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Contains fulltext : 239011.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Franz Joseph Gall's (1758-1828) doctrine of many faculties of mind with corresponding cortical organs led him to be accused of materialism, fatalism, and even atheism. Yet little has been written about the specific charges he felt forced to respond to in Vienna, while visiting the German States, or in Paris, where he published his books. This article examines these accusations and Gall's responses. It also looks at what Gall wrote about a cortical faculty for God and religion and seeing intelligent design in the functional organization of the brain. Additionally, it presents what can be gleaned about his private thoughts on God and organized religion. We conclude that Gall was sincere in his admiration for and belief in God the Creator, but that as an enlightened scientist was recognizing the need to separate metaphysics from the laws of nature when presenting his new science of man. 21 p.

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Item does not contain fulltext Unilateral brain lesions can lead to impaired contralesional attention and reduced ipsilesional and enhanced contralesional superior colliculus (SC) activity. We aimed to investigate whether modulation of SC activation via monocular eye patching can improve contralesional attention. Twenty left-hemispheric (LH) and 20 right-hemispheric (RH) patients with an acute or subacute middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke completed an endogenous version of the Posner cueing task twice, while the left or right eye was covered with an eye patch. The LH and RH patients showed significantly slower reactions to contralesional than to ipsilesional stimuli. In addition, the eye patch modulated responses to invalidly but not those to validly cued stimuli. Post hoc analyses could not discriminate whether this effect pertained to a particular target side or eye patch position. However, exploratory analyses indicated that the observed eye patch effect might affect the RH group more than the LH group. As predicted 36 years ago, monocular eye patching modulates visuospatial attention, presumably due to differences in SC activation between the two eye patch conditions. However, this modulation seems too weak and unspecific, and therefore possibly not strong enough to be a treatment option for patients with visuospatial attention impairments. 7 p.

Item does not contain fulltext Introduction: Neuropsychological assessment of spatial orientation in post-acute patients with large brain lesions is often limited due to additional cognitive disorders like aphasia, apraxia, or reduced responsiveness. Methods: To cope with these limitations, we developed a paradigm using passive audiospatial event-related potentials (pAERPs): Participants were requested to merely listen over headphones to horizontally moving tones followed by a short tone ("target"), presented either on the side to which the cue moved or on the opposite side. Two runs of 120 trials were presented and we registered AERPs with two electrodes, mounted at C3 and C4. Nine sub-acute patients with large left hemisphere (LH) or right hemisphere (RH) lesions and nine controls participated. Results: Patients had no problems completing the assessment. RH patients showed a reduced N100 for left-sided targets in all conditions. LH patients showed a diminished N100 for invalid trials and contralesional targets. Conclusion: Measuring AERPs for moving auditory cues and with two electrodes allows investigating spatial attentional deficits in patients with large RH and LH lesions, who are often unable to perform clinical tests. Our procedure can be implemented easily in an acute and rehabilitation setting and might enable investigating spatial attentional processes even in patients with minimal conscious awareness. 14 p.

Contains fulltext : 221796.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) MS related fatigue might be related to autonomous nervous system (ANS) dysfunctions or to inflammation related vagal (hyper-) activation. Consequently, influencing ANS status may lead to relieve of fatigue. We used two opposite biofeedback interventions to either increase sympathetic ("self-alert training", SAT) or parasympathetic activation ("progressive muscle relaxation", PMR). We recorded fatigue status of patients before and after a challenging vigilance task, their behavioural performance on this task, their skin conductance response (SCR), and parameters indicating parasympathetic activity concerning heart rate variability (HRV). We repeated these recordings after the biofeedback training sessions. Patients of the SAT group were able to learn to increase their SCR voluntarily. Patients of the PMR group showed increasing parameters indicating parasympathetic modulation of the HRV. The vigilance task increased their feeling of fatigue. However, there was no effect of biofeedback training on either fatigue status or performance on the vigilance task. Our results show that MS patients can learn to change voluntarily their ANS activity using biofeedback instructions based on SCR and this can be used in future studies to test the postulated link between ANS and fatigue. However, in this experimental intervention we were unable to document a relation between ANS activity and fatigue. 17 p.

The field of neuroscience has many different areas dealing with a wide range of topics, such as nerve cells, neural systems, movement, complex behavior like language, and the mystery that most neur...

