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This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of proper engineering and life cycle management on higher level cyber security operations. Rushing innovation and increasing profits undermines the foundations need to operate and create secure stability in IT based companies. This research argues how it must be considered and how effective engineering processes greatly add to security even post implementation.

This critical essay explores the work of István Hont. Members of the Cambridge school eschewed the term “capitalism” as an anachronistic description of the contexts that informed early modern politico-economic thought, preferring instead the ostensibly more neutral “commercial society.” But Hont's understanding of the latter was nevertheless quite present-minded and politically charged. Hont drove nineteenth- and twentieth-century economic theory back into eighteenth-century models, and his view of the economy that gave rise to them was informed by concerns in the 1980s and 1990s over the competitiveness of advanced capitalist nations in the face of low-cost insurgents such as China. More deliberate choices of recent economic theory can produce more accurate alternatives to the supposedly neutral “commercial society” depicted by Hont. World systems and dependency theory may help us to better understand the economic thought produced in and about the specifically capitalist world economy of the early modern period.

A review of the book "Political Economy in the Habsburg Monarchy 1750-1774: The Contribution of Ludwig Zinzendorf" by Simon Adler

International audience; From the de facto independence that Saint-Domingue enjoyed from France beginning in 1798 through successive regimes in the post-independence period, Haitian nationalism was always grounded in anti-slavery ideology. At the same time, abolitionist regimes sought to maintain a plantation complex that produced sugar on large agro-industrial enterprises; these plantations, as it turned out, could not function without the maintenance of a heavily coerced labor force. This article traces the continuities between old regime Saint-Domingue and post-abolition regimes. Despite the foundational ideology of abolition, constitutional dispositions—notably regimes of exception on the countryside—were designed to keep a coerced labor force working in sugar plantations ; in the domain of foreign trade policy, Haitian leaders compromised with hostile, often slaveholding foreign powers in order maintain their country’s position as an exporter of tropical commodities.; Depuis l’indépendance dont Saint-Domingue a de facto profité en 1798, le nationalisme haïtien est ancré dans une idéologie anti-esclavagiste qui s’est maintenue au fil des régimes successifs. Pour autant, ces régimes censément abolitionnistes ont cherché à maintenir un complexe de plantation sucrière à caractère agro-industriel nécessitant en réalité une main d’œuvre lourdement contrainte. Cet article décrit les continuités entre la Saint-Domingue de l’Ancien Régime et les régimes post-abolitionnistes. Malgré l’idéologie abolitionniste censée les imprégner, certaines dispositions constitutionnelles – notamment des régimes d’exception pesant sur les anciens esclaves dans les campagnes – avaient pour objectif de conserver une force de travail asservie sur les plantations sucrières. Dans le domaine du commerce extérieur, les dirigeants haïtiens composèrent avec des pouvoirs hostiles, souvent esclavagistes, afin de maintenir la position d’Haïti comme exportateur de produits tropicaux.

Donner la parole a quatre historiens etrangers, Lynn Hunt (UCLA), Paul Cheney (Universite de Chicago), Alan Forrest (Universite de York), et Matthias Middell (Universite de Leipzig) pour debattre des potentialites de l’histoire globale pour l’etude de la Revolution francaise traduit une volonte de decentrement autant qu’une situation editoriale : Paul Cheney a publie en 2010 Revolutionary Commerce. Globalization and the French Monarchy (Harvard University Press, compte rendu dans le n° 369, 2...

During the final decades of French colonization on Saint-Domingue and in the first years of Haitian independence, treaties of commerce—whether official or unofficial—were negotiated as a means of mediating between local planter elites, who supervised the production of surplus by servile labor on plantations, and the dominant imperial powers such as Britain, France, and the United States, who enforced terms of trade and, therefore, the division of this surplus on world markets. From this perspective, Haitian independence in 1804 is not quite the historical turning point that it seems: the Haitian commercial treaties accordingly took as their fundamental basis the preservation of the plantation complex in Western Hispaniola that was the jewel in the crown of France’s ancien regime colonial empire.

This article is a microlevel study of the effects of international warfare on one sugar plantation situated in one of the most highly developed and profitable areas of sugar cultivation in eighteenth-century Saint-Domingue (Haiti) during the War of American Independence (1775 – 83). During this and similar conflicts, which were endemic to the Atlantic economy of the eighteenth century, planters were cut off from the food supplies, capital goods and credit they required; as their produce became temporarily worthless and slaves suffered from malnutrition, planters shifted their efforts to subsistence food production and infrastructural improvements such as irrigation works in the hopes of weathering the effects of international blockade. Yet in reality, as this article shows, these plantations had a very limited capacity to adapt to such circumstances; very quickly, debilitating economic losses and social unrest took hold of these highly profitable, but essentially fragile, operations.

