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St Stephen's College Westminster was founded by Edward III; its better-known sister college is St George's at Windsor. The reason for its creation was to pray for the souls of the royal family, for...

This webinarfocused on the role of Citizen Science in research universities and libraries through two case studies: UCL office for Open Science and Scholarship and Citizen Science Knowledge Center at the University of Southern Denmark. After the webinar, participants: • Are able to achieve greater understanding of the role of Citizen Science in research-led universities; • Are able to identify practical ways to implement Citizen Science to include citizens as partners in research; • Know where to find the resources and skills needed to deliver Citizen Science practice The first speaker, Paul Ayris, Pro-Vice-Provost, UCL Library Services, Chief Executive of UCL Press and the chair of LIBER’s Citizen Science Working Group, looked at governance issues around Open Science and how they are being tackled in UCL (University College London). Using Citizen Science as an exemplar, Dr. Ayris looked at how engagement and decision making take place, what the challenges are in a university where much activity is de-centralised, and where Citizen Science fits into the University strategy. The second speaker, Anne Kathrine Overgaard, Head of Development, University of Southern Denmark and a member of LIBER’s Citizen Science Working Group, took the participantsfrom the first thoughts about Citizens and Science at SDU to the Citizen Science Knowledge Centre launched January 1st, 2021. Ms Overgaard discussed their organisation, services, and tasks illustrated by concrete examples. Lastly, she addressed the library role in Citizen Science as a platform for strong and meaningful collaboration between Research, Citizens, and Society from a Faculty point of view. The webinar concluded with a Q&A session.

UCL (University College London) strongly supports the implementation of Open Science policies and practices. The library has taken the lead in the university across all eight areas of Open Science: the Future of Scholarly Communication, the EOSC, FAIR data, Skills, Research Integrity, Rewards, Altmetrics, and Citizen Science. UCL has modified these themes slightly to better fit its academic requirements, developing ambitious programmes and services to support the change of culture which is required. From the future of scholarly publishing, with the formation of UCL Press as the UK's first fully open access university press, to research data management, rewards, research integrity and next-generation metrics, UCL has become a leader in Open Science. This chapter analyses the success of UCL to date, describes the challenges, shows the benefits, and indicates what future steps are being planned to deliver a culture where Open Science is the default, thus delivering on the prophecy of Mahatma Ghandi, one of UCL's most illustrious alumni, ‘The future depends on what you do today'.

Glass-SO₂ reactions occurring at high temperatures in (terrestrial and extraterrestrial) volcanic environments have received increasing attention in the past years (e.g., Renggli and King 2018; Casas et al. 2019; Renggli et al. 2019), based on both natural and experimental observations. Laboratory studies carried out at high temperatures (>200 °C) demonstrate that volcanic glass in the presence of SO₂ reacts to form surficial sulfate-bearing minerals (e.g., Ayris et al. 2013; Delmelle et al. 2018), mostly calcium sulfate salts (CaSO₄). Thus, high temperature glass-SO₂ interaction acts as a sink for the magmatic S released during explosive volcanic activity, potentially impacting the S budget of large explosive eruptions. Here, we present the results of new experiments aimed at assessing the influence of the glass Ca content on SO2 uptake in the temperature range of 600-800 °C. We exposed haplogranitic glasses to SO₂ for diverse time exposures (5-30 minutes). Rhyolitic composition was chosen due to the ubiquity of Si-rich magmas in large explosive eruptions (Cioni et al. 2000).The experimental glasses were synthesized with an initial HPG8 composition (see Holtz et al. 1992), doped with 1 and 2 wt.% CaO. Furthermore, the role of Fe was tested by doping the glasses with 0, 0.1, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 wt.% FeO and equilibrating them at 1500 °C. Leachates of post-treated glasses were analyzed by ion chromatography in order to determine SO2-uptake and the nature of the sulfate-bearing minerals formed by solid-gas reactions. The bulk redox state of iron (Fe³⁺/Fetotal), was obtained by the K₂Cr₂O₇ potentiometric titration method. Our results show a strong correlation between the amount of Ca in the glasses and the formation of CaSO₄ surficial deposits (i.e. SO₂ uptake), i.e. the HPG8 + 2 wt.% CaO treated samples produced up to 40 % more CaSO₄ than the samples containing 1 wt.% CaO. Higher Fe content in the glass also enhanced formation of CaSO₄. In contrast, the absence of Fe oxide resulted in preferential formation of Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄, when compared to the Fe-bearing specimens. Our experiments confirm that high temperature SO₂ uptake by glass is strongly dependent on the Ca content and temperature, with the optimal reaction temperatures being ≥600 °C. Increasing the amount of FeO in the glasses seems to enhance SO2 uptake, although this effect appears to be different for Ca than for Na or K, pointing out a more complex influence of redox dynamics on cation diffusion.