Item does not contain fulltext Stephanus Bisius (1724-1790) was a physician of Italian descent and a graduate of the University of Pavia. He was invited to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the early 1760s and became head of the Faculty of Medicine at Vilnius University in 1781. In 1772, Bisius had authored the first original study on nervous and mental diseases in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In his 35-page booklet, written in Latin and Polish, Bisius characterized mania and melancholy as diseases of the brain, explaining that the organs that feed the human soul are affected, not the soul itself. He introduced the principles of humoralism and solidism to readers, and recognized that autopsies had failed to reveal reliable findings concerning mania or melancholy. Bisius also described the origins of the challenging disorder called plica polonica, a strange condition associated with tufts of matted hair. As a physician during the medical Enlightenment, Bisius criticized metaphysical speculations in medicine and stated that plica was only a result of superstitions. Even though he proposed antiphlogistic treatments for patients with mania and melancholy, he maintained that time and faith in God might help some patients overcome their infirmities. 17 p.

Abstract. Summary: According to a new NIA AA proposal, decreased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of beta-amyloid (1–42) (A β 42 ) reflect pathological changes in Alzheimer’s disease, whereas patients with only an increase of tau do not have Alzheimer’s pathology. We first compared this classification with one based on the ratio between phospho-tau/A β 42 and then with one based on neuropsychological test results (CERAD-NAB Subtests, Digit Span forward and backward, language comprehension, pictures recognition test, Beck’s Depression Inventory). Irrespective of the cross-tabulation approach, the NIA AA criteria led to a drop of about 40 % to 50 % of AD patients compared to the phospho-tau/A β 42 ratio. Neuropsychological scores correctly predicted 89.1 % of CSF negative patients, 73.3 % of A β 42 positive patients, but only a small number of the phospho-tau positive patients. We argue that neuropsychological assessment still plays a crucial role in the assessment of Alzheimer’s dementia.

[Franz] Joseph Gall, as he was called prior to his trip to Paris (Finger and Eling 2019), was born in 1758 in the small town of Tiefenbronn, near the border of Germany’s Schwarzwald (Black Forest)....

Contains fulltext : 219420.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Just a few weeks before his death in 1828, Franz Joseph Gall, the father of what others would later call phrenology, wrote a letter to an unknown person, presumably a fellow physician. The manuscript describes the case of girl, 19 months of age. The girl's skull showed marked deformations consistent with what would be called craniosynostosis or Crouzon('s) syndrome by physicians today. Gall related some clinical features of her case and suggested some treatment options. This case report is particularly interesting because it is almost 200 years old, predates Crouzon's description of the syndrome by 84 years, and shows that Gall was still involved with treating patients, even in his final year. 12 p.

This chapter gives a broad overview of the description and theorizing of a wide range of language disorders resulting from brain damage, commonly classified under the umbrella term "aphasia." It covers works written in Antiquity up to the 20th century. Moreover, it looks at disturbances in various language modalities such as speech, language comprehension, reading, writing, and sign language. In addition, also forms of the more recently discovered primary progressive aphasia are discussed. Finally, important developments in the history of assessment and rehabilitation of language disorders are described. To properly characterize disorders of language, these developments are discussed from the perspectives of neurology, psychology, and linguistics.

Item does not contain fulltext Whereas some of Gall's critics were quick to assail his organology as materialistic and fatalistic, others questioned his methods and scientific assumptions, especially his craniological tenets. The idea that the skull does not faithfully reflect the features of small, underlying brain areas was repeatedly brought up in the scientific debates. Critics pointed to the frontal sinuses above the eye orbits as evidence for the interior and exterior plates of the cranium not being in parallel - hence, for several or many phrenological organs being unknowable. This article traces the origins of the frontal sinus arguments and how Gall, Spurzheim, and later phrenologists responded to it. It reveals how the two sides fought and remained divided about the significance of the sinuses throughout the nineteenth century - that is, on whether the frontal sinus "problem" was an insurmountable obstacle or one that was merely an inconvenience. 34 p.

