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The safe administration of oil-based depot, and other long-acting intramuscular antipsychotic injections, is an integral and distinct aspect of the role of registered nurse practitioners within mental health nursing. This article provides an evaluation of education and training workshops for inpatient and community nurses at West London Mental Health NHS Trust. There was a significant (p > 0.05) difference in pre- and post-training self-ratings for knowledge, confidence and attitude observed.

This article describes a new training programme for clinical staff working with those who present with self-injurious and suicidal behaviour using a recovery focused approach to promote safety and manage risk. The two-day programme was developed and piloted initially in a high secure setting before being adapted for multi-mental health settings. It was subject to rigorous review and reflects the current literature base for high-quality and effective care for working with people who engage in suicidal and self-injurious behaviours. The early indicators are that the introduction of a skills-based training approach to caring for those who pose a risk to themselves does increase staff awareness and improve staff attitude and competencies. The training course described is unique because it fully embraces the recovery approach, demonstrating a truly collaborative model of risk assessment and personal safety planning.

This paper reviews the state of the art in measuring, modeling, and managing clogging in subsurface-flow treatment wetlands. Methods for measuring in situ hydraulic conductivity in treatment wetlands are now available, which provide valuable insight into assessing and evaluating the extent of clogging. These results, paired with the information from more traditional approaches (e.g., tracer testing and composition of the clog matter) are being incorporated into the latest treatment wetland models. Recent finite element analysis models can now simulate clogging development in subsurface-flow treatment wetlands with reasonable accuracy. Various management strategies have been developed to extend the life of clogged treatment wetlands, including gravel excavation and/or washing, chemical treatment, and application of earthworms. These strategies are compared and available cost information is reported.

Clogging is the main operational problem associated with horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF CWs). The measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity has proven to be a suitable technique to assess clogging within HSSF CWs. The vertical and horizontal distribution of hydraulic conductivity was assessed in two full-scale HSSF CWs by using two different in situ permeameter methods (falling head (FH) and constant head (CH) methods). Horizontal hydraulic conductivity profiles showed that both methods are correlated by a power function (FH = CH0.7821, r2 = 0.76) within the recorded range of hydraulic conductivities (0–70 m/day). However, the FH method provided lower values of hydraulic conductivity than the CH method (one to three times lower). Despite discrepancies between the magnitudes of reported readings, the relative distribution of clogging obtained via both methods was similar. Therefore, both methods are useful when exploring the general distribution of clogging and, specially, the assessment of clogged areas originated from preferential flow paths within full-scale HSSF CWs. Discrepancy between methods (either in magnitude and pattern) aroused from the vertical hydraulic conductivity profiles under highly clogged conditions. It is believed this can be attributed to procedural differences between the methods, such as the method of permeameter insertion (twisting versus hammering). Results from both methods suggest that clogging develops along the shortest distance between water input and output. Results also evidence that the design and maintenance of inlet distributors and outlet collectors appear to have a great influence on the pattern of clogging, and hence the asset lifetime of HSSF CWs.

The long quest for a measurement of the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen is over. Last year we measured the 2S 1/2F=1 –2P 3/2F=2 energy splitting (Pohl et al., Nature, 466, 213 (2010)) in μp with an experimental accuracy of 15 ppm, twice better than our proposed goal. Using current QED calculations of the fine, hyperfine, QED, and finite size contributions, we obtain a root-mean-square proton charge radius of rp = 0.841 84 (67) fm. This value is 10 times more precise, but 5 standard deviations smaller, than the 2006 CODATA value of rp. The origin of this discrepancy is not known. Our measurement, together with precise measurements of the 1S–2S transition in regular hydrogen and deuterium, gives improved values of the Rydberg constant, R∞ = 10 973 731.568 160 (16) m–1 and the rms charge radius of the deuteron rd = 2.128 09 (31) fm.