The purpose of this article is to examine the cultural change needed by universities, as identified by LERU in its report 'Open Science and its role in universities: a roadmap for cultural change'.1 It begins by illustrating the nature of that cultural change. Linked to that transformation is a necessary management change to the way in which organizations perform research. Competition is not the only, or necessarily the best, way to conduct this transformation. Open science brings to the fore the values of collaboration and sharing. Building on a number of Focus on Open Science Workshops held over five years across Europe, the article identifies best practice in changing current research practices, which will then contribute to the culture change necessary to deliver open science. Four case studies, delivered at Focus on Open Science Workshops or other conferences in Europe, illustrate the advances that are being made: the findings of a Workshop on Collaboration and Competition at the OAI 11 meeting in Geneva in June 2019; alternative publishing platforms, exemplified by UCL Press; open data, FAIR data and reproducibility; and a Citizen Science Workshop held at the LIBER Conference in Dublin in June 2019.

This report is a summary of the workshop “University Networks shaping EOSC” which was organised with the support of the EOSC Secretariat co-creation funding at the EFTA Palace, Rue Joseph II, 12-16, Brussels, Belgium, from 23-24 January 2020. The organisers gathered 35 participants from the five university networks EUA, The Guild, CESAER, LERU and the Coimbra Group as well as representatives from the Swiss Universities and the Turkish Universities, experts from the EOSC Governance Boards, experts from E-IRG and ESFRI, members of EC staff (Open Science Unit) in order to discuss EOSC building processes. The main goal was to voice the needs of researchers and research institutions with a focus on the main topics a) How will EOSC be governed and funded after 2020?, b) User engagement referring to organisations, c) Networking and collaborations.

Rapid calcium diffusion occurs in rhyolitic volcanic ash particles exposed to hot SO2 atmospheres. Such chemical transport is important immediately following fragmentation, during proximal transport in eruption plumes and during percolative gas transport through a permeable volcanic edifice. Here we analyze published results of experiments designed to constrain the kinetics of this process. The experiments involve crushed rhyolitic glass particles tumbled in SO2-bearing atmospheres at a wide range of relevant temperatures. We find that the particle-gas reaction is fed by calcium diffusion from the bulk to the particle surfaces where calcium-sulfate crystals grow. The calcium flux is accommodated by local iron oxidation state changes. This process results in time-dependent concentrations of surface calcium that are leachable in aqueous solutions. Those leachate concentrations represent a proxy for the diffusive flux of Ca2+ out of the particle to form the surface deposits. We formulate a mathematical framework to convolve the starting particle size distributions with the solution to Fickian one-dimensional diffusion to find a weighted polydisperse result. Using this framework, we minimize for a temperature-dependent calcium diffusivity and compare our results with published calcium diffusivity data. We demonstrate that calcium diffusivity in rhyolite can be decomposed into two regimes: (1) a high-temperature regime in which the diffusivity is given by the Eyring equation and (2) a low-temperature regime more relevant to rhyolite volcanism and these gas-ash reactions. As a further test of our model, we compare the output against spatially resolved data for the calcium gradients in the experimental particles. Our analysis suggests that surface reaction rates are rapid compared with the diffusion of calcium from the particle to the surface, such that full diffusion models must be solved to predict the rhyolite-SO2 reaction. We conclude by suggesting how this framework could be used to make quantitative predictions of sulfur budgets and iron oxidation during rhyolitic eruptions.