Phrenology is based on correlating character traits with visible or palpable cranial bumps (or depressions) thought to reflect underlying brain areas differing in size and levels of activity. Franz Joseph Gall, who introduced the doctrine during the 1790s, relied heavily on seeing and feeling skulls when he formulated his theory, as did Johann Spurzheim, who served as his assistant until 1813 and then set forth on his own. But Peter Mark Roget, a British critic of the doctrine, first assailed these methods as too subjective in 1818, and never changed his mind. George Combe, a Scotsman who admired Spurzheim, introduced calipers and other measuring instruments during the 1820s, hoping to make phrenology more like the admired physical sciences. In the United States, the Fowlers also called for more numbers, including measuring distances between the cortical sites above the organs of mind. Nonetheless, phrenologists realized they faced formidable barriers when it came to measuring the physical organs of mind, as opposed to basic skull dimensions. This essay examines the subjectivity that left phrenology open to criticism and shows how some phrenologists tried to overcome it. It also shows how vision and touch remained features of phrenological examinations throughout the numbers-obsessed 19th century. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Mission of the International Society for the History of the Neurosciences (ISHN) 24th Meeting in Vilnius, 2019 is to improve communication between individuals and groups interested in the history of neuroscience, promote research in the history of neuroscience in Lithuania and worldwide, promote education and stimulate interest for the history of neuroscience.

Item does not contain fulltext This article explores the possibility of differentiating between patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and patients with other kinds of dementia by focusing on false alarms (FAs) on a picture recognition task (PRT). In Study 1, we compared AD and non-AD patients on the PRT and found that FAs discriminate well between these groups. Study 2 served to improve the discriminatory power of the FA score on the picture recognition task by adding associated pairs. Here, too, the FA score differentiated well between AD and non-AD patients, though the discriminatory power did not improve. The findings suggest that AD patients show a liberal response bias. Taken together, these studies suggest that FAs in picture recognition are of major importance for the clinical diagnosis of AD. 12 p.

Contains fulltext : 219601.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) 7 p.

Item does not contain fulltext Saint Hildegard of Bingen (c. 1098-1179) was a 12th century Benedictine abbess, a visionary, a composer, a poet, a healer, and one of few medieval women who produced treatises on medicine. In her medical writings, Causae et curae and Physica, the abbess described, among other topics, physical functions and mechanisms of sleep, dreams and waking, emphasizing the importance of sleep for the human body. She regarded sleep as both a passive and an active process. Hildegard warned her readers about sleeping too little or too much, evaluated possible causes of insomnia and nightmares, and discussed potential treatments for these sleep disorders. In this paper, we analyze Hildegard's writings in the context of Greco-Roman physiological theories, which were held to the end of the Middle Ages and later. We also discuss questions concerning the abbess's putative education, the originality of her works, and the significance of her writings in the context of current knowledge on sleep medicine. 6 p.

Contains fulltext : 234215.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Background: Most neglect treatment studies focus on automatic re-orientation procedures, assuming a deficit in automatic processes. We compare an automatic- and a controlled procedure, using the endogenous and exogenous variants of Posner's covert shift of attention task. Method: In two experiments, neglect patients and patients with a right hemispherical stroke without neglect performed three blocks of Posner's covert shift of attention task (Posner Task) on two days. In Study 1 we used endogenous cues, in Study 2, exogenous cues. Results: In the endogenous task, neglect patients improved significantly with valid left-sided cues between block 1 and 2 on Day 1, subsequently showing a plateauing. They also showed a gradual improvement on invalid trials on both days. In the exogenous condition, all participants responded only increasingly faster on trials with a long stimulus onset asynchrony. Practicing on both tasks led to fewer omissions for left-sided targets, minimally in the exogenous and clearly in the endogenous condition. Conclusion: In line with prior neuroanatomical studies, our study shows that practicing an endogenous, but not an exogenous, visuospatial attention task leads to significant improvements in neglect patients, especially for invalid trials, suggesting that neglect treatments based on top-down strategies should be given more attention. 9 p.

Contains fulltext : 220706.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Franz Joseph Gall used a broad variety of phenomena in support of his organology. Well known are his observations on anatomical features of the brain, species-specific behavioral patterns, the observation that some individuals may excel in one faculty while being mediocre in others, changes in the organs with development and aging, and how the organs associated with the faculties might be affected by diseases and acute brain lesions. We here present a widely overlooked source: his observations on individuals then classified as "deaf and dumb." We discuss how these observations were presented by Gall in support of his organology and in his disputes with empiricists and sensationalists about the nature of mind. 13 p.

