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Anything toxic is poisonous and harmful-including a toxic workplace. Surveys of hundreds of individuals and organizations reveal three primary areas that are common in unhealthy work environments: sick systems, toxic leaders, and dysfunctional colleagues. This article draws from research and offers practical steps on how to survive, if not change and thrive, in toxic workplaces.

Communicating appreciation to staff is critical in healthcare settings today. Five specific Languages of Appreciation have been identified that can be communicated in individualized ways in the workplace to affirm, encourage, mediate stress, and improve employee morale. In tight budget environments, such an employee recognition program doesn't require financial resources or a line item in the budget.

The mental health of graduate counselor trainees was examined. Trainees demonstrated more psychopathy than did the normal population on 6 of the 10 scales used.

Pendant les annees 80, les migrations internes se sont liberalisees en Europe. Les societes multinationales resolvent leur probleme d'emploi a hautes qualifications par la migration professionnelle au sein de leur organisation. L'Europe continue a recevoir des flux d'immigrants et certains pays mediterraneens continuent a fournir des migrants au Nouveau Monde

Issues of urban deprivation have played an important role in policy discussion in Britain since the 1970s. Government and various official agencies have adopted statistical approaches to the identification of deprived areas, based on census data for the construction of standart indices. One of these indices (the Townsend Index) is here applied to four major British cities (London, Birmingham, Newcastle- upon-Tyne and Sheffield) and, in each case, it is demonstrated that there is a strong contrast between high deprivation levels in inner city nighbourhoods and relative affluence throughout the suburbs. The populations of deprived areas are shown to include over-representations of those with poor health, families with dependants, lone-parent families, large families, unskilled workers, and those declaring a non- white ethnicity. The elderly were shown not to be concentrated in zones of deprivation. The greatest over-representations were of single parent families. There were certain variations between the cities : in both Newcastle and Sheffield deprived zones included few non-white residents, while the over-representation of families with dependants, of large families and of the unskilled in deprived areas was greater in Birmingham than elsewhere. Both the spatial location and the population composition of deprived areas are different from those experienced in certain other parts of Europe., Des quartiers à problèmes ont été identifiés dans les villes britanniques depuis la fin des années 1970. Depuis cette période, ils sont devenus la cible privilégiée de la politique de la ville en Grande-Bretagne. Contrairement à la France, sur le plan géographique, ces zones se situent essentiellement dans les banlieues les plus anciennes, c'est-à-dire à l'intérieur de la première couronne urbaine, et proches du centre-ville. Cependant, en termes de caractéristiques socio- économiques, ces banlieues en difficultés, aussi bien en France qu'en Grande- Bretagne, se ressemblent beaucoup. L'identification de tels quartiers pose plusieurs problèmes, liés au choix des critères de définition, aux processus de localisation et aux impacts sur les populations qui y habitent. Ce sont ces questions qui sont posées dans cet article, en étudiant la répartition spatiale de la pauvreté dans quatre grandes villes britanniques, Londres, Birmingham, Newcastle et Sheffield. La pauvreté est souvent le résultat de plusieurs facteurs, qui rendent difficile une définition objective. Pour essayer de tenir compte de cette complexité, une mesure composite est utilisée (Townsend index). Son calcul est réalisé à partir de quatre variables extraites du recensement : le pourcentage de la population active au chômage, le pourcentage des ménages sans voiture, le pourcentage des ménages "non propriétaires" de leur logement et le pourcentage des ménages habitant dans des conditions de surpeuplement. Cet indice a été déterminé pour chacun des quartiers des différentes villes étudiées. Ensuite, il est comparé à d'autres indicateurs sociaux. L'analyse des résultats montre que dans tous les cas, il existe un contraste fort entre les zones de la proche banlieue (inner city) où le niveau de pauvreté est élevé, et la banlieue plus éloignée caractérisée par des populations plus riches. Les habitants des quartiers défavorisés de ces villes se distinguent par une surreprésentation des personnes connaissant des problèmes de santé, des familles nombreuses, des familles mono-parentales, des manœuvres et des populations appartenant aux minorités ethniques. Parmi ces groupes, il s'agit surtout d'une surreprésentation des familles mono-parentales. Au contraire, les personnes âgées sont relativement peu présentes dans ces quartiers. Cette étude confirme qu'il existe bien une zone suburbaine à problèmes qui entoure les centres-villes britanniques. D'une manière générale, les quartiers plus éloignés du centre sont peu caractérisés par la pauvreté. La composition sociale des populations qui habitnt ces zones n'est pas propre à la Grande-Bretagne ; en revanche, c'est la localisation de ces groupes défavorisés qui, par rapport à d'autres pays européens tels que la France, confère une spécificité à la Grande- Bretagne., White Paul. Who lives in deprived areas in British cities ? / Qui habite les quartiers de grande pauvreté des villes britanniques ?. In: Géocarrefour, vol. 75, n°2, 2000. Questions de banlieues. pp. 107-116.

