数据和先前发布的水化学分析信息相结合, 调查了有趣的热液系统运行情况。水化学分析和延时测量表明, 热水一直在石炭系都柏林盆地的裂缝型石灰岩内流动, 但流量和温度有变异性。地下的 3D 电阻率模型揭示了两个突出的结构:(1) 两个石灰岩岩性之间的 NW 向断层接触; 和 (2) 可能新生代的溶蚀增强的和N向的断层。两个结构的交叉点使石灰岩基岩发生岩溶作用, 形成了通道, 促进了都柏林盆地石灰岩序列内相对较深的热液循环 (估计深度可能在 240 至 1,000 m 之间)作用。通过这项研究发现每年冬天在圣戈尔曼井观察到的最高温度和同时增加的排泄量是结构控制的热液循环系统中大气水快速入渗、加热和再循环的结果。.Um modelo hidrogeológico conceitual da fonte, vias de circulação e variação temporal de uma fonte termal de baixa entalpia em um ambiente de calcário fraturado é derivado de uma abordagem multidisciplinar. O poço de St. Gorman é uma fonte termal no centro-leste da Irlanda com um perfil de temperatura complexo e variável (máximo de 21.8°C). Os dados geofísicos de uma pesquisa áudio-magnetotelúrica (AMT) tridimensional (3D) são combinados com dados hidrogeológicos em intervalos de tempo e informações de uma análise hidroquimica publicada anteriormente, para investigar a operação deste intrigante sistema hidrotérmico. A análise hidroquimica e as medições em intervalos de tempo sugerem que as águas termais fluem de dentro dos calcários fraturados da Bacia Carbonifera de Dublin o tempo todo, mas exibem variabilidade na descarga e na temperatura. O modelo de resistividade elétrica 3D da subsuperfície revelou duas estruturas proeminentes: (1) um contato defeituoso alinhado a NO entre duas litologias de calcário; e (2) uma falha dissolucionalmente aumentada, alinhada a N, de provável idade Cenozóica. A intersecção dessas duas estruturas, que permitiu a carstificação da rocha calcária, criou condutos que facilitam a operação de circulação hidrotérmica relativamente profunda (profundidade estimada entre 240 e 1,000 m) dentro da sucessão de calcário da Bacia Dublin. Os resultados desse estudo suportam a hipótese de que a temperatura máxima e o aumento simultâneo da descarga observada no poço de St. Gorman a cada inverno é o resultado da rápida infiltração, aquecimento e recirculação de águas meteóricas dentro de um sistema de circulação hidrotérmica estruturalmente controlado.

PurposeExposures early in life, beginning in utero, have long-term impacts on mental and physical health. The ECHO prenatal and early childhood pathways to health consortium (ECHO-PATHWAYS) was established to examine the independent and combined impact of pregnancy and childhood chemical exposures and psychosocial stressors on child neurodevelopment and airway health, as well as the placental mechanisms underlying these associations.ParticipantsThe ECHO-PATHWAYS consortium harmonises extant data from 2684 mother–child dyads in three pregnancy cohort studies (CANDLE [Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood], TIDES [The Infant Development and Environment Study] and GAPPS [Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth]) and collects prospective data under a unified protocol. Study participants are socioeconomically diverse and include a large proportion of Black families (38% Black and 51% White), often under-represented in research. Children are currently 5–15 years old. New data collection includes multimodal assessments of primary outcomes (airway health and neurodevelopment) and exposures (air pollution, phthalates and psychosocial stress) as well as rich covariate characterisation. ECHO-PATHWAYS is compiling extant and new biospecimens in a central biorepository and generating the largest placental transcriptomics data set to date (N=1083).Findings to dateEarly analyses demonstrate adverse associations of prenatal exposure to air pollution, phthalates and maternal stress with early childhood airway outcomes and neurodevelopment. Placental transcriptomics work suggests that phthalate exposure alters placental gene expression, pointing to mechanistic pathways for the developmental toxicity of phthalates. We also observe associations between prenatal maternal stress and placental corticotropin releasing hormone, a marker of hormonal activation during pregnancy relevant for child health. Other publications describe novel methods for examining exposure mixtures and the development of a national spatiotemporal model of ambient outdoor air pollution.Future plansThe first wave of data from the unified protocol (child age 8–9) is nearly complete. Future work will leverage these data to examine the combined impact of early life social and chemical exposures on middle childhood health outcomes and underlying placental mechanisms.

