144 results on '"Paudyal B"'
Search Results
2. Azithromycin and cefixime combination versus azithromycin alone for the out-patient treatment of clinically suspected or confirmed uncomplicated typhoid fever in South Asia: a randomised controlled trial protocol [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]
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Giri, A., Karkey, A., Dongol, S., Arjyal, A., Maharjan, A., Veeraraghavan, B., Paudyal, B., Dolecek, C., Gajurel, D., Phuong, D.N.T., Thanh, D.P., Qamar, F., Kang, G., Hien, H.V., John, J., Lawson, K., Wolbers, M., Hossain, M.S., Sharifuzzaman, M., Luangasanatip, N., Maharjan, N., Olliaro, P., Rupali, P., Shakya, R., Shakoor, S., Rijal, S., Qureshi, S., Baker, S., Joshi, S., Ahmed, T., Darton, T., Bao, T.N., Lubell, Y., Kestelyn, E., Thwaites, G., Parry, C.M., and Basnyat, B.
- Abstract
Background: Typhoid and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever) is a common cause of non-specific febrile infection in adults and children presenting to health care facilities in low resource settings such as the South Asia. A 7-day course of a single oral antimicrobial such as ciprofloxacin, cefixime, or azithromycin is commonly used for its treatment. Increasing antimicrobial resistance threatens the effectiveness of these treatment choices. We hypothesize that combined treatment with azithromycin (active mainly intracellularly) and cefixime (active mainly extracellularly) will be a better option for the treatment of clinically suspected and culture-confirmed typhoid fever in South Asia.\ud \ud Methods: This is a phase IV, international multi-center, multi-country, comparative participant-and observer-blind, 1:1 randomised clinical trial. Patients with suspected uncomplicated typhoid fever will be randomized to one of the two interventions: Arm A: azithromycin 20mg/kg/day oral dose once daily (maximum 1gm/day) and cefixime 20mg/kg/day oral dose in two divided doses (maximum 400mg bd) for 7 days, Arm B: azithromycin 20mg/kg/day oral dose once daily (max 1gm/day) for 7 days AND cefixime-matched placebo for 7 days. We will recruit 1500 patients across sites in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. We will assess whether treatment outcomes are better with the combination after one week of treatment and at one- and three-months follow-up.\ud \ud Discussion: Combined treatment may limit the emergence of resistance if one of the components is active against resistant sub-populations not covered by the other antimicrobial activity. If the combined treatment is better than the single antimicrobial treatment, this will be an important result for patients across South Asia and other typhoid endemic areas.\ud \ud Clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT04349826 (16/04/2020)
- Published
- 2021
3. The influence of ethnic origin on the skin photoageing: Nepalese study
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Timilshina, S., Bhuvan, K. C, Khanal, M., Marshani, B., Paudyal, B. R., and Skalko-Basnet, N.
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- 2011
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4. Analysis of the Interaction between Globular Head Modules of Human Cl q and Its Candidate Receptor gC1 qR
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Pednekar, L, Pathan, AA, Paudyal, B, Tsolaki, AG, Kaur, A, Abozaid, SM, Kouser, L, Khan, HA, Peerschke, EI, Shamji, MH, Stenbeck, G, Ghebrehiwet, B, and Kishore, U
- Subjects
EXPRESSION ,Science & Technology ,IDENTIFICATION ,SURFACE ,B-CHAIN ,Immunology ,BLOOD-PLATELETS ,ENDOTHELIAL-CELL ADHESION ,protein-protein interaction ,gClqR ,BINDING-PROTEIN ,cell proliferation ,protein–protein interaction ,CLASSICAL PATHWAY ,gC1qR ,COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C1Q ,CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE ,globular head ,Clq ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,C1q - Published
- 2016
5. Analysis of the interaction between globular head modules of candidate receptor gC1qR
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Pednekar, L, Pathan, AA, Paudyal, B, Tsolaki, A, Kaur, A, Abozaid, S, Kouser, L, Khan, HA, Peerschke, EI, Shamji, MH, Stenbeck, G, Ghebrehiwet, B, and Kishore, U
- Subjects
protein-protein interaction ,cell proliferation ,gC1qR ,chemical and pharmacologic phenomena ,globular head ,C1q - Abstract