Globalisation processes involve not only the movement of investment, but also of associated personnel to manage it. Japanese economic interest in Europe, particularly in the last two decades, has resulted in the growth of significant Japanese communities. The biggest are in Germany and Great-Britain. In both countries these communities are closely related to location of inward investment. In Britain this highlights the role of London (through financial services). However, regional policies have also attracted Japanese investment, and associated migrants, to various New Towns elsewhere. In Germany, the more diffuse urban hierarchy means that the Japanese are spread through a number of major cities, of which Düsseldorf is the most important. In both countries there are signs that Japanese settlement is becoming more independent of the major corporations who first created the migration flows., Les investissements et la migration : la distribution de la population japonaise en Allemagne et Grande-Bretagne. Les processus de globalisation ne mettent pas en mouvement que les investissements, mais aussi les personnels de gestion. La participation des compagnies japonaises en Europe, surtout durant les deux dernières décennies, induit un accroissement important des communautés japonaises. Les plus grandes se trouvent en Allemagne et en Grande-Bretagne, presque exclusivement sur les sites des investissements. En Grande-Bretagne elles confirment l'importance de Londres comme place financière ; cependant les politiques régionales se sont efforcées d'attirer les investissements japonais dans plusieurs villes nouvelles de province. En Allemagne, la hiérarchie urbaine, plus diffuse, a entraîné une distribution plus uniforme dans les grandes villes, dont en premier lieu Düsseldorf. Dans les deux pays l'installation des Japonais se dissocie aujourd'hui de plus en plus de celle des compagnies., Glebe Günther, Hurdley Louise, Montag Birgit, White Paul. Investment-led migration and the distribution of Japanese in Germany and Great Britain / Les investissements et la migration: la distribution de la population japonaise en Allemagne et en Grande Bretagne. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1999-3. Mélanges. pp. 425-437.

Japanese economic activity and community growth in Great Britain. Louise Hurdley and Paul White. Japanese inward investment in Great Britain has been associated with the development of manufacturing activities within areas offering government assistance, whilst all forms of service activities have been concentrated in London. Japanese economic activity has been associated with the relocation of Japanese personnel, primarily for management and specialist functions. During the 1980s the number of Japanese residents in Britain grew at a faster rate than almost any group from the developed world. Although London houses the majority of these migrants, there are significant numbers in other locations throughout Britain, associated with manufacturing investments. The distribution of the Japanese in Britain is therefore highly distinctive in comparison to the distribution of other foreign or ethnic minority groups. In particular, there are now small Japanese communities in several towns where they constitute one of the biggest immigrant or ethnic minority groups, and they are particularly located in high status neighbourhoods. The evidence presented in this paper comes from unpublished data from the 1991 population census., Activité économique et croissance des communautés japonaises en Grande Bretagne. Louise Hurdley and Paul White. On associe les investissements japonais en Grande Bretagne au développement des activités industrielles dans des zones aidées par le gouvernement, tandis que toutes les formes de services sont concentrées à Londres. L'activité économique des Japonais a été associée à la relocalisation des personnels, principalement les spécialistes et les cadres. Durant les années 1980, le nombre des Japonais résidant en Grande Bretagne a augmenté plus vite que tous les autres étrangers venant des pays industrialisés. Bien que la majorité de ces migrants vivent à Londres, un nombre significatif réside dans d'autres lieux sur tout le territoire britannique, en relation avec les investissements industriels. La répartition des Japonais est donc très spécifique en comparaison des autres groupes ethniques. En particulier, on trouve aujourd'hui de petites communautés japonaises dans de nombreuses villes où ils constituent l'une des immigrations ou l'une des communautés ethniques les plus nombreuses et ils sont souvent logés dans les quartiers favorisés. Les données présentées dans cet article sont tirées de données non publiées du recensement de 1991., Actividad económica y crecimiento de las comunidades japonesas en Gran Bretaña. Louise Hurdley y Paul White. En Gran Bretaña se asocian las inversiones japonesas al desarrollo de actividades industriales en las zonas que reciben ayudas del Gobierno a pesar de que todas las actividades del sector servicios se encuentran concentradas en Londres. La actividad económica de los Japoneses ha sido asociada a la relocalizacion de personal, y especialmente, del especializado y de los ejecutivos. El número de Japoneses residentes en Gran Bretaña durante la década de los ochenta ha aumentado más rápidamente que el del resto de los extranjeros originarios de los otros países industrializados. Aunque la mayona de estos inmigrantes viven en Londres, un número considerable de ellos reside en otros lugares del territorio británico, en relación con las inversiones industriales. Así, su reparticion espacial es muy específica si la comparamos con la de otros grupos étnicos. En particular, hoy se pueden encontrar pequenas comunidades japonesas en numerosas ciudades donde constituyen una de las inmigraciones o de las comunidades étnicas mas numerosas. Residen en los barrios acomodados. Los datos presentados en este artículo han sido extraidos de la información no publicada del censo de la población de 1991., Hurdley Louise, White Paul. Activité économique et croissance des communautés japonaises en Grande Bretagne. In: Revue européenne des migrations internationales, vol. 15, n°1,1999. Migration et ethnicité au Royaume-Uni. pp. 101-120.