Antiemetics have been shown to be effective in multiple hospital settings, but few studies have been done in the prehospital environment.Our hypotheses were 1) that the amount of normal saline administered during an emergency medical services (EMS) transport was not related to a change in nausea and vomiting and 2) that the addition of the ondansetron orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) would decrease the degree of nausea.This was a pre-post study of two cohorts of consecutive patients with nausea in the prehospital setting. During phase 1 of the study, our local EMS agency adopted a protocol form to complete whenever a patient with nausea and/or vomiting was assessed and transported to one of the area hospitals. Patients were asked to rate their nausea on a visual analog scale (VAS) and a Likert scale, and saline administration and active vomiting were documented. During phase 2, our EMS system adopted the use of ondansetron ODT for nausea and continued to complete the same forms. The nausea forms completed by EMS during phase 1 (saline only) and phase 2 (ondansetron ODT) were evaluated and compared. For both phases, the primary outcome measures were the change in VAS nausea rating (0 = no nausea, 100 = most nausea imaginable) from beginning to end of the transport and the results on the Likert scale completed at the end of the transport. Relationships were considered significant if p0.01.Data were collected from 274 transports in phase 1 and 372 transports in phase 2. The average patient age was 50 ± 12 years. In phase 1 of the study, 178 of 274 patients (65%) received normal saline (mean volume ± standard deviation = 265 ± 192 mL). There was no significant correlation between the VAS change and the amount of fluid administration in either phase of the study. Conversely, during phase 2, patients receiving ondansetron ODT showed significant improvement in both measures of nausea. The difference in nausea improvement between phase 1 and phase 2 was significant (difference in VAS change: 24.6; 95% confidence interval 20.9, 28.3).There was no improvement in patient nausea related to quantity of saline alone during an EMS transport. The addition of ondansetron ODT resulted in a significant improvement in degree of nausea.

The Great Demarcation recounts the process by which the successive governments of revolutionary France created a modern system of property. On the night of August 4, 1789, as professor of history a...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a restraint training module for paramedic students. The hypotheses were that the effect of an hour-long restraint training module on paramedic students would (1) improve their understanding of concepts about patient restraints and (2) change their likelihood to use restraint techniques on patients in emergency situations.This was a cross-sectional study. A five-person panel of highly experienced emergency medical services (EMS) personnel compiled an hour-long restraint training module based on a compiled list of important concepts. A pretest and posttest were designed to contain the following two parts: (1) a knowledge quiz consisting of ten content-based questions and (2) a questionnaire on the likelihood to use restraint techniques in emergency situations, consisting of a five-question validated scale (Video Assessment of Propensity to use Emergency Restraints Scale [VAPERS]).Thirty-four paramedic students at our training institution participated. We found that the paramedic students had a significant increase in their knowledge of the content shown (66% vs. 85%, p0.05). There was no significant overall difference between pretest scores on the VAPERS (56+/-17 on a 0-100 scale) and posttest scores (57+/-16 on a 0-100 scale).Paramedic students had improved understanding of important restraint concepts following a training module. The training module did not significantly change overall likelihood to use restraint techniques.

We hypothesized that the assaults on EMS personnel by patients requiring restraints can be correlated with demographic information, patient condition, and other scene information such as presence the of law enforcement.The study was a one-year cross-sectional study of paramedic restraint use and assault on EMS personnel in an urban area. A data collection form was completed by EMS for each patient placed in restraints. Study outcome variable was "Assault on EMS personnel." Predictor variables included demographic and EMS call information, patient condition, law-enforcement related variables, and the paramedic's perception of the need for chemical restraints. To compare predictor and outcome variables, a multivariable model with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals was used.The study included 271 restrained patients over a 12-month period from April 2002 to April 2003. Seventy-seven (28%) cases were positive for assaults on EMS personnel. Multivariable analysis including 8 variables, indicated the following 6 variables were associated with assault on EMS personnel: time of day between midnight and 6 am (OR = 4.4, 95% CI = 1.6-12.7); female patient (OR for males 0.6, 95% CI = 0.3-1.0); violent patient (OR = 10.1, 95%CI = 2.3-48.2); patient injured under supervision (OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 1.1-13.8); arrested patient (OR = 4.4, 95% CI = 1.1-18.5); and perceived need for chemical restraint (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.2-3.9).Multiple factors are correlated with assaults on EMS personnel by patients requiring restraints. By specifically targeting patients exhibiting these factors, EMS providers can help prevent injury to themselves. Patients not exhibiting these factors may be less dangerous.

