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Top-down procedures for diagnosing and treating conditions such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder are, simply stated, logically flawed. The symptoms that form the basis for the diagnosis can be caused by myriad of other factors unrelated to bona fide (i.e., neurologically based) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The diagnostic power of the clinically normed, bottom-up electroencephalographic assessment is remarkable and facilitates treatment of the actual causes, neurological and experiential, of children's challenges. Neurotherapeutic treatments of these conditions are often suboptimal because symptom-based protocols are often inaccurate leading to treating the wrong disorder, not the least of which is trying to mollify normal children's behavior.

The definitive version of record of this article is available at https://doi.org/10.1177/0840470417751158., The discovery of neuroplasticity means the brain can change, functionally, in response to the environment and to learning. While individuals can develop harmful patterns of brain activity in response to stressors, they can also learn to modify or control neurological conditions associated with specific behaviors. Neurotherapy is one way of changing brain functioning to modify troubling conditions which can impair leadership performance, through responding to feedback on their own brain activity, and enhancing optimal leadership functioning through learning to maximize such cognitive strengths as mental efficiency, focus, creativity, perseverance, and executive functioning. The present article outlines the application of the concept of optimal performance training to organizational leadership in a healthcare context, by describing approaches to neurotherapy and illustrating their application through a case study of a health leader learning to overcome the neurological and emotional sequelae of workplace stress and trauma.

Blunted alpha response at locations O1 and Cz has been found to be associated with exposure to severe emotional stressors. Subjects exposed to an emotionally negative photograph had alpha blunting, whereas controls shown a pastoral scene with similar color tones and those not shown any pictures did not have alpha blunting. Braindriving neurotherapeutic treatment procedures found effective for restoring the alpha response and correlated trauma “release” are discussed.

As has been stated several times, neurotherapy blends perfectly with other treatment modalities and metaphors. Neurotherapy closes the gap in many therapies in that the clinician will be able to attend to the biological component of treatment. Neurotherapies, in any of the many manifestations and methodologies, including neurofeedback and neuroguided stimulation (braindriving), are NOT stand-alone treatments. They are simply not adequate, on their own, to treat any meaningful clinical condition. Further, if one is truly treating the condition and not the label, then any one-size-fits-all procedure is also simply inadequate.

Although there are many types of ADD/ADHD, a common form of ADD (CADD) in children (high theta/beta ratio at Cz) can be successfully treated in less than 15 sessions. The increased efficacy relative to the standard beta enhance/theta suppress protocol results from precise but brief diagnosis, home cognitive exercises with a theta suppression harmonic, disentraining and/or entraining visual stimulation, and clear treatment termination parameters. A single case example and data from 30 patients show the usual course of treatment.

The purpose of this article is to present the details of a newly developed home treatment protocol that provides immediate enhancement of attention and also markedly shortens the frequency and duration of office-based neurofeedback treatment of ADD/ADHD. The critical component of the treatment is the self-administration of a blend of tones embedded in filtered white noise (SUB/ALPHA) that immediately suppresses EEG theta with resultant immediate enhancement of attentional focus. Data from four studies indicating the suppressive effect of SUB/ALPHA on clinical and nonclinical populations are presented.

Background: Previous research has shown that the suppression of theta wave activity and the enhancement of sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) through electroencephalographic (EEG) biofeedback is an effective treatment for epilepsy. The current research reports the results of EEG biofeedback treatment for patients presenting with seizure behaviors in the absence of eliptiform EEG activity. Methods: In addition to psychotherapy, 3 patients, 2 women and 1 man, were trained, using EEG feedback once per week, to reduce the ratio of theta band to SMR band EEG amplitudes. Results: The results showed that reductions in seizure activity were related to reductions in the theta–SMR ratio. Conclusions: These findings support the view that theta–SMR feedback training, in conjunction with psychotherapy, is an effective adjunctive treatment for pseudoseizure disorder.

Two experiments examined the effects of game structure and S's behavior on attitudes to opponents (O). Highly cooperative Ss, involved in either the PD, the power game, or the Chicken game, against a conditionally cooperative O, rated powerful Os as having more suspicious motives and less ability as compared to Os in the other games. Os in the Chicken game were rated least attractive. In the second study, a relationship was found between weak Ss' level of exploitation and the rating of the powerful Os' ability.

Following participation in an experiment, nine subjects were interviewed and debriefed by a single experimenter. Two temporal measures of vocalization were derived from 7.5 second samples obtained during the dialogue and monologue portions of the debriefing. Marked influence of the interviewee on the interviewer's vocal patterning was apparent for both the dialogue and the monologue. The differences between the two vocalization measures and the possible implications of such subtle nonlexical influences are discussed.

Pairs of unacquainted male subjects listened to music via headsets controlled by a single loudness control. Post-session measures of first impressions of the other person indicated that interpersonal liking was influenced by minimal communication and curvilinearly related to the magnitude of the difference between the level of individual preference and dyadic loudness. Loudness preference was stable over a one-week period, and the preparation appears useful for studying minimal negotiations.

Considerable controversy still exists regarding the concepts of threat and power in the conflict literature. The simple existence of a punitive capability by one or both parties to a gaming conflict has been defined as threat (Deutsch and Krauss, 1960). Others have maintained, however, that the term "threat" should be reserved for situations in which the party possessing the punitive capability is perceived by the second party as having the intention of using the capability should certain conditions prevail. The intention to use, or more precisely the lack of intention to preclude use of, the capability is typically related to the behavior of the second party to the conflict. Thus, offensive deterrence is the perceived intention to use the capability in counterretaliation. Defensive deterrence, on the other hand, is the perceived intent to retaliate. The credibility of threat, however, depends solely upon the perceived probability that one will experience the punishment. This perceived probability is influenced by a wide range of factors including the threatener's history of fulfilled promises to harm, the error in the system (accidental execution of the capability), the cost to the threatener of use of the capability, and the extent of the

Ss, exposed to a bogus performance norm, lever-pressed to accumulate a point score. Although group results indicated that easy and difficult norms enhance performance speed, the effect was shown to be limited primarily to the slowest responders. Fast responders’ speeds were maintained by simple performance feedback in the absence of externally imposed norms.

Ss lever pressed on FR 5 for points which were, at times, redeemable for small amounts of money. Introduction of incentive retarded the lever pressing rates in fast responders but enhanced response rates in slow responders.

Ss lever pressed on FR 10 for points. Points were given reinforcing properties by E’s instruction. Results indicated no difference in variability or response rate for monetary or social reinforcement but large differences in variability for self competition. An incentive decrement effect hypothesis is discussed.