A combination of experimental methods was applied at a clogged, horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) municipal wastewater tertiary treatment wetland (TW) in the UK, to quantify the extent of surface and subsurface clogging which had resulted in undesirable surface flow. The three dimensional hydraulic conductivity profile was determined, using a purpose made device which recreates the constant head permeameter test in-situ. The hydrodynamic pathways were investigated by performing dye tracing tests with Rhodamine WT and a novel multi-channel, data-logging, flow through Fluorimeter which allows synchronous measurements to be taken from a matrix of sampling points. Hydraulic conductivity varied in all planes, with the lowest measurement of 0.1md−1 corresponding to the surface layer at the inlet, and the maximum measurement of 1550md−1 located at a 0.4m depth at the outlet. According to dye tracing results, the region where the overland flow ceased received five times the average flow, which then vertically short-circuited below the rhizosphere. The tracer break-through curve obtained from the outlet showed that this preferential flow-path accounted for approximately 80% of the flow overall and arrived 8h before a distinctly separate secondary flow-path. The overall volumetric efficiency of the clogged system was 71% and the hydrology was simulated using a dual-path, dead-zone storage model. It is concluded that uneven inlet distribution, continuous surface loading and high rhizosphere resistance is responsible for the clog formation observed in this system. The average inlet hydraulic conductivity was 2md−1, suggesting that current European design guidelines, which predict that the system will reach an equilibrium hydraulic conductivity of 86md−1, do not adequately describe the hydrology of mature systems.

A new instrument and method are described that allow the hydraulic conductivities of highly permeable porous materials, such as gravels in constructed wetlands, to be determined in the field. The instrument consists of a Mariotte siphon and a submersible permeameter cell with manometer take-off tubes, to recreate in-situ the constant head permeameter test typically used with excavated samples. It allows permeability to be measured at different depths and positions over the wetland. Repeatability obtained at fixed positions was good (normalised standard deviation of 1–4%), and results obtained for highly homogenous silica sand compared well when the sand was retested in a lab permeameter (0.32 mm.s–1 and 0.31 mm.s–1 respectively). Practical results have a ±30% associated degree of uncertainty because of the mixed effect of natural variation in gravel core profiles, and interstitial clogging disruption during insertion of the tube into the gravel. This error is small, however, compared to the orders of magnitude spatial variations detected. The technique was used to survey the hydraulic conductivity profile of two constructed wetlands in the UK, aged 1 and 15 years respectively. Measured values were high (up to 900 mm.s –1) and varied by three orders of magnitude, reflecting the immaturity of the wetland. Detailed profiling of the younger system suggested the existence of preferential flow paths at a depth of 200 mm, corresponding to the transition between more coarse and less coarse gravel layers (6–12 mm and 3–6 mm respectively), and transverse drift towards the outlet.

Late in Bodies in Dissent, Daphne A. Brooks' extraordinarily dense exploration of transatlantic black popular performance from 1850 to 1910, Brooks describes black actor/dancer Aida Overton Walker's historic performance of Salome (the first black performer of the role) as "resistant" to the historical evolution of dance towards disembodiment, citing dance historian Susan Leigh Foster's description of the dancers becoming "nobodies" (338). Walker, according to Brooks, resisted being subsumed into pure form, claiming agency for the black female body. Not once in her quixotic, compelling, and archivally magisterial study does Brooks reference modernism as such, and yet this book is paradoxically central to the project of this special issue of South Central Review on the subject of "Staging Modernism." The book never mentions antitheatricality and only briefly explores the issue of theatricality as such. And yet Bodies in Dissent articulates brilliantly against the other two books in this review package Alan Ackerman and Martin Puchner 's Against Theatre and Toril Moi's Henrik Ibsen and the Birth of Modernism where those issues are foregrounded. And the story of Overton Walker's Salome is representative of a project that articulates popular, black (women's) embodied agency against the exoticizing, antitheatrical, and formalist agenda of the modernists, for whom theatricality in general, and the (black, female) body in particular, were problems. Ackerman and Puchner 's book began its life as a special issue of the journal Modern Drama. Focusing on a narrower time period, the book picks up where Jonas Barish left off in his classic 1981 volume The Antitheatrical Prejudice, exploring various aspects of the apparently oxymoronic field of "modern theatre." Setting out to "indicate how modernist theatre responds to, represents and critiques the forces unleashed by rapid industrialization and the capitalist mode of production" (1), the