Copyright © 2016 Pednekar, Pathan, Paudyal, Tsolaki, Kaur, Abozaid, Kouser, Khan, Peerschke, Shamji, Stenbeck, Ghebrehiwet and Kishore. The heterotrimeric globular head (gC1q) domain of human C1q is made up of the C-terminal ends of the three individual chains, ghA, ghB and ghC. The receptor for the gC1q domain is a multi-functional pattern recognition protein, gC1qR. Since understanding of gC1qR and gC1q interaction could provide an insight into the pleiotropic functions of gC1qR, this study was undertaken to identify the gC1qR binding site on the gC1q domain, using the recombinant ghA, ghB and ghC modules and their substitution mutants. Our results show that ghA, ghB and ghC modules can interact with gC1qR independently, thus reinforcing the notion of modularity within the gC1q domain of human C1q. Mutational analysis revealed that while Arg162 in the ghA module is central to interaction between gC1qR and C1q, a single amino acid substitution (Arginine to Glutamate) in residue 114 of the ghB module resulted in enhanced binding. Expression of gC1qR and C1q in adherent monocytes with or without pro-inflammatory stimuli was also analyzed by qPCR; it showed an autocrine/paracrine basis of C1q and gC1qR interaction. Microscopic studies revealed that C1q and gC1qR are co-localized on PBMCs. Cell proliferation assays indicated that ghA, ghB and ghC modules were able to attenuate PHA stimulated proliferation of PBMCs. Addition of gC1qR had an additive effect on the anti-proliferative effect of gh modules. In summary, our results identify residues involved in C1q interaction and explain, to a certain level, their involvement on the immune cell surface, which is relevant for C1q-induced functions including inflammation, infection and immunity. Brunel University London; King Saud University, Deanship of Scientific Research Group No. RGP-009 (HK); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases R01 AI 060866 and R01 AI-084178 (BG and EP), NIH/NCI Cancer Center support Grant P30 CA008748 (EP).
- Published
- 2016
6. Temperature dependent carrier lifetime studies on Ti-doped multicrystalline silicon.
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Paudyal, B. B., McIntosh, K. R., and Macdonald, D. H.
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TITANIUM , *SEMICONDUCTOR wafers , *ELECTRON capture , *SILICON , *HOLES (Electron deficiencies) , *MATHEMATICAL models , *NUCLEAR cross sections - Abstract
Carrier lifetime measurements were performed on deliberately Ti-doped multicrystalline silicon wafers using a temperature controlled photoconductance device. The dominant recombination center was found to be the double-donor level associated with interstitial titanium. The interstitial Ti concentrations in multicrystalline silicon wafers were determined by measuring the Shockley–Read–Hall time constant for holes and using the known values of the thermal velocity and capture cross section for holes of the double-donor level at different temperatures. The measured values of the Ti concentration were then used to determine the electron capture cross section of the double-donor level over the temperature range of 140–270 °C via the measured values of the Shockley–Read–Hall time constant for electrons and the known thermal velocity. Multiphonon emission was found to be the most likely capture mechanism for this temperature range for electron capture into the double-donor level of Ti in silicon. The effective segregation coefficient for Ti was estimated by fitting Scheil’s equation to the measured values of the Ti concentrations and their respective vertical positions in the ingot. If all Ti were present as the interstitial double-donor, a lower limit of 1.8×10-6 can be ascribed to the segregation coefficient, which is very close to the equilibrium value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
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7. Pulmonary surfactant protein SP-D opsonises carbon nanotubes and augments their phagocytosis and subsequent pro-inflammatory immune response
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Pondman, KM, Paudyal, B, Sim, RB, Kaur, A, Kouser, L, Tsolaki, AG, Jones, LA, Salvador-Morales, C, Khan, HA, ten Haken, B, Stenbeck, G, Kishore, U, and Magnetic Detection and Imaging
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Technology ,Science & Technology ,SP-A ,02 Physical Sciences ,Chemistry, Multidisciplinary ,Physics ,Materials Science ,Materials Science, Multidisciplinary ,NALP3 INFLAMMASOME ,IN-VITRO ,ASPERGILLUS-FUMIGATUS ,infection ,Physics, Applied ,Chemistry ,INTRATRACHEAL INSTILLATION ,10 Technology ,Physical Sciences ,CELLS ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,Nanoscience & Nanotechnology ,OXIDATIVE STRESS ,COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION ,03 Chemical Sciences ,MACROPHAGE UPTAKE ,LUNG INJURY - Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are increasingly being developed for use in biomedical applications, including drug delivery. One of the most promising applications under evaluation is in treating pulmonary diseases such as tuberculosis. Once inhaled or administered, the nanoparticles are likely to be recognised by innate immune molecules in the lungs such as hydrophilic pulmonary surfactant proteins. Here, we set out to examine the interaction between surfactant protein D (SP-D), a key lung pattern recognition molecule and CNTs, and possible