Stephanus Bisius (1724-1790) was a physician of Italian descent and a graduate of the University of Pavia. He was invited to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the early 1760s and became head of the Faculty of Medicine at Vilnius University in 1781. In 1772, Bisius had authored the first original study on nervous and mental diseases in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In his 35-page booklet, written in Latin and Polish, Bisius characterized mania and melancholy as diseases of the brain, explaining that the organs that feed the human soul are affected, not the soul itself. He introduced the principles of humoralism and solidism to readers, and recognized that autopsies had failed to reveal reliable findings concerning mania or melancholy. Bisius also described the origins of the challenging disorder called

Contains fulltext : 219569.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Franz Joseph Gall believed that the two cerebral hemispheres are anatomically and functionally similar, so much so that one could substitute for the other following unilateral injuries. He presented this belief during the 1790s in his early public lectures in Vienna, when traveling through Europe between 1805 and 1807, and in the two sets of books he published after settling in France. Gall seemed to derive his ideas about laterality independently of French anatomist Marie François Xavier Bichat (1771-1802), who formulated his "law of symmetry" at about the same time. He would, however, later cite Bichat, whose ideas about mental derangement were different from his own and who also attempted to explain handedness, a subject on which Gall remained silent. The concept of cerebral symmetry would be displaced by mounting clinical evidence for the hemispheres being functionally different, but neither Gall nor Bichat would live to witness the advent of the concept of cerebral dominance. 14 p.

Contains fulltext : 214904.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) is remembered for his claims that behavior results from a large number of independent mental faculties, and that these faculties are associated with cortical organs. Apart from the 26 faculties he localized in the cerebrum, he also recognized one faculty (reproductive drive) in the cerebellum. This picture, however, is based on Gall's presentations in his well-known later works, his four volume Anatomie et Physiologie. These books reflect the outcomes of Gall's thinking. They were steered by the observations and feedback he received in Vienna and while presenting his theories in the German states and neighboring countries between 1805 and 1807. Examining his lists before what he published in Paris shows how his faculties were changing. Notably, and as shown here, he had previously included several faculties associated with brainstem structures, in addition to the cerebellum, which he would continue to associate with some reproductive behaviors. 13 p.

Contains fulltext : 226041.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Background: Cortisol levels are increased in MS patients. However, the relation between cortisol, cognitive fatigue and load is still unknown and is investigated in this study. Method: In 40 MS patients and 20 healthy controls, cortisol levels were assessed (in saliva) in the morning and afternoon, before and after 5 runs of a cognitively demanding divided attention task (lasting in total 25-minutes). MS patients were divided in those suffering from cognitive fatigue (MS-F) or not (MS-NF). Results: MS-NF patients showed elevated cortisol levels in the morning and in the afternoon before the reaction time task compared to healthy controls. Differences in cortisol levels among the four measurements were also larger compared to healthy controls and MS-F patients. These differences could not be explained by medication, EDSS score, MS course, age or gender. MS-NF patients also produced more omissions on the attention task compared to healthy controls and MS-F patients. MS-F patients experienced more fatigue after the attention task, but they did not show a task related performance decline. Conclusion: MS-NF patients, and not MS-F patients, deviate in cortisol release and task performance from healthy controls and from MS-F patients. We suggest that MS-NF patients suffer from a dysregulation of their circadian cortisol level. 7 p.

Contains fulltext : 214568.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Most of what was known about Franz Joseph Gall's (1758-1828) organology or Schädellehre prior to the 1820s came from secondary sources, including letters from correspondents, promotional materials, brief newspaper articles about his lecture-demonstrations, and editions and translations of some lengthier works of varying quality in German. Physician Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus (1776-1827) practiced in Vienna's General Hospital in 1797-1798; attended some of Gall's public lectures; and, in 1801-1802, became one of the first physicians to provide detailed reports on Gall's emerging organology in French and English, respectively. Although Bojanus considered the human mind to be indivisible and did not entirely agree with Gall’s assumption that the brain consists of a number of independent organs responsible for various faculties, he provided valuable information and thoughtful commentary on Gall's views. Furthermore, he defended Gall against the charge that his sort of thinking would lead to materialism and cautiously predicted that the new system would be fruitful for developing and stimulating important new research about the brain and mind. Bojanus became a professor of zoology in 1806 and a professor of comparative anatomy in 1814 at Vilnius University, where, among other accomplishments, he established himself as a founder of modern veterinary medicine and a pioneer of pre-Darwinian and pre-Lamarckian evolutionism. 19 p.