This article is the record of a talk that was less about Shakespeare than about the uses to which Shakespeare can be put. It was written for the "Watching Ourselves Watching Shakespeare" conference, a public event organized around three productions by the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), who were in residence in the Fall of 2006 at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. One of the RSC productions was Julius Caesar, another was The Tempest. The latter set the play in an unnamed arctic location peopled by generic Native, or First Nations people and spirits. The masque was a vaguely Native dance/ceremony, perhaps adapted from a northern Cree or Ojibway culture in what is now Canada, though the connections were very loose. Ariel as a harpy emerged incongruously as a Northwest Coast Thunderbird figure from the belly of an eviscerated, geographically removed walrus. Prospero's magic robe sported a huge shamanistic hood, the invention of the designer, with no specific indigenous referent that I could identify. The show was lovely, but was also an appalling misappropriation, decontextualization, commodification, and eroticization of Native legends and images, many of them sacred. In contrast to this, I spoke at the conference about what I had learned about my own practices of watching Shakespeare, as a post-colonialist critic, from seeing the workshop of an actual First Nations adaptation of Julius Caesar. I spoke about a production that was still, and, significantly, may always be, in process, and has so far had three public workshop presentations, though there are now plans for a full production in 2008 at Canada's National Arts Centre in Ottawa. (1) Prelude The caricature of Shakespeareans at the theatre, popular among actors, is that they attend for the purpose of having their own interpretations of the text confirmed. This may have been true in the days of new criticism. A common defense is that no, we go to see the text newly illuminated, to discover new, "legitimate" readings of what's "in" the text through a new line reading, imaginative design, inventive blocking, or the strategic reappearance of a familiar costume, prop or set piece redeployed. This may have been true in that last outpost of new criticism, the canonical "Shakespeare revolution" scholarship on "Shakespeare in Performance." A more satisfactory defense, in my view, is that we go the theatre to watch a theatre company, at a particular historical and cultural moment, and using all of the representational technologies of theatrical production and performance (broadly understood), to engage with a rich representational history that includes all of the uses to which "Shakespeare" and the particular script in question, have been put. And I suspect that it is the richness of that history and its resonances with contemporary culture that makes "going to Shakespeare" different from almost any other kind of going to theatre. This final defense may have been true in the days of new historicism, and I'd like to think that it's still true, and that it's this third activity that I myself engage in. But I'm not sure in any simple sense that this is any longer the whole story. The Death of a Chief My first focused ruminations on this topic emerged in September 2005 as I watched an early workshop performance of a new play, a gender-bending First Nations adaptation of Julius Caesar called The Death of a Chief, under development at Native Earth Performing Arts, Canada's largest Aboriginal theatre company. The workshop, held at the unlikely venue of "Weesageechak Begins to Dance," the annual new play development Festival of Toronto's Native Earth Performing Arts, was in the early stages of collective creation. The Shakespearean script was undergoing adaptation by the all-Native acting company under the guidance of mixed-race Algonquin director, playwright and dramaturg, Yvette Nolan, the Managing Artistic Director of the company, and non-Native Shakespearean Voice teacher, Kennedy Catherine McKinnon. …

The processes of desalination and sea-salt production currently produce large quantities of by-product, in the form of brine and bitterns, which is generally regarded as waste. This article explores the scope for exploiting the hygroscopic salts occurring in these by-products — such as magnesium, calcium and sodium chloride — as desiccant solutions in a greenhouse cooling system. These solutions are compared to other liquid desiccants more conventionally used in solar-driven refrigeration: namely solutions of lithium chloride, lithium bromide and zinc chloride. To establish which properties are relevant, we discuss the relation of the properties of the liquid desiccant to the attributes of the greenhouse as a whole. A property of primary importance is hygroscopicity, as quantified by the equilibrium relative humidity (ERH). Further properties reviewed include cost, availability, density, viscosity, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, heat of dilution, water absorption capacity, human- and ecotoxicity, and corrosivity. Calculations based on five locations (Tunis, Jiddah, Abu Dhabi, Mumbai and Bangkok) show that the liquid desiccant should have ERH ≤50% to give improved cooling compared to both direct and indirect evaporative systems. Except for sodium chloride, all six salts considered meet this requirement. Magnesium chloride is the most abundant salt in seawater bitterns and both magnesium and calcium chloride stand out as being of low toxicity. Their hygroscopic properties, though inferior to those of the lithium and zinc salts, make them suitable for cooling of greenhouses (even if not of human dwellings). We envisage an integrated desalination and agricultural system, comprising a solar desalination plant supplying freshwater (for irrigation) and bitterns (for cooling) to greenhouses, enabling efficient water use and local crop production in hot climates.