Background Volcanic plumes are complex environments composed of gases and ash particles, where chemical and physical processes occur at different temperature and compositional regimes. Commonly, soluble sulphate- and chloride-bearing salts are formed on ash as gases interact with ash surfaces. Exposure to respirable volcanic ash following an eruption is potentially a significant health concern. The impact of such gas-ash interactions on ash toxicity is wholly un-investigated. Here, we study, for the first time, whether the interaction of volcanic particles with sulphur dioxide (SO2) gas, and the resulting presence of sulphate salt deposits on particle surfaces, influences toxicity to the respiratory system, using an advanced in vitro approach. Methods To emplace surface sulphate salts on particles, via replication of the physicochemical reactions that occur between pristine ash surfaces and volcanic gas, analogue substrates (powdered synthetic volcanic glass and natural pumice) were exposed to SO2 at 500 °C, in a novel Advanced Gas-Ash Reactor, resulting in salt-laden particles. The solubility of surface salt deposits was then assessed by leaching in water and geochemical modelling. A human multicellular lung model was exposed to aerosolised salt-laden and pristine (salt-free) particles, and incubated for 24 h. Cell cultures were subsequently assessed for biological endpoints, including cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase release), oxidative stress (oxidative stress-related gene expression; heme oxygenase 1 and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1) and its (pro-)inflammatory response (tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin 8 and interleukin 1β at gene and protein levels). Results In the lung cell model no significant effects were observed between the pristine and SO2-exposed particles, indicating that the surface salt deposits, and the underlying alterations to the substrate, do not cause acute adverse effects in vitro. Based on the leachate data, the majority of the sulphate salts from the ash surfaces are likely to dissolve in the lungs prior to cellular uptake. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that interaction of volcanic ash with SO2 during ash generation and transport does not significantly affect the respiratory toxicity of volcanic ash in vitro. Therefore, sulphate salts are unlikely a dominant factor controlling variability in in vitro toxicity assessments observed during previous eruption response efforts.

This collaborative paper looks at how libraries can engage with and offer leadership in the Open Science movement. It is based on case studies and the results of an EU-funded research project on Research Data Management taken from European research-led universities and their libraries. It begins by analysing three recent trends in Science, and then links component parts of the research process to aspects of Open Science. The paper then looks in detail at four areas and identifies roles for libraries: Open Access and Open Access publishing, Research Data Management, E-Infrastructures (especially the European Open Science Cloud), and Citizen Science. The paper ends in suggesting a model for how libraries, by using a 4-step test, can assess their engagement with Open Science. This 4-step test is based on lessons drawn from the case studies.

Shallow‐water coral reef ecosystems, particularly those already impaired by anthropogenic pressures, may be highly sensitive to disturbances from natural catastrophic events, such as volcanic eruptions. Explosive volcanic eruptions expel large quantities of silicate ash particles into the atmosphere, which can disperse across millions of square kilometres and deposit into coral reef ecosystems. Following heavy ash deposition, mass mortality of reef biota is expected, but little is known about the recovery of post‐burial reef ecosystems. Reef regeneration depends partly upon the capacity of the ash deposit to be colonised by waterborne bacterial communities and may be influenced to an unknown extent by the physiochemical properties of the ash substrate itself. To determine the potential for volcanic ash to support pioneer bacterial colonisation, we exposed five well‐characterised volcanic and coral reef substrates to a marine aquarium under low light conditions for 3 months: volcanic ash, synthetic volcanic glass, carbonate reef sand, calcite sand and quartz sand. Multivariate statistical analysis of Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA) fingerprinting data demonstrates clear segregation of volcanic substrates from the quartz and coral reef substrates over 3 months of bacterial colonisation. Overall bacterial diversity showed shared and substrate‐specific bacterial communities; however, the volcanic ash substrate supported the most diverse bacterial community. These data suggest a significant influence of substrate properties (composition, granulometry and colour) on bacterial settlement. Our findings provide first insights into physicochemical controls on pioneer bacterial colonisation of volcanic ash and highlight the potential for volcanic ash deposits to support bacterial diversity in the aftermath of reef burial, on timescales that could permit cascading effects on larval settlement.

What was the source of authority in the Church in Tudor England? This article traces the use of an ancient symbol of the power of metropolitan archbishops, the woollen pallium, between 1533 and 1603. The later Henrician Church saw this garment as a sign of royal supremacy. Under Mary, however, Archbishop Pole made extravagant claims which led the Elizabethan Church to reject earlier Tudor notions of this symbol. Set against the backdrop of the source of episcopal jurisdiction, this article traces the use of the pallium in England in a Church moving from Roman obedience to a Protestant settlement.

The English Reformation is a book brimful of penetrating insights. It is not a narrative history, but rather an attempt to identify key movements in the swirl of the English Reformation. Chapter 1 ...