Item does not contain fulltext Background. Visuospatial neglect is a disabling syndrome with serious consequences for activities in daily life. This study investigated the effect of adaptive cueing during a reading task as a possible treatment for neglect by including (1) a task relevant for the patient's daily life, (2) a fading out procedure to stimulate independent orientation to the left by self-cueing, and (3) a clear definition of neglect severity for the adaptive treatment protocol. Methods. A randomized controlled crossover design was used, including 26 patients from an early rehabilitation unit with left-sided visuospatial neglect after stroke or hemorrhage. They were examined twice at baseline (T1, T2), after 15 daily sessions in 1 condition (T3), and again after 15 daily sessions in the other condition (T4). The intervention condition included a daily reading task combined with endogenous and exogenous cues provided by a therapist, which were continuously reduced after a patient had reached a defined level of performance. The control condition consisted of a neuropsychological treatment of the same length, not targeting visuospatial attention. Results. Significant improvements were shown after intervention on scores for reading (word and text reading), daily life activities (Catherine Bergego Scale), Line Bisection, and the Clock Drawing Task. Conclusion. This study shows that adaptive cueing in a reading task can improve neglect symptoms by using an intensive intervention lasting 3 weeks. 11 p.

Item does not contain fulltext Background: Recently, we proposed a model explaining the origin of fatigue in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. This model assumes that the feeling of fatigue results from inflammation-induced information processing within interoceptive brain areas. Objectives: To investigate the association between self-reported cognitive fatigue and structural integrity of interoceptive brain areas in MS patients. Methods: 95 MS patients and 28 healthy controls participated in this study. All participants underwent diffusion tensor MRI and fractional anisotropy data were calculated for the amygdala, the stria terminalis and the corpus callosum, a non-interoceptive brain area. Based on the cognitive fatigue score of the Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognition, patients were divided into moderately cognitively fatigued (cognitive fatigue score >= 28) and cognitively non-fatigued (cognitive fatigue score < 28) MS patients. Healthy controls were recruited as a third group. Repeated measures analyses of covariance, controlling for age, depression and brain atrophy, were performed to investigate whether the factor Group had a significant effect on the fractional anisotropy data. Results: A significant effect of Group was observed for the amygdala (F=3.389, p=0.037). MS patients without cognitive fatigue presented lower values of the amygdala than MS patients with cognitive fatigue and healthy controls. For the stria terminalis and the corpus callosum, no main effect of Group was observed. Conclusion: The structural integrity of the amygdala in non-fatigued MS patients appears to be reduced. According to our model this might indicate that the absence of fatigue in non-fatigued MS patients might result from disturbed inflammation-induced information processing in the amygdala. 6 p.

Hintergrund Fatigue ist eines der haufigsten Symptome bei Multipler Sklerose (MS) und hat deutliche Auswirkungen auf die Lebensqualitat sowie die Berufstatigkeit. Die adaquate Messung der erlebten Fatigue ist aber auch heutzutage noch mit erheblicher Unsicherheit behaftet. Ziel der Arbeit In dem vorliegenden Ubersichtsartikel sollen verschiedene Moglichkeiten der Erfassung der Fatigue mit Hilfe von Fragebogen, klinischen Interviews oder der objektiven Messung kognitiver Leistungen dargestellt werden. Weiter soll ein strukturierter Ansatz zur Fatigue-Diagnostik vorgeschlagen werden. Ergebnisse Klinische Kriterien MS-bezogener Fatigue umfassen relevante Kernsymptome, Alltagsrelevanz, den kausal wahrscheinlichen Zusammenhang mit der Krankheitsursache (d. h. der zugrunde liegenden MS) sowie einen Ausschluss moglicher anderer somatischer wie psychischer Ursachen. Empfohlen werden, aufgrund der Studienlage sowie der Einteilung in kognitive und motorische Fatigue, als adaquate Fragebogen das Wurzburger Erschopfungs-Inventar bei Multipler Sklerose (WEIMUS) sowie die Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions (FSMC). Zusatzlich sollten eine eventuelle Depression, die Schlafqualitat sowie die Tagesschlafrigkeit erfasst werden. Eine testpsychologische Objektivierung sollte versucht werden. Dabei sollten die generelle kognitive Leistungsfahigkeit sowie die kognitive Leistungsfahigkeit unter Monotonie (Vigilanz) erhoben werden. Dies kann auch fur eine Einschatzung der Arbeitsfahigkeit hilfreich sein. Diese Objektivierung der Fatigue ist zudem auch prognostisch bedeutsam, da es Hinweise auf einen Zusammenhang mit der Schubhaufigkeit, der Wandlung des Status eines „Clinically Isolated Syndrome“ (CIS) zu einer MS-Diagnose sowie einer vermehrten Hirnatrophie gibt. Zusammenfassend kann festgehalten werden, dass trotz einer wachsenden Konvergenz bei den Diagnosekriterien die Studienlage zur subjektiven sowie objektiven Erfassung der Fatigue noch nicht ausreichend ist und weiterhin Forschungsbedarf besteht.