downstream effects on the immune response via macrophages. We show here that a recombinant form of human SP-D (rhSP-D) bound to oxidised and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) coated CNTs via its C-type lectin domain and enhanced phagocytosis by U937 and THP-1 macrophages/monocytic cell lines, together with increased proinflammatory response, suggesting that sequestration of SP-D by CNTs in the lungs can trigger an unwanted and damaging immune response. We also observed that functionalised CNTs, opsonised with rhSP-D, continued to activate complement via the classical pathway, suggesting that C1q, which is the recognition sub-component of the classical pathway, and SP-D have distinct pattern recognition sites on the CNTs. Consistent with our earlier reports, complement deposition on the rhSP-D opsonised CNTs led to dampening of the proinflammatory immune response by THP-1 macrophages, as evident from qPCR, cytokine array and NF-κB nuclear translocation analyses. This study highlights the importance of understanding the interplay between innate immune humoral factors including complement in devising nanoparticle based drug delivery strategies. H.A.K. acknowledges the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding via Group No. RGP-009.
- Published
- 2016
8. Regeneration, growth of Hill Sal and plant diversity in Community Forest: A case study from Pragatisil Community Forest in Kaski District, Western Nepal
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Paudyal, B. K., primary
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- 2016
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9. A Case of Low-Dose Oral Methotrexate–Induced Reversible Neurotoxicity
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Paudyal, B., Viets, R., and Skliut, M.
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Letters - Published
- 2010
10. GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay as initial test for diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis
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Shrestha, P., primary, Paudyal, B., additional, and Basnyat, B., additional
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- 2015
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11. RIE-Induced Lifetime Degradation of Silicon Solar Cells and Methods to Reverse Degradations
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Zin, N.S., Blakers, A., Weber, K., and Paudyal, B.
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Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology ,Manufacturing Issues - Abstract
24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany; 1347-1351, Substantial effective lifetime degradation was observed for silicon samples processed by Reactive Ion Etching (RIE). Lifetime degradation for samples where RIE etches into silicon is found to become permanent, while for samples where RIE etches only on dielectric layers of SiO2 grown on the wafer the lifetime degradation is found to be temporary. By reducing the percent exposure of wafer to RIE process the degradation of the effective lifetime of RIE-etched silicon samples can be minimised.
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- 2009
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12. Pediatric Fistula Initiative: Reducing Bloodstream Infections in an Outpatient Pediatric Hemodialysis Center
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Chotikanatis, K., primary, Suman, N., additional, Backer, M., additional, Paudyal, B., additional, Schoeneman, M., additional, Kohlhoff, S., additional, and Hammerschlag, M. R., additional
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- 2014
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13. Paediatric nephrology II
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Musial, K., primary, Zwolinska, D., additional, Pruthi, R., additional, Sinha, M., additional, Casula, A., additional, Lewis, M., additional, Tse, Y., additional, Maxwell, H., additional, O'Brien, C., additional, Inward, C., additional, Sharaf, E., additional, Fadel, F., additional, Bazaraa, H., additional, Hegazy, R., additional, Essam, R., additional, Manickavasagar, B., additional, Shroff, R., additional, McArdle, A., additional, Ledermann, S., additional, Shaw, V., additional, Van't Hoff, W., additional, Paudyal, B., additional, Prado, G., additional, Schoeneman, M., additional, Nepal, M. K., additional, Feygina, V., additional, Bansilal, V., additional, Tawadrous, H., additional, Mongia, A. K., additional, Melk, A., additional, Kracht, D., additional, Doyon, A., additional, Zeller, R., additional, Litwin, M., additional, Duzowa, A., additional, Sozeri, B., additional, Bayzit, A., additional, Caliskan, S., additional, Querfeld, U., additional, Wuhl, E., additional, Schaefer, F., additional, Schmidt, B., additional, Canpolat, N., additional, Kara