Despite estimates of climate target’s remaining carbon budget (RCB) informing critical policy, most climate projections do not account for peatland ecosystem processes, including the contribution of current or future peatland wildfires to global carbon emissions. Here, we provide the first estimate of the carbon emissions associated with non-permafrost northern peatlands that specifically includes both wildfire combustion and post-fire carbon dynamics. The inclusion of wildfire reduced the carbon sink from -59.5 ± 32.2 to -17.9 ± 45.7 g C m-2 yr-1 in natural (pristine) peatlands while degraded peatlands represented a consistent source of carbon (218.6 ± 48.1 g C m-2 yr-1). We find that small increases in average burn severity or peatland area burned (from 0.5 to 0.8 % yr-1) could tip northern peatlands from a net carbon sink to a net source, illustrating the critical importance of peatland wildfire emissions and their accounting to the RCB for global climate targets.

Syndicated Sunday comics and magazine supplements, filled with national brand advertising, reached a truly national, nearly simultaneous readership. Through syndication, small regional papers could provide the same features as big city Sunday papers. To maintain their edge, metropolitan Sunday papers began rotogravure sections of high-quality half-toned photography. Hollywood studios embraced syndicated newspaper features to explain to a mass public how everybody was going to the movies, despite watching different films in thousands of theatres. This syndicated logic of corporate cooperation established a foundation for the synchronous broadcasts of network radio in the 1920s, which allowed national-brand products to extend their syndicated print advertising as sponsors of popular shows. The most successful radio program of its day, Amos ‘n’ Andy, began as a “radio comic strip” and extended the link between syndication and broadcasting. The systemic racism of syndicated humor opened an ambiguous form of inclusion, even as some Black newspapers launched their own weekly color comic strips and tabloid magazine supplements. For the rest of the twentieth century, the Sunday paper—as an object, as a habit, as a business—continued to mediate consumer and commercial culture.

Sunday papers regularly illustrated features about their own printing and circulation. Presented as a modern spectacle, the story of delivering the paper was supported by a complex system of circulation. The high-speed cylinder printing press was an assembly line for mass reproduction. Pulitzer's New York World pressroom had a viewing gallery for all to see the paper in production, an important parallel to its slogan, “circulation books open to all.” Other papers followed suit. Mass delivery was likewise profiled with sensational self-promotion, although the semblance of local competition over circulation masked tight monopoly control in distribution. The American News Company had a throttle on national newspaper circulation, controlling many urban carrier routes, sales aboard trains, and wholesale distribution of out-of-town papers, books and magazines. City delivery relied on fleets of wagons and trucks; the regional fast train delivered Sunday papers beyond city limits. But newsboys were the public face of these continental networks of circulation. Despite newsboys' sentimental favor, the push for technologies led to coin-operated news boxes, at first called “automatic newsboys.” The fascination with newspaper delivery reminded readers that getting physical copies of the paper into their homes required conquering the limits of time and space.

Sunday papers regularly illustrated features about their own printing and circulation. Presented as a modern spectacle, the story of delivering the paper was supported by a complex system of circulation. The high-speed cylinder printing press was an assembly line for mass reproduction. Pulitzer's New York World pressroom had a viewing gallery for all to see the paper in production, an important parallel to its slogan, “circulation books open to all.” Other papers followed suit. Mass delivery was likewise profiled with sensational self-promotion, although the semblance of local competition over circulation masked tight monopoly control in distribution. The American News Company had a throttle on national newspaper circulation, controlling many urban carrier routes, sales aboard trains, and wholesale distribution of out-of-town papers, books and magazines. City delivery relied on fleets of wagons and trucks; the regional fast train delivered Sunday papers beyond city limits. But newsboys were the public face of these continental networks of circulation. Despite newsboys' sentimental favor, the push for technologies led to coin-operated news boxes, at first called “automatic newsboys.” The fascination with newspaper delivery reminded readers that getting physical copies of the paper into their homes required conquering the limits of time and space.