Accurate estimates of the atmospheric impacts of large eruptions on the environment are complicated by a paucity of models for gas-magma or gas-rock interactions that can occur in the subsurface. It is in these environments that high-temperature scavenging of magmatic gases, released during eruptions, may play a major role, resulting in significant time-dependence of the bulk gas budget of the major erupted volatile species. Recent experimental work has identified the principal mechanisms involved in high-temperature scavenging in SO2- and HCl-dominated gas environments, but has neglected the effect of humidity and in-dome gas-magma reactions. Here we present scaled experimental results for the scavenging potential in SO2-H2O mixtures using rhyolitic glass particles above the acid dew point at 200–800 °C. First, we reproduce previous results for anhydrous SO2 scavenging. Such scavenging is accommodated by the growth of CaSO4 crystals on the surface of glass present on ash and limited by the temperature- and particle size-dependent diffusion of Ca2+ to the surface of the glass. Subordinate concentrations of Na2SO4 and potassium-bearing salts also grow on the glass surfaces. Na+ and K+ diffusion appear to be the limiting mechanisms for the formation of these salts, but once the bulk glass network is relaxed and equilibrates oxidation state above ∼600 °C, the diffusion of these cations is inhibited by charge compensation with Fe3+. In SO2-H2O mixed-gas atmospheres, the diffusion of Ca2+ appears unaffected by the activity of H2O on the ash surface. In contrast, the diffusion of Na+ and K+ toward the ash surface is enhanced. We speculate that this occurs by alkali exchange with inward diffusing H+. In hydrous atmospheres, the diffusion of Na+ and K+ is also markedly less at the threshold oxidation temperature. This oxidation temperature is reduced to lower values as the water activity at the surface is increased by increasing the partial pressure of H2O. Taken together, these results enable the exploration of scenarios for in-dome processes where either open-system or batch outgassing prevails through fractures filled with populations of welding volcanic ash. Such scenarios predict that a large fraction of the SO2 flowing through the ash-filled fracture networks may be scavenged in permeable fractured domes, which act as scrubbing filters, potentially explaining some unexpectedly low SO2 emissions from rhyolitic dome-forming eruptions.

Increasing recognition that volcanic ash emissions can have significant impacts on the natural and human environment calls for a better understanding of ash chemical reactivity as mediated by its surface characteristics. However, previous studies of ash surface properties have relied on techniques that lack the sensitivity required to adequately investigate them. Here we characterise at the molecular monolayer scale the surfaces of ash erupted from Eyjafjallajokull, Tungurahua, Pinatubo and Chaiten volcanoes. Interrogation of the ash with four probe gases, trimethylamine (TMA; N(CH3)3), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA; CF3COOH), hydroxylamine (HA; NH2OH) and ozone (O3), reveals the abundances of acid–base and redox sites on ash surfaces. Measurements on aluminosilicate glass powders, as compositional proxies for the primary constituent of volcanic ash, are also conducted. We attribute the greater proportion of acidic and oxidised sites on ash relative to glass surfaces, evidenced by comparison of TMA/TFA and HA/O3 uptake ratios, in part to ash interaction with volcanic gases and condensates (e.g., H2O, SO2, H2SO4, HCl, HF) during the eruption. The strong influence of ash surface processing in the eruption plume and/or cloud is further supported by particular abundances of oxidised and reduced sites on the ash samples resulting from specific characteristics of their eruptions of origin. Intense interaction with water vapour may result in a higher fraction of oxidised sites on ash produced by phreatomagmatic than by magmatic activity. This study constitutes the first quantification of ash chemical properties at the molecular monolayer scale, and is an important step towards better understanding the factors that govern the role of ash as a chemical agent within atmospheric, terrestrial, aquatic or biotic systems.

This article highlights important new opportunities for libraries by analysing the roles they could potentially play in citizen science projects. Citizen science is one of the eight pillars of open science identified by the Open Science Policy Platform, an EC Working Group. The authors of the article suggest that roles for libraries wishing to support or engage in citizen science could include contributing to specific skills development; building and maintaining collections of protocols, data forms and educational materials; contributing to making data FAIR; supporting new communication roles; participating in recruitment and helping volunteers to participate in projects; participating in marketing activities; building further advocacy and developing or implementing a toolkit for citizen science projects. Several of these roles are illustrated by contributing authors in case studies from their institutions, where citizen science has already been embraced: University College London, the University of Barcelona, the University of Southern Denmark and Qatar National Library. This article thus presents a snapshot of what libraries have so far achieved in this sphere and the challenges and opportunities which remain.