Acar, M., additional, Pehlivan, S., additional, Tasdemir, M., additional, Sever, L., additional, Nusken, E., additional, Taylan, C., additional, von Gersdorff, G., additional, Schaller, M., additional, Barth, C., additional, Dotsch, J., additional, Roomizadeh, P., additional, Gheissari, A., additional, Abedini, A., additional, Garzotto, F., additional, Zanella, M., additional, Kim, J., additional, Cena, R., additional, Neri, M., additional, Nalesso, F., additional, Brendolan, A., additional, Ronco, C., additional, Celkan, T., additional, Lacinel, S., additional, Keser, A., additional, Taner Elmas, A., additional, Tabel, Y., additional, Ipek, S., additional, Karadag, A., additional, Elmas, O., additional, Ozyalin, F., additional, Hoxha (Qosja), A., additional, Gjyzari, A., additional, Tushe, E., additional, Said, R. M., additional, Abdel Fattah, M. A., additional, Soliman, D. A., additional, Mahmoud, S. Y., additional, Hattori, M., additional, Uemura, O., additional, Hataya, H., additional, Ito, S., additional, Hisano, M., additional, Ohta, T., additional, Fujinaga, S., additional, Kise, T., additional, Goto, Y., additional, Matsunaga, A., additional, Hashimoto, T., additional, Tsutsumi, Y., additional, Ito, N., additional, Akizawa, T., additional, Maher, S., additional, Cho, B.-S., additional, Choi, Y.-M., additional, Suh, J.-S., additional, Farid, F., additional, El-Hakim, I., additional, Salman, M., additional, Rajnochova Bloudickova, S., additional, Viklicky, O., additional, Seeman, T., additional, Yuksel, S., additional, Caglar, M., additional, Becerir, T., additional, Tepeli, E., additional, Calli Demirkan, N., additional, Yalcin, N., additional, Ergin, A., additional, Hladik, M., additional, Sigutova, R., additional, Vsiansky, F., additional, Safarcik, K., additional, Svagera, Z., additional, Abd El Monem Soliman, N., additional, Bazaraa, H. M., additional, Nabhan, M. M., additional, Badr, A. M., additional, Abd El Latif Shahin, M., additional, Skrzypczyk, P., additional, Panczyk-Tomaszewska, M., additional, Roszkowska-Blaim, M., additional, Wawer, Z., additional, Bienias, B., additional, Zajaczkowska, M., additional, Szczepaniak, M., additional, Pawlak-Bratkowska, M., additional, Tkaczyk, M., additional, Kilis-Pstrusinska, K., additional, Jakubowska, A., additional, Prikhodina, L., additional, Ryzhkova, O., additional, Poltavets, N., additional, and Polyakov, V., additional
- Published
- 2013
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14. Paediatric nephrology - A
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Okamoto, S., primary, Sakama, T., additional, Nakamura, S., additional, Niimura, F., additional, Sahin, S., additional, Ertan, P., additional, Evrengul, H., additional, Horasan, G., additional, Dede, B., additional, Berdeli, A., additional, Yildiz, N., additional, Cicek Deniz, N., additional, Asadov, R., additional, Yucelten, D., additional, Alpay, H., additional, Prado, G., additional, Schoeneman, M., additional, Mongia, A., additional, Paudyal, B., additional, Feygina, V., additional, Norin, A., additional, Hochman, D., additional, Tawadrous, H., additional, Bansilal, V., additional, Topaloglu, R., additional, Gulhan, B., additional, Bilginer, Y., additional, Celebi Tayfur, A., additional, Yildiz, C., additional, Ozaltin, F., additional, Duzova, A., additional, Ozen, S., additional, Aki, T., additional, Besbas, N., additional, Komaki, F., additional, Hamasaki, Y., additional, Ishikura, K., additional, Hamada, R., additional, Sakai, T., additional, Hataya, H., additional, Ogata, K., additional, Fukuzawa, R., additional, Ando, T., additional, Honda, M., additional, Malke, A., additional, Silska-Dittmar, M., additional, Soltysiak, J., additional, Blumczynski, A., additional, Ostalska-Nowicka, D., additional, Zachwieja, J., additional, Tabel, Y., additional, Oncul, M., additional, Elmas, A., additional, Kavaz, A., additional, Ozcakar, Z. B., additional, Bulum, B., additional, Ekim, M., additional, Yalcinkaya, F., additional, Prikhodina, L., additional, Turpitko, O., additional, Dlin, V., additional, Gheith, O., additional, Alotaibi, T., additional, Nampoory, N., additional, Mosaad, A., additional, Halim, M., additional, Saied, T., additional, Abou