There was no singular type of Sunday paper. A multiplicity of Sunday supplements produced new kinds of readers through their very form and design. Each asked readers to do more than read, but to interact with the materiality of the paper as a form of leisure. Sunday supplements established a different temporality from the weekday newspaper and the bustle of the workweek. They entreated readers to spend time with the paper, tying them to the rhythms of the weekend and the home. This temporality linked one Sunday to another, making a subscription all the more logical by providing a cultural aesthetic for the home. Most varieties of supplements appealed to women readers, who were considered especially important for securing home delivery. Lithographed art and photographic supplements, sheet music, novels and fiction magazines, fashion plates, and sewing patterns: all offered a distinctly feminine appeal. Games, puzzles, coloring books and all variety of paper toys appealed to children. Women readers found aesthetic appreciation; juvenile readers delighted in aesthetic play. Even in later days of early radio, Sunday papers were conduits of popular education explicitly including all members of the family as reading subjects, each invested in subscribing to the paper.

Expanding Sunday newspaper circulation and mass readership meant establishing or altering networks of technologies and systems of transportation. In the 1890s, great advances in audio-visual reproduction introduced new technologies of recorded and telephonic sound, and of moving and print images. All became supplements to newsprint. Illustrated Sunday features often extolled technological advancements to heighten and extend the sensory experiences of newspaper reading. Particularly descriptive journalism was routinely labeled “pen pictures,” but new technologies were used symbolically to enhance eyewitness reporting. Hot-air ballooning let reporters write from beyond a human perspective. Columns were written as talk from telephones, described as if projected by vitascopes and instantaneous photographs. Interviews were illustrated by photographs and frames from moving pictures. Experiments combining news reporting with cinema and wireless. Many early newsreels were produced and promoted as newspaper supplements named Herald Movies and Motion Picture Magazines. Feature stories depicted future uses of visual telegraphy and wireless printing. Discourses of marvel and wonder posited the Sunday paper itself as a marvel of modern society, connected to all the important advances of the day. In all these cases, precision, sound, and movement added to newspapers' foundational strength in mass address, in the ability to circulate.

Syndication provided currency and connectivity on a mass scale, overcoming the limitations of print circulation. In the 1880s, newspaper syndicates began to offer an affordable means for smaller newspapers to include new stories by popular writers in their Sunday editions. Syndicated humorists, Bill Nye and M. Quad, were among the most popular features, later joined by syndicated cartoons from The Comic Sketch Club. Many Sunday papers in cities across the country began printing entire pages of humor and comics, then entire comic supplements. To compete, metropolitan Sunday papers introduced color and illustrated supplements, at first serving multiple purposes—decorative, humorous, and satirical at once. Color sections opened a special opportunity for cartoonists. Newspapers had often used recurring comic characters as mascots to personify the popularity of the paper. But the incredible popularity of The Yellow Kid, so central to the rivalry of “yellow journalism” between Hearst and Pulitzer, led other cartoonists to create recurring children's characters, giving rise to the serial comic strip. Color comic syndication began late in 1900, first with Hearst's famous cartoon characters. With syndication, even small–city papers without their own color press could include the new century's newest popular media sensation: the funny pages.

The Sunday paper transformed the weekday edition with inserts and supplements of all shapes and sizes, extended beyond print into newsreels and radio broadcasts. The Sunday paper became so large and voluminous it needed to be organized: managed and collected over time, shared across an entire family. It transformed metropolitan, commercial culture into national popular culture. Everyone was invited to enjoy it, despite ever-present racist stereotypes and sexist caricatures in comic strips and advertising. The most popular Sunday features were nationally known, even before widespread syndication. Part One of The Sunday Paper explores subscription as media relationships between the paper and its readers. Part Two investigates circulation as an extension of the paper into audio-visual media. Part Three proposes syndication laid a foundation for network broadcasting by making the Sunday paper central to the American mass market and popular culture. A brief conclusion considers digital engagement with newspapers today, with the Sunday paper all but dead. Historically, the Sunday edition aimed to overcome the constraints of newsprint entirely. Now accompanied by streams of podcasts, video and commentary, news still contains the crafty combination of information, entertainment, and promotion that animated the Sunday paper in the past.