The Structure and Evolution of Rural Populations at the Sub-Parochial Level : Post-War Evidence from Normandy, France. The paper examines three types of settlement at sub-parochial level (village-centres, hamlets and farms) with respect to possible differences between these settlements in population structures, in migration and in fertility and mortality. Analysis is made of all demographic events in three parishes of Southern Normandy for the period 1946-1975 using a variety of unpublished documents. It is found that population structures and paths of evolution vary markedly between different types of settlement. The explanation of these variations lies largely in the social composition of the settlements. It is shown that aggregate measures of rural depopulation can mask profoundly different courses of population change at the sub-parochial level., L'auteur aborde les différents mouvements de la démographie en Normandie du sud en se plaçant à trois niveaux différents : celui du village, celui du hameau et celui de l'écart. Il montre que les structures et l'évolution de la population varient considérablement d'un type d'habitat à un autre en raison des différences en termes de morphologie sociale. Il met en évidence le fait que des mesures globales de l'exode rural peuvent cacher des disparités importantes au niveau sub-communal., White Paul E. The Structure and Evolution of Rural Populations at the SubParochial Level : Post-War Evidence from Normandy, France. In: Études rurales, n°86, 1982. pp. 57-75.

Explanations of rural-urban fertility differentials have normally lain in assumptions about the traditionalist nature of rural and especially agricultural societies in contrast to the more rationalist and modern attitudes towards the family that exist in urban societies. This paper raises 2 objections to such an oversimplified view of rural-urban fertility differentials. The 1st is that rural fertility is assumed to have been relatively uncontrolled until the final stages of the demographic transition: the possibility of significant early control on fertility in rural areas is discounted. The 2nd is that this simplistic view of fertility differentials ignores the existence of social sub-groups within the rural population and assumes that all country-dwellers are members of an idealized rural society and behave demographically in a uniform fashion. The extent to which it is possible to recognize distinctive patterns of marriage and fertility within sub-groups of the rural population is examined by an analysis of the fertility experience of 294 females who lived in a single village in southern Normandy at some period between 1901 and 1975. Biographical details were obtained from an exhaustive analysis of census lists and the civil registration documents to attempt a family and household reconstitution. Other sources used include electoral registers and land-ownership records. The pattern of evolution of fertility in the village for the period considered is derived using Coales demographic indices: indices of female proportions married marital fertility illegitmate fertility and overall fertility are derived by standardizing the population under study against the age-specific fertility schedules of a population believed to have natural fertiltity (the American Hutterites). Overall fertility has increased slightly through the 75-year period being notably low at the star of the century chiefly as a result of the high average age at 1st marrige of girls from owner-oc pying farm families. Changes in overall fertility through the century have partly resulted from changes in the proportionate contribution of the different sub-classes of the village as a whole but the increased importance of owner-occupying farm households has been compensated by a similar increase in the importance of employees in nonagricultural activities who have the highest fertility levels of all. The explanations of these differentials in fertility between sub-classes of the local population appear to lie in the relationships of those classes to the labor market and in the degree to which capital accumulation and inheritance act as a brake on early marriage and fertility within marriage.