Ateya, H., additional, Adel, H., additional, Mozarei, I., additional, Neir, P., additional, Uemura, O., additional, Ito, S., additional, Wada, N., additional, Hattori, M., additional, Ohashi, Y., additional, Tanaka, R., additional, Nakanishi, K., additional, Kaneko, T., additional, Golovachova, V., additional, Odinets, Y., additional, Laszki-Szczachor, K., additional, Polak-Jonkisz, D., additional, Sobieszczanska, M., additional, Rusiecki, L., additional, Zwolinska, D., additional, Ninchoji, T., additional, Kaitoh, H., additional, Matsunoshita, N., additional, Nozu, K., additional, Yoshikawa, N., additional, Iijima, K., additional, Maglalang-Reed, O. M., additional, Elises, J. S., additional, Zamora, M. N. V., additional, Pasco, P., additional, Arejola-Tan, A., additional, Alparslan, C., additional, Dogan, S. M., additional, Kose, E., additional, Elmas, C., additional, Kilinc, S., additional, Arslan, N., additional, Kebabci, E., additional, Karaca, C., additional, Yavascan, O., additional, Aksu, N., additional, Minson, S., additional, Munoz, M., additional, Vergara, I., additional, Mraz, M., additional, Vaughan, R., additional, Rees, L., additional, Olsburgh, J., additional, Calder, F., additional, Shroff, R., additional, Zaicova, N., additional, Lavrenchuk, O., additional, Viktoria, D., additional, Savchenko, V., additional, Bagdasarova, I., additional, Doyon, A., additional, Bayazit, A., additional, Canpolat, N., additional, Kracht, D., additional, Litwin, M., additional, Ranchin, B., additional, Sozeri, B., additional, Wuhl, E., additional, Zeller, R., additional, Melk, A., additional, Querfeld, U., additional, Schaefer, F., additional, Sinha, M. D., additional, Turner, C., additional, Booth, C. J., additional, Goldsmith, D. J. A., additional, and Simpson, J. M., additional
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- 2013
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15. Clinical Profile of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
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Paudyal, B, primary and Gyawalee, M, primary
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- 2012
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16. A Diagnosis Missed for Several Years- Wegener’s Granulomatosis
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Paudyal, B P, primary, Pantha, S, primary, Ranjitkar, N, primary, Manandhar, A, primary, and Arjyal, A, primary
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- 2012
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17. Participatory research approaches rapidly improve household food security in Nepal and identify policy changes required for institutionalisation
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Joshi, K.D., primary, Devkota, K.P., additional, Harris, D., additional, Khanal, N.P., additional, Paudyal, B., additional, Sapkota, A., additional, and Witcombe, J.R., additional
- Published
- 2012
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18. Lemierre's Syndrome in a Patient with Severe Lupus Nephritis
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Paudyal, B P, primary
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- 2011
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19. Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 in Neplease Perspective
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Paudyal, B P, primary
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- 2010
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20. A Case of Low-Dose Oral Methotrexate–Induced Reversible Neurotoxicity: Fig 1.
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Paudyal, B., primary, Viets, R., additional, and Skliut, M., additional
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- 2010
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21. The role of the ADC value in the characterisation of renal carcinoma by diffusion-weighted MRI
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Paudyal, B, primary, Paudyal, P, additional, Tsushima, Y, additional, Oriuchi, N, additional, Amanuma, M, additional, Miyazaki, M, additional, Taketomi-Takahashi, A, additional, Nakazato, Y, additional, and Endo, K, additional
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- 2010
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22. Temperature dependent electron and hole capture cross sections of iron-contaminated boron-doped silicon
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Paudyal, B. B., primary, McIntosh, K. R., additional, and Macdonald, D. H., additional
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- 2009
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23. Introduction of negative charges in nitride for PV applications
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Jin, H., primary, Weber, K.J., additional, Paudyal, B. B., additional, and Zhang, C., additional
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- 2009
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24. The implementation of temperature control to an inductive-coil photoconductance instrument for the range of 0-230°C
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Paudyal, B. B., primary, McIntosh, K. R., additional, Macdonald, D. H., additional, Richards, B. S., additional, and Sinton, R. A., additional
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- 2008
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25. Behçet's Disease: An Account of Three Cases.
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Paudyal, B., Gyawalee, M., Manandhar, A., and Sigdel, K.