Evaporative pads are frequently used for the cooling of greenhouses. However, a drawback of this method is the consumption of freshwater. In this paper it is shown, both theoretically and through a practical example, that effective evaporative cooling can be achieved using seawater in place of fresh water. The advantages and drawbacks of using seawater are discussed more generally. In climates that are both hot and humid, evaporative systems cannot always provide sufficient cooling, with the result that cultivation often has to be halted during the hottest months of the year. To overcome this, we propose a concept in which a desiccant pad is used to dehumidify the air before it enters the evaporative pad. The desiccant pad is supplied with a hygroscopic liquid that is regenerated by the energy of the sun. The performance of this concept has been modelled and the properties of various liquids have been compared. An attractive option is to obtain the liquid from seawater itself, given that seawater contains hygroscopic salts such as magnesium chloride. Preliminary experiments are reported in which magnesium chloride solution has been regenerated beneath a solar simulator.

Reviews of drama published in canada in 1997.

Judith Thompson's 1992 “relay” play, Lion in the Streets, opens with an address to the audience by the young Portuguese girl, Isobel, who provides the through-line and a bridge among the play's linked scenes. Her speech frames the play by introducing, among other things, issues of representation. “Doan be scare,” she says pointing to her downtown Toronto neighborhood. “Doan be scare of this pickshur! This pickshur is niiiice, nice! I looove this pickshur, this pickshur is mine!” In a later scene, a neighborhood woman, Joanne, tells her friend Rhonda that she has bone cancer, and asks for her help

Reviews of drama published in Canada in 1996.

This essay considers the cultural work done by the role of the Shakespearean director, locates the discourses and practices of contemporary Shakespearean directing within the appropriative discourses and practices of high modernist formalism, and traces continuities between modernist and postmodernist manifestations of the direct ing of Shakespeare, focusing on Peter Brook and his 1970 production of A Midsummer Night's Dream, and on two Shakespearean productions by Quebec's Robert Lepage. It begins with a story.

H. Porter Abbott, Beckett Writing Beckett: The Author in the Autograph, reviewed by Harry Vanderlist Stanley Weintraub, Shaw's People: Victoria to Churchill, reviewed by J.L Wisenthall Elinor Fuchs, The Death of Character: Perspective on Theater after Modernism, reviewed by Philip Auslander John Erickson, The Fate of the Object: From Modern Object to Postmodern Sign in Performance, Art and Poetry, reviewed by Susan Bennett Elin Diamond, ed.,Performance and Cultural Politics, reviewed by Richard Paul Knowles Patrice Davis, ed., The Intercultural Performance Reader, reviewed by Richard Paul Knowles Geoffrey V. Davis and Anne Fuchs, eds., Theatre and Change in South Africa, reviewed by Anthony O'Brian Margaret Eddershaw, Performing Brecht: Forty Years of British Performances, reviewed by David Krasner Patricia R. Shroeder, The Feminist Possibilities of Dramatic Realism, reviewed by J. Ellen Gainor

Reviews of drama published in Canada in 1993.

Filter-based microbiological wastewater treatment systems (such as subsurface flow constructed wetlands, trickling filters and recirculating sand filters) require a thorough understanding of system hydraulics for their correct design and efficient operation. As part of the treatment process, the filter media will gradually become clogged through a combination of solids filtration and retention, biomass production and chemical precipitation. Eventually the media may become so clogged that hydraulic malfunctions ensue, such as untreated wastewater bypassing the system. To achieve good asset lifetime a balance must be struck between these essential treatment mechanisms and the hydraulic deterioration that they cause. For many wastewater filtration systems the exact mechanism of clogging is not obvious, and few specialised techniques have been developed which allow the cause and extent of clogging to be measured in typical systems. The resultant lack of understanding regarding clogging hinders the ability of operators to maintain good hydraulic performance. In this chapter, for the first time, we compare three different families of standard hydraulic measurement techniques and discuss the information that they can provide: hydraulic conductivity measurements; clog matter characterisation and hydrodynamic visualisation. Each method is assessed on its applicability to typical wastewater filtration systems using horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands as a case study. Furthermore, several new techniques will be considered which have been specifically developed to allow in situ determination of hydraulic health for subsurface flow constructed wetland wastewater filtration systems. These include in situ constant and falling head permeameter techniques and embeddable magnetic resonance probes. Discussion is given to the ways in which different methods can be combined to gather detailed information about the hydraulics of wastewater filtration systems before exploring methods for condensing heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity survey results (that vary by several orders of magnitude) into a single representative value to describe the overall hydraulic health of the system.