The relationships among a measure of problem-solving ability, school grade level, and interpersonal functioning as assessed by sociometric measures were investigated. Previous research has shown these relationships to be significant but the reliability and validity of the problem-solving measures used have been seriously questioned. This study attempted to replicate previous findings while using a reliable and valid measure of interpersonal problem solving. Two sociometric measures were administered to 463 second-, fourth-, and sixth-graders from which 179 pupils were sociometrically identified as populars, rejecteds, neglecteds, and controversials. These subjects were subsequently administered the Purdue Elementary Problem Solving Inventory. Dunn's multiple comparison procedure was used to analyze the existing relationships among grade levels and among sociometric categories. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in interpersonal problem-solving ability among grade levels but no significant differences were found among sociometric categories. The implications of the findings for social skills training are discussed.

Niveaux de migration intra-urbaine dans les villes d'Europe occidentale. II est difficile de rassembler des informations comparatives au sujet de la migration intra-urbaine dans les villes de l'Europe Occidentale à cause de la variété des méthodes de dénombrement utilisées d'une nation à une autre. Dans cette contribution, on présente des informations sur les niveaux de migration intra-urbaine pour 70 villes de 13 pays de l'Europe Occidentale. Ces informations concernent, dans chaque cas, au moins une partie de la période entre 1960 et 1982. Les comparaisons entre les villes démontrent les variations profondes des niveaux de migrations, mais ces variations sont beaucoup plus élevées d'un pays à l'autre qu'entre les villes d'un même pays. L'analyse à longue période des changements des niveaux de migration suggère qu'en beaucoup de villes les années 1970-74 ont vu les niveaux les plus élevés de mobilité, et qu'un ralentissement important de la migration intra-urbaine s'est produit au cours des dix dernières années., White Paul. Levels of intra-urban migration in western european cities. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1985-1. Migrations et urbanisation - Migrations and cities. pp. 161-169.

Migration in late nineteenth and twentieth century France - the social and economic context, Philip E.Ogden and Paul White internal migration in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Paul White international migration in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Philip E.Ogden recent conceptual advances in the study of migration in France, Daniel Courgeau nascent proletarians - migration patterns and class formation in the Stephanois region 1840-1880, Michael Hanagan the importance of mundane movements - small towns, nearby places and individual itineraries in the history of migration, Leslie Page Moch industry, mobility and the evolution of rural society in the Ardeche in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Philip E.Ogden the structure and impact of the post war rural revival - Isere, Hilary Winchester immigrant labour and racial conflict - the role of the State, Gary Freeman aspects of the migrant housing experience - a study of workers' hostels in Lyon, Peter Jones immigrants, immigrant areas and immigrant communities in post-war Paris, Paul White.

Ga CG NVIR O NME N TAL threats-air pollution, drinking S water contamination, radiation and hazardous waste disposal-can have tremendous impact on the public. This was especially evident at Love Canal, which has become e 9 a classic example of intense community response. During the course of this "public health time bomb" (i), residents became extremely concerned about the potential health, environmental and economic effects of the dumpsite. The situation involved demands for action, the abandonment of housing and schools, and the alleged break-up of families (2,3). The accident at Three Mile Island is also a well known example where the social and psychological effects of an environmental threat are observable years after the event (4,5,6).

1 I should like to thank Erik Van Hove, whose terse and effective criticism of the field helped me avoid employing anthropomorphic formulations of collective behavior. I am also thankful to Ralph Hingson for his insightful discussions of the issues and to James S. Coleman for his criticism of an earlier version of this paper. I am especially grateful, moreover, to Jo Anne Earp and Linda Gottfredson whose substantive contributions and intensive editing have greatly increased the clarity of the paper. The author, however, bears full responsibility for the ideas as expressed.

Most working definitions of migration accept that only movements across local authority boundaries can normally be dealt with: by the use of questionnaire surveys certain urban studies have examined intra-unit moves but few non-urban migration studies have been able to penetrate below the level of local authority boundaries. In this paper use is made of various unpublished documents available in connection with population censuses in France from which it is possible to examine migration within rural communes for the intercensal period from 1946 to 1954. Twelve communes were investigated and the emerging picture of intra-parochial migrants have been compared with that of inter-parochial movers. The author notes "differences in age-structure between the two groups. Net movement takes place up the settlement hierarchy within each commune whilst the reasons for movement show that between village-centres and outlying settlements there are certain social cleavages." (EXCERPT)