- Published
- 2012
26. A Diagnosis Missed for Several Years-Wegener's Granulomatosis.
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Paudyal, B. P., Pantha, S., Ranjitkar, N., Manandhar, A., and Arjyal, A.
- Published
- 2011
27. Pulmonary artery intimal sarcoma: the role of ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in monitoring response to treatment.
- Author
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Ote EL, Oriuchi N, Miyashita G, Paudyal B, Ishikita T, Arisaka Y, Higuchi T, Hirato J, Endo K, Ote, Enrique Leonardo P, Oriuchi, Noboru, Miyashita, Go, Paudyal, Bishnuhari, Ishikita, Tomohiro, Arisaka, Yukiko, Higuchi, Tetsuya, Hirato, Junko, and Endo, Keigo
- Abstract
We report the case of 58-year-old man with pulmonary artery intimal sarcoma. He initially presented with cough, right-sided chest pain, and shortness of breath. Although the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism had been considered, chest radiograph and pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy showed a mass in the right hilum and no perfusion in the right lung. (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission computed tomography (FDGPET) showed increased FDG uptake in the mass obstructing the right pulmonary artery. Fine-needle biopsy revealed a pathological diagnosis of pulmonary artery intimal sarcoma. The patient was successfully treated with radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. FDG-PET was used for monitoring the response to therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2011
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28. Evaluation of (64)Cu-labeled DOTA-D-Phe(1)-Tyr (3)-octreotide ((64)Cu-DOTA-TOC) for imaging somatostatin receptor-expressing tumors.
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Hanaoka H, Tominaga H, Yamada K, Paudyal P, Iida Y, Watanabe S, Paudyal B, Higuchi T, Oriuchi N, Endo K, Hanaoka, Hirofumi, Tominaga, Hideyuki, Yamada, Keiich, Paudyal, Pramila, Iida, Yasuhiko, Watanabe, Shigeki, Paudyal, Bishnuhari, Higuchi, Tetsuya, Oriuchi, Noboru, and Endo, Keigo
- Abstract
Objective: In-111 ((111)In)-labeled octreotide has been clinically used for imaging somatostatin receptor-positive tumors, and radiolabeled octreotide analogs for positron emission tomography (PET) have been developed. Cu-64 ((64)Cu; half-life, 12.7 h) is an attractive radionuclide for PET imaging and is produced with high specific activity using a small biomedical cyclotron. The aim of this study is to produce and fundamentally examine a (64)Cu-labeled octreotide analog, (64)Cu-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid-D: -Phe(1)-Tyr(3)-octreotide ((64)Cu-DOTA-TOC).Methods: (64)Cu produced using a biomedical cyclotron was reacted with DOTA-TOC for 30 min at 45 degrees C. The stability of (64)Cu-DOTA-TOC was evaluated in vitro (incubated with serum) and in vivo (blood collected after administration) by HPLC analysis. Biodistribution studies were performed in normal mice by administration of mixed solution of (64)Cu-DOTA-TOC and (111)In-DOTA-TOC and somatostatin receptor-positive U87MG tumor-bearing mice by administration of (64)Cu-DOTA-TOC or (64)Cu-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,4,8,11-tetraacetic acid-octreotide ((64)Cu-TETA-OC). The tumor was imaged using (64)Cu-DOTA-TOC, (64)Cu-TETA-OC, and FDG with an animal PET scanner.Results: (64)Cu-DOTA-TOC can be produced in amounts sufficient for clinical study with high radiochemical yield. (64)Cu-DOTA-TOC was stable in vitro, but time-dependent transchelation to protein was observed after injection into mice. In biodistribution studies, the radioactivity of (64)Cu was higher than that of (111)In in all organs except kidney. In tumor-bearing mice, (64)Cu-DOTA-TOC showed a high accumulation in the tumor, and the tumor-to-blood ratio reached as high as 8.81 +/- 1.17 at 6 h after administration. (64)Cu-DOTA-TOC showed significantly higher accumulation in the tumor than (64)Cu-TETA-OC. (64)Cu-DOTA-TOC PET showed a very clear image of the tumor, which was comparable to that of (18)F-FDG PET and very similar to that of (64)Cu-TETA-OC.Conclusions: (64)Cu-DOTA-TOC clearly imaged a somatostatin receptor-positive tumor and seemed to be a potential PET tracer in the clinical phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2