Clogging is a major operational and maintenance issue associated with the use of subsurface flow wetlands for wastewater treatment, and can ultimately limit the lifetime of the system. This review considers over two decades of accumulated knowledge regarding clogging in both vertical and horizontal subsurface flow treatment wetlands. The various physical, chemical and biological factors responsible for clogging are identified and discussed. The occurrence of clogging is placed into the context of various design and operational parameters such as wastewater characteristics, upstream treatment processes, intermittent or continuous operation, influent distribution, and media type. This information is then used to describe how clogging develops within, and subsequently impacts, common variants of subsurface flow treatment wetland typically used in the U.S., U.K., France and Germany. Comparison of these systems emphasized that both hydraulic loading rate and solids loading rate need to be considered when designing systems to operate robustly, i.e. hydraulic overloading makes horizontal-flow tertiary treatment systems in the U.K. more susceptible to clogging problems than vertical-flow primary treatment systems in France. Future research should focus on elucidating the underlying mechanisms of clogging as they relate to the design, operation, and maintenance of subsurface flow treatment wetlands.

In this work we demonstrate the potential of permanent magnet based magnetic resonance sensors to monitor and assess the extent of pore clogging in water filtration systems. The performance of the sensor was tested on artificially clogged gravel substrates and on gravel bed samples from constructed wetlands used to treat wastewater. Data indicate that the spin lattice relaxation time is linearly related to the hydraulic conductivity in such systems. In addition, within biologically active filters we demonstrate the ability to determine the relative ratio of biomass to abiotic solids, a measurement which is not possible using alternative techniques.

Reviews of drama published in Canada in 1992.

A Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model is used to explore the relationship between clogging and hydraulics that occurs in Horizontal Subsurface Flow Treatment Wetlands (HSSF TWs) in the United Kingdom (UK). Clogging is assumed to be caused by particle transport and an existing single collector efficiency model is implemented to describe this behaviour. The flow model was validated against HSSF TW survey results obtained from the literature. The model successfully simulated the influence of overland flow on hydrodynamics, and the interaction between vertical flow through the low permeability surface layer and the horizontal flow of the saturated water table. The clogging model described the development of clogging within the system but under-predicted the extent of clogging which occurred over 15 years. This is because important clogging mechanisms were not considered by the model, such as biomass growth and vegetation establishment. The model showed the usefulness of FEA for linking hydraulic and clogging phenomenon in HSSF TWs and could be extended to include treatment processes.

Les œuvres des dramaturges contemporains canadiens-anglais, Margaret Hollingsworth, George F. Walker, Judith Thompson et Beverley Simons entre dans la catégorie de la «dramaturgie de la perversité». La «perversité» est, selon Knowles, un principe structurel dialogique qui remet en question les concepts aristotéliciens du renversement et de la reconnaissance, aussi bien que les notions modernistes de pureté, de clarté et de cohérence. Est pervers ce qui fait éclater les concepts traditionnels tels que la convergence et l'unité, et toutes les stratégies théâtrales mises en œuvre pour fragmenter la perception du spectateur, pour l'obliger à repenser sa position vis-à-vis de l'objet spectaculaire, c'est-à-dire, à se repenserr. Knowles se propose, done, d'analyser ici les pièces les plus représentatives de ce courant choisies parmi les œuvres des quatre auteurs cités.

This paper explores through personal experience and from a cultural materialist perspective the conditions which shape the reproduction of theatre and theatre history in contemporary Nova Scotia. It focuses on the Mulgrave Road Co-op Theatre, the ways in which its theatre is produced, recorded, 'archived,' represented in documentation (including reviews), and reconstructed in theatre history and criticism. It draws upon the author's own histories of and with the company as a way of posing problems and raising issues pertaining to the writing of contemporary theatre history in the Maritimes. Se basant sur ses experiences personnelles tout en adoptant une perspective materialiste, cet article examine les conditions qui faconnent la reproduction du theâtre et de l'histoire du theâtre en Nouvelle-Ecosse. L'auteur concentre son attention sur la compagnie theâtrale cooperative Mulgrave Road: les moyens par lesquels cette troupe est produite, decrite, « archivee », representee par les divers services de documentation (y inclus les comptes rendus journalistiques), et reconstruite par les historiens et les critiques du theâtre. Pour cet essai l'auteur se base a la fois sur l'histoire du theâtre Mulgrave Road esquissee par lui ailleurs, et sur ses propres rapports avec ce theâtre, pour soulever de nombreuses questions portant sur l'ecriture de l'histoire du theâtre contemporain dans les Provinces Maritimes.