International audience

HIV-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is likely a more prevalent noninfectious complication of AIDS than previously recognized. Furthermore, the majority of HIV-PAH cases occur in individuals with a history of intravenous drug use. In this study we used a simian immunodeficiency (SIV) macaque model and a primary cell-culture system to investigate the association between drug abuse and HIV infection in HIV-PAH development.The archival lung tissues from macaques previously used to study the effect of morphine on SIV infection-associated neuropathogenesis were analyzed for pulmonary vascular changes. The direct effect of HIV proteins and illicit drugs was investigated on oxidative stress, survival, and proliferation of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells.SIVmacR71/17E-infected rhesus macaques treated with morphine (VM group) demonstrated significant pulmonary vascular remodeling, including the presence of early and advanced complex (plexiform) lesions, when compared with either the SIV-infected (V group) or morphine-treated uninfected (M group) macaques. However, both the V (two of five) and VM (two of six) groups included some animals with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. The endothelial cells lining the vessels with medial hypertrophy or initial-stage intimal lesions in lung sections from VM macaques demonstrated an increase in positivity for both terminal dUTP nick-end labeling and Ki67. Oxidative stress-mediated enhanced apoptosis followed by enhanced proliferation of endothelial cells was observed on simultaneous treatment with viral proteins and drugs of abuse compared with either treatment alone.Our findings suggest that SIV/HIV protein(s) and morphine interact to cause the proliferation of apoptosis-resistant endothelial cells leading to angio-obliteration.

Background Agitated patients are the primary source of injury to patients and providers during ambulance transport. Objective Our primary hypothesis was that the addition of a chemical restraint agent (midazolam) to a restraint protocol would reduce agitation to a greater extent than a restraint protocol with physical restraint alone. Methods The local emergency medical services restraint protocol (RP) was implemented on October 1, 2006. It included a form for data collection about each restrained patient. On April 1, 2007, chemical restraint (CR) using midazolam in addition to physical restraints was made available through the RP, and paramedics were educated in its use. Transported patients were divided into pre-CR and post-CR. The post-CR group was split into those who received and those who did not receive midazolam. Agitation was measured on a validated agitation behavior scale with a parametric (Rasch) adjustment. Results There were 96 patients in the pre-CR group and 522 patients in the post-CR group. Forty-three percent of the pre-CR group and 49% of the post-CR group had a decrease in agitation during transport (NS). Of the 522 in the post-CR group, 110 were physically restrained and given midazolam (21%) and 412 were physically restrained without midazolam (79%). There was a significantly greater decrease in agitation scores (−17 ± 21 vs. −7 ± 17) in the subjects receiving midazolam compared to those who did not. Conclusion If available, CR is used in about 20% of restrained patients. When CR is used, there is a decrease in the subject’s agitation.

Objectives To evaluate compliance and safety of an emergency medical service (EMS) triage protocol that allows paramedics to transport patients directly to psychiatric emergency services. Methods A psychiatric patient diversion protocol was developed for our system. Protocol compliance was evaluated the following 3 ways: (1) psychiatric facility intake forms completed by mental health workers on patients transported by EMS directly to a psychiatric emergency service (PES) bypassing the ED, (2) hospital records for patients who were redirected from PES to the ED for medical evaluation, (3) retrospective analysis of ambulance charts. Study outcomes included protocol noncompliance rate, protocol failure rate, and any morbidity associated with either noncompliance or protocol failure. Data were analyzed using proportions and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results A total of 174 patients were directly transported to PES bypassing ED medical clearance. The protocol effectively screened for medical issues in 96% of cases. Protocol noncompliance occurred in 51 cases for a frequency of 29% (CI, 22%-36%). One patient in the paramedic noncompliance group required hospital admission. There was protocol failure in 5 (2.9%; 95% CI, 0.9-6.6) of the patients who fit all protocol requirements for transport to PES but required secondary transport to the ED. All were subsequently transferred back to PES. Nine patients (5.2%; CI, 2.7%-9.5%) required secondary transfer to the ED. No patient had critical or life-threatening problems. Conclusions Emergency medical service providers showed a poor level of compliance with vital sign criteria, but the protocol provided a high level of safety.