Item does not contain fulltext Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) introduced a new theory of mind and brain at the end of the eighteenth century, which he referred to as organology, dealing with mental functions and their cortical localizations. Gall wrote that observations regarding the verbal learning capacities of his schoolmates brought about his new way of thinking. This widely accepted view, however, requires qualification. Although Gall's experiences and observations as a schoolboy were relevant, especially for his craniology, these childhood memories might have been recalled and reinterpreted after he had started to think about the faculties of mind --- specifically after he had met Bianchi, a 5-year-old girl with a special talent for music. 9 p.

Which review of the history of aphasia does not describe the story of Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828), Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud (1796–1881), and Paul Broca (1824–1880)? Has not that history been prope...

Contains fulltext : 214524.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Franz Joseph Gall's (1758-1828) proposal for a new theory about how to represent the mental faculties is well known. He replaced the traditional perception-judgement-memory triad of abstract faculties with a set of 27 highly specific faculties, many of which humans share with animals. In addition, he argued that these faculties are dependent on specific cortical areas, these being his organs of mind. After several years of presenting his new views in Vienna, he was banned from lecturing for what he considered absurd reasons. The edict enticed him to make a scientific journey through the German states, both to present his ideas to targeted audiences and to collect more cases. This trip, started in 1805, was extended to include stops in Denmark, Holland, and Switzerland before finally ending in Paris in 1807. For the most part, Gall was received with great enthusiasm in what is now Germany, but there were some individuals who strongly opposed his anatomical discoveries and skull-based doctrine. In this article, we examine the concerns and arguments raised by Johann Gotlieb Walter in Berlin, Henrik Steffens in Halle, Jakob Fidelis Ackermann in Heidelberg, and Samuel Thomas Soemmerring in Munich, as well as how Gall responded to them. 20 p.

Item does not contain fulltext Background: Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) might be partially due to inflammatory processes. If so, relapses should increase the fatigue level. Methods: Two groups of MS patients participated in this study. One suffered from a relapse and was treated by Methylprednisolone. The other group experienced a deterioration of their neurological condition but no relapse and received neurological rehabilitation. We assessed fatigue before admission, at admission and after discharge (t1, t2, t3). Furthermore, autonomic dysfunctions, depressive mood, apathy and extraversion were assessed at admission. Changes in fatigue were analysed with ANCOVAs and fatigue levels were analysed with regression analyses using clinical data and scores for depressive mood, apathy, extraversion and autonomic dysfunctions. Results: Only patients suffering from a relapse showed a significant increment in fatigue from t1 to t2. Regression analyses revealed that autonomic dysfunctions and introversion best explained the fatigue level. Conclusions: This study shows that a relapse is accompanied by an increase in MS-related fatigue. Moreover, autonomic dysfunctions and introversion, more than depression and apathy, play a major role in the explanation of MS-related fatigue. This finding represents additional evidence for the relationship between inflammation, vagal afferent signaling, autonomic dysfunctions, introversion and the feeling of MS-related fatigue. 7 p.

Item does not contain fulltext Het begrip 'Petit Mal', oorspronkelijk een Franse term die gedurende vele jaren in de internationale epilepsieliteratuur werd gebruikt, is tegenwoordig obsoleet omdat de uitdrukking alleen maar iets zegt over de zichtbare duur van een aanval. Een grote stap vooruit in de kennis over en de indeling van deze kleine aanvallen kwam door de gedegen klinische observaties van de Duitse neuroloog Dieter Janz (1920-2016). 2 p.

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