This paper makes some suggestions towards the development of a pedagogy and a curriculum for the teaching of Canadian drama from a materialist perspective in which the pretenc of 'proper scholarly detachment' is replaced by an acknowledgement and analysis of the nature of our engagement. This involves interrogating th historical, social, cultural and institutional forces at work in the construction both of curricula and of our own reading lists, in the writing and teaching of histories, and in the interpretation of performance texts. It also involves 'teaching differences' in the classroom, viewing both texts read and their interpreters as historically and otherwise contingent sites of struggle.

The first so-called 'Young Company' at the Stratford Festival was founded in 1975 by the incoming Artistic Director, Robin Phillips. This essay describes the brief history of that loosely-defined company and analyses their productions of The Two Gentlemen of Verona and The Comedy of Errors in 1975 and of Hamlet and The Tempest in 1976, the Festival's first productions of Shakespeare at the Avon Theatre. La premiere «Jeune Compagnie» ainsi appelee a Stratford fut fondee en 1975 par le nouveau Directeur artistique du Festival, Robin Phillips. Cet article esquisse la breve histoire de cette compagnie au mandat tres souple, tout en analysant ses premieres productions shakespeariennes a l'Avon Theatre, soit The Two Gentlemen of Verona et The Comedy of Errors en 1975, et en 1976 Hamlet et The Tempest .

We report the clinical and MRI findings of symmetric hyperintensity involving the deep and subcortical white matter of the frontal lobes in a neurologically normal child with macrocephaly. In this patient, a serum test for mutations in glial fibrillary acidic protein, used to diagnose Alexander's disease (AD), was positive. This case indicates an extraordinarily mild or early form of juvenile-onset AD.

WISH TO CONSIDER A PARTICULAR TEXTUAL and structural problem in King Lear, concerning an event that happens offstage, out of the audience's sight or hearing, and yet upon which the whole outcome of the play depends. As everyone knows, in Act 1 King Lear's favorite daughter Cordelia is suddenly disowned by her father, scorned and dismissed by her sisters, and deprived of any claim to British land or power. Then, just as suddenly, her fortunes are reversed: she is taken to wife by a noble and loving man, is thereby made queen of the great country of France, and is forthwith moved safely away from her father's wrath and her sisters' malice. Why then should she return so soon, almost instantly, to her native country, now alien and hostile to her, only to lose everything, including her life? The tragic genre requires it, of course; she must return in order to die and in order for her death to overwhelm Lear. History also required it: in all of Shakespeare's apparent sources she returns-though more happily, restoring Lear to his throne for several years and then succeeding him. In Shakespeare's play, however, her personal motive for this most crucial of decisions is anything but clear. Like much else in the play, it happens offstage and can be understood, if at all, only from occasional passing hints. Even to attempt to comprehend it, as many critics have done, raises basic critical questions: Should we be able to understand her action? If so, does Shakespeare give us the means to do so? If he does not, why does his play differ so radically from all of his sources, where the motive for the French invasion is always made perfectly explicit? If audiences watching a performance do not much worry about such questions, should anyone else? Is our critical attention to such offstage events mere perversity, an attempt to play omniscient author and convert a dramatic action into a novelistic fiction? Or can it tell us anything of Shakespeare's dramatic art, about his intentions and his degree of success in realizing them? There is in the sources no mystery about the motive or circumstances of the French invasion. In Geoffrey of Monmouth's twelfth-century History of the Kings of Britain, which is the origin of the Lear story and source of all later versions, after Lear has been forcibly bereft by Albania and Cornwall of the half of his kingdom he had retained, he goes to Gaul and asks Cordeilla and the king of the Franks to help him recover his dominions. They do so out of sympathy. This is essentially the series of events in Holinshed's Historie of England, John Higgins's Mirourfor Magistrates, Spenser's Faerie Queene, and William Warner's Albion's England. In the anonymous play The History of King Leir, Leir's complaint is graver-after he has dispossessed himself, two daughters order him murdered-but here, as in all of the other sources, righteous moral outrage on the part of Cordelia and France motivates an armed invasion to restore Lear to his throne.1