Neurological disease associated with lentiviral infection occurs mainly as a consequence of primary replication of the virus or a combination of the virus infection and replication of opportunistic pathogens in the central nervous system. Recent studies have shown that whereas the disease can be caused by CCR5 tropic viruses alone, its induction by CXCR4 (X4) tropic viruses occurred usually in association with infections caused by opportunistic pathogens and in the presence of a Th2 cytokine, interleukin (IL)-4. 1,2 Further, X4-mediated neurological disease developed preferentially in rhesus compared to pig-tailed macaques. Because macrophages are the target cells for lentiviral infection in the brain and because macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 is one of the major chemokines that is closely associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia, we tested for correlations between MCP-1 production and virus tropism in macrophages from the two species of macaques. The studies showed that the higher susceptibility of rhesus macaques to X4 virus-mediated encephalitis correlated with heightened production of virus and MCP-1 in cultured macrophages from this species and that these effects were further enhanced with treatment with IL-4. However, the latter effect was restricted to macrophages infected with X4 viruses. IL-4 may therefore be a basic requirement for X4 viruses to cause central nervous system disease.

Study objective: The treatment of live insects in patients' ears is controversial. To determine which chemical agent is most effective for immobilizing and killing intra-aural cockroaches, we carried out the following investigation. Design: An in vitro blinded comparative study. Interventions: A model was developed in which live cockroaches were submerged in microscope immersion oil, 2% lidocaine, 4% lidocaine, or 2% viscous lidocaine in a glass beaker. Responses of cockroaches were recorded with a video-cassette recorder and evaluated later by a blinded observer. Measured variables were time to death and time-integrated activity before death. Analysis was by analysis of variance with Tukey's procedure. Results: Four groups of 40 cockroaches each were exposed to each of the four agents. Microscope oil killed the insects most quickly (mean, 27.2 seconds; 95% confidence interval, 23.8 to 30.6). The other agents required more than 40 seconds and were inferior to oil ( F = 15.5, P F = 25.7, P Conclusion: Microscope immersion oil is the most effective agent for immobilizing and killing intra-aural cockroaches.

Abdominal injuries account for an important fraction of deaths from trauma. Some patients with abdominal trauma who need emergency surgery are difficult to identify because bedside diagnosis based on physical findings alone is often misleading. ‘+2 When the need for laparotomy is initially unclear physicians currently rely on clinical laboratory determinations, particularly the automated red blood cell count (RBC) count of fluid obtained by peritoneal lavage.3 Unfortunately, the time required by the clinical laboratory to process and assay these specimens may sometimes delay essential surgical intervention. In a prior in vitro study we investigated the feasibility of using visual calorimetry as a rapid method for estimating the RBC count in simulated peritoneal lavage fluid.4 Here, we report the successful application of this method to the bedside evaluation of trauma patients at a level I trauma center. METHODS A simple visual colorimete?-8 was built in a home woodworking shop (Figures 1 through 4). This device permits direct comparison of light transmitted through pairs of glass test tubes containing colored fluids, while reducing ambient room light and reflections. To prepare stable color comparison standards, a stock solution of simulated peritoneal lavage fluid was made as follows: whole blood was obtained in 7-mL Vacutainer (Becton Dickinson, Rutherford, NJ) tubes containing ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid from a single healthy volunteer donor known to be human immunodeficiency virus-negative, at low risk for acquired immunodeticiency syndrome, and willing to donate blood periodically. The complete blood count was determined in triplicate using a Sysmex NE-8000 automated cell counter (TOA Medical Electronics Co, Ltd, Kobe, Japan). The mean RBC count for this donor was 5.71

That visual colorimetry can be used to rapidly and precisely estimate the erythrocyte count of 1:5 dilutions of simulated peritoneal lavage fluid.Fifty-four normal adult human subjects.The automated or chamber RBC count is often used on fluid obtained by peritoneal lavage in patients with abdominal trauma to help determine the need for surgery. Unfortunately, this method sometimes results in excessive delay. We designed and built a simple colorimeter that facilitated rapid direct visual comparison of unknown samples with known color standards. A radiograph view box was used as a light source. Standards were prepared in 16-mm glass tubes to simulate peritoneal lavage fluid with RBC counts ranging from 0 to 140,000 in 10,000 cell/microL increments; 1:5 dilutions with water were used throughout to reduce opacity. Thimerosal was added to unknowns and standards to stabilize color; all samples were kept refrigerated at 4 C when not in use. In a double-blind in-vitro study, each subject matched 20 randomly distributed unknowns ranging from 12,000 to 131,000 erythrocytes/microL to the nearest standard.The mean absolute error for all 1,080 determinations was 3,560 RBC/microL (95% CI = 4,290-4,830; SD = 4,560; t = 39.6; df = 1,079; P less than .001). This method correctly predicted the RBC count to within 9,000 cells/microL 95% of the time.Visual comparison of 1:5 dilutions of simulated peritoneal lavage fluid with known color standards can be used to rapidly and precisely estimate the erythrocyte count.