Embracing Open Science is critical if we are to make science more collaborative, reproducible, transparent and impactful. Open Science undoubtedly has the power to positively influence society, but its implementation is not yet universal. A revolution is required: one which opens up research processes and changes mindsets in favour of a world where policies, tools and infrastructures universally support the growth and sharing of knowledge. Research libraries are well placed to make that revolution happen, and LIBER's Open Science Roadmap outlines the specific actions libraries can take to champion Open Science, both within and beyond their own institutions. As we explain in detail throughout this document, libraries need to advocate for Open Science locally and internationally, to support Open Science through tools and services and to expand the impact of their work through collaboration and partnerships. LIBER has shaped its 2018-2022 Strategyto support and enable Open Science and it is our hope that this Roadmap will help Europe’s research libraries to do the same. This document was written during spring 2018, when the Open Science Policy Platform (OSPP) produced integrated advice for the EC and key stakeholders. People from across the LIBER community translated the OSPP recommendations for libraries and combined them with suggestions drawn from their own expertise and experiences.

The injection of HCl into the stratosphere by large volcanic eruptions has long been considered to be of minor importance. This is due to the widespread assumption that any HCl will be efficiently taken up by hydrometeors in the cooling plume. However, this assumption does not account for the possibility that prior scavenging processes can act within the high temperature core of the eruption plume. The adsorption of HCl onto ash surfaces to form soluble –Cl salts is a hitherto unconstrained scavenging mechanism, and their fate within the atmosphere and environment is uncertain. Here, we investigate the capacity of volcanic glasses of tephrite, phonolite, dacite and rhyolite composition to adsorb HCl. The experiments are conducted in the presence of He–SO 2 –CO 2 mixtures at temperatures of 200–800 °C. Our experimental findings show that only the tephrite and phonolite glasses exhibit significant reactivity to HCl, which show optimal efficiency of uptake at 400–600 °C. The primary reaction product formed during adsorption is halite (NaCl), in addition to minor quantities of Ca-, K-, Al- and Fe-bearing chlorides. Uptake of HCl by glass surfaces is sustained by the outward diffusion of Na + and other Cl-reactive cations via exchange with H + . Simple mathematical models can be used to yield Na diffusion coefficients for the four experimental glasses, and suggest that a varying structural role for Na within the glass network governs the capacity for HCl retention. The uptake of HCl under experimental conditions is limited above 500 °C by a Cl-induced dehydroxylation process, but the presence of H 2 O in the hydrous plume may sustain or even enhance adsorption. The present experimental data, combined with cooling gradients obtained from established plume evolution models, lead us to conclude that HCl adsorption within the eruption plume core can be a more significant scavenging mechanism in large explosive eruptions than previously considered. We additionally highlight the importance of magma composition in dictating volatile adsorption, and suggest that HCl adsorption by peralkaline ash may be highly effective as an HCl sink. The fate of adsorbed HCl is variable; some may be removed from the plume within pyroclastic flows, whereas any chloride-coated ash ejected into the stratosphere could promote the formation of reactive Cl species. Our study also suggests that HCl adsorption could emplace Fe- and Cl-bearing salts on ash surfaces within the plume cores of large explosive eruptions. The ocean fertilising potential of such eruptions could therefore be greater than that inferred from ash from smaller, compositionally similar events.

Interactions with volcanic gases in eruption plumes produce soluble salt deposits on the surface of volcanic ash. While it has been postulated that saturation-driven precipitation of salts following the dissolution of ash surfaces by condensed acidic liquids is a primary mechanism of salt formation during an eruption, it is only recently that this mechanism has been subjected to detailed study. Here we spray water and HCl droplets into a suspension of salt-doped synthetic glass or volcanic ash particles, and produce aggregates. Deposition of acidic liquid droplets on ash particles promotes dissolution of existing salts and leaches cations from the underlying material surface. The flow of liquid, due to capillary forces, will be directed to particle-particle contact points where subsequent precipitation of salts will cement the aggregate. Our data suggest that volcanically-relevant loads of surface salts can be produced by acid condensation in eruptive settings. Several minor and trace elements mobilised by surface dissolution are biologically relevant; geographic areas with aggregation-mediated ash fallout could be “hotspots” for the post-deposition release of these elements. The role of liquids in re-distributing surface salts and cementing ash aggregates also offers further insight into the mechanisms which preserve well-structured aggregates in some ash deposits.

Bagnato et al. (2013) report leachate measurements of volcanic ash samples collected following the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland. Their data purport to show increased interaction between ash particles and gases in the eruption plume with longer residence time in the atmosphere. Based on this apparent relationship, the authors derive the rates of formation of sulfur- and halogen-bearing salts on the ash surface. They further infer average rates of ash dissolution consequent on exposure of the ash particles to sulfur and halogen acid gases and aerosols in the volcanic cloud. Bagnato et al. introduce a number of errors and inconsistencies in the data processing and interpretation which invalidate these calculations and thus, the conclusions reached in the paper.