Subscriptions enhanced the economic success of the Sunday paper by helping to produce expert reading subjects. In the 1880s, new forms of journalism organized readers' mass engagement through fundraising for charitable and civic causes. The reformist impulse spawned undercover reports by women journalists, while techniques for engagement became popularity contests and guessing games. Both were key features of Sunday papers. New forms of newspaper reading such as these contests and games, complete with prizes and giveaways, which were instrumental in coordinating readers' sense of connection to wider cultural events. In New York, The Morning Journal and The Recorder launched novel forms of Sunday art supplements. The promotional tactic was borrowed from trade-card advertising to facilitate brand loyalty, a simple technology shaping readers into consumers. Collecting series of supplements and clipping coupons encouraged readers not to treat Sunday papers as disposable, but instead parts of cultural and consumer life that could gain value if saved. Clipping, amassing and mailing in coupons for art supplements transformed newspaper subscriptions into social relations with all variety of mass leisure and consumption. Sunday supplements demonstrated how daily newspapers were incomplete. Sunday papers extended the work of daily newspapers into new domains of modern life.

A century ago, newspapers continually reimagined reader engagement, with the Sunday supplement taking a lead role. The digital newspaper is still using many of the same tactics to stake out new cultural importance for news reading, at a moment when its form and format are being transfigured into new platforms. Digital forms like podcasts, video, and social media may at first seem desperate attempts to sustain an industry with a broken business model. And yet, many of these digital news supplements show remarkable consistency with the history told in The Sunday Paper. Many efforts to introduce new forms of online engagement still originate in the remnants of the Sunday magazine, despite its features appearing online, days in advance, no longer accompanied by advertising flyers. Like the giveaways and contests before them, podcasts also routinely reference listeners back to subscriptions to the newspaper. Historically, new media technologies allowed newspapers to position themselves as all-encompassing conduits for story-telling, building relationships with readers through a variety of audio-visual as well as print supplements. This process continues in the digital age, outlasting the Sunday paper as a distinct form and habit.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate episode‐based payments for upper respiratory tract infections (URI) and perinatal care in Arkansas's Medicaid population. STUDY SETTING: Upper respiratory infection and perinatal episodes among Medicaid‐covered individuals in Arkansas and comparison states from fiscal year (FY) 2011 to 2014. STUDY DESIGN: Cross‐sectional observational analysis using a difference‐in‐difference design to examine outcomes associated with URI and perinatal episodes of care (EOC) from 2011 to 2014. Key dependent variables include antibiotic use, emergency department visits, physician visits, hospitalizations, readmission, and preventive screenings. DATA COLLECTION: Claims data from the Medicaid Analytic Extract for Arkansas, Mississippi, and Missouri from 2010 to 2014 with supplemental county‐level data from the Area Health Resource File (AHRF). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The URI EOC reduced the probability of antibiotic use (marginal effect [ME] = −1.8, 90% CI: −2.2, −1.4), physician visits (ME = 0.6, 90% CI: −0.8, −0.4), improved the probability of strep tests for children diagnosed with pharyngitis (ME = 9.4, 90% CI: 8.5, 10.3), but also increased the probability of an emergency department (ED) visit (ME = 0.1, 90% CI: 0.1, 0.2), relative to the comparison group. For perinatal EOCs, we found a reduced probability of an ED visit during pregnancy (ME = 0.1, 90% CI: −0.2, −0.0), an increased probability of screening for HIV (ME = 6.2, 90% CI: 4.0, 8.5), chlamydia (ME = 9.5, 90% CI: 7.2, 11.8), and group B strep‐test (ME = 2.6, 90% CI: 0.5, 4.6), relative to the comparison group. Predelivery and postpartum hospitalizations also increased (ME = 1.2, 90% CI: 0.4, 2.0; ME = 0.4, 90% CI: 0.0, 0.8, respectively), relative to the comparison group. CONCLUSION: Upper respiratory infection and perinatal EOCs for Arkansas Medicaid beneficiaries produced mixed results. Aligning shared savings with quality metrics and cost‐thresholds may help achieve quality targets and disincentivize over utilization within the EOC, but may also have unintended consequences.