It is well accepted that the climate impact of large explosive volcanic eruptions results from reduction of solar radiation following atmospheric conversion of magmatic SO2 emissions into H2SO4 aerosols. Thus, understanding the fate of SO2 in the eruption plume is crucial for better assessing volcanic forcing of climate. Here we focus on the potential of tephra to interact with and remove SO2 gas from the eruptive plume. Scavenging of SO2 by tephra is generally assumed to be driven by in-plume, low-temperature reactions between H2SO4 condensates and tephra particles. However, the importance of SO2 gas–tephra interaction above the dew point temperature of H2SO4 (190–200 °C) has never been constrained. Here we report the results of an experimental study where silicate glasses with representative volcanic compositions were exposed to SO2 in the temperature range 25–800 °C. We show that above 600 °C, the uptake of SO2 on glass exhibits optimal efficiency and emplaces surficial CaSO4 deposits. This reaction is sustained via Ca2+ diffusion from the bulk to the surface of the glass particles. At 800 °C, the diffusion coefficient for Ca2+ in the glasses was in the range 10−13–10−14 cm2 s−1. We suggest that high temperature SO2 scavenging by glass-rich tephra proceeds by the same Ca2+ diffusion-driven mechanism. Using a simple mathematical model, we estimated SO2 scavenging efficiencies at 800 °C varying from

Money which is not directly spent on research and education, even though it is largely taxpayers´ money. As Harvard University already denounced in 2012, many large journal publishers have rendered the situation "fiscally unsustainable and academically restrictive", with some journals costing as much as $40,000 per year (and publishers drawing profits of 35% or more). If one of the wealthiest universities in the world can no longer afford it, who can? It is easy to picture the struggle of European universities with tighter budgets. In addition to subscription costs, academic research funding is also largely affected by "Article Processing Charges" (APC), which come at an additional cost of €2000/article, on average, when making individual articles Gold Open Access. Some publishers are in this way even being paid twice for the same content ("double dipping"). In the era of Open Science, Open Access to publications is one of the cornerstones of the new research paradigm and business models must support this transition. It should be one of the principal objectives of Commissioner Carlos Moedas and the Dutch EU Presidency (January-June 2016) to ensure that this transition happens. Further developing the EU´s leadership in research and innovation largely depends on it. With this statement "Moving Forwards on Open Access", LERU calls upon all universities, research institutes, research funders and researchers to sign this statement and give a clear signal towards the European Commission and the Dutch EU Presidency.

The Earth’s history is punctuated by large explosive eruptions that eject large quantities of magma and silicate rock fragments into the atmosphere. These tephra particles can sometimes be dispersed across millions of square kilometres or even entire continents. The interaction of tephra with or in receiving environments may induce an array of physical, chemical and biological effects. The consequences for affected systems and any dependent communities may be chronic and localised in the event of frequent, small eruptions, while larger and rarer events may have acute, regional-scale impacts. It is, therefore, necessary to document the range of possible impacts that tephra may induce in receiving environments and any resulting effects in interconnected systems. We collate results from many studies to offer a detailed multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary review of the immediate post-eruptive effects of tephra emission into the atmosphere, onto vegetation, soil or ice/snow surfaces and in aquatic systems. We further consider the repercussions that may be induced in the weeks to years afterwards. In the atmosphere, tephra can influence cloud properties and air chemistry by acting as ice nuclei (IN) or by offering sites for heterogeneous reactions, respectively. Tephra on vegetation causes physical damage, and sustained coverage may elicit longer-term physiological responses. Tephra deposits on soils may alter their capacity to exchange gas, water and heat with the atmosphere or may have a specific chemical effect, such as nutrient input or acidification, on sensitive soils. Tephra deposition onto snow or ice may affect ablation rates. Rivers and lakes may experience turbidity increases and changes in their morphology as a result of fallout and prolonged (months or years) erosion from the tephra-covered catchment. In the first weeks after deposition, tephra leaching may affect river chemistry. The abundance and speciation of phytoplankton populations in lakes may be altered by tephra-induced changes in water chemistry or sediment–water nutrient cycling. In the oceans, tephra deposition may fertilise Fe-limited waters, with potential impacts on the global carbon cycle. Embracing the full complexity of environmental effects caused by tephra fall demands a renewed investigative effort drawing on interdisciplinary field and laboratory studies, combined with consideration of the interconnectivity of induced impacts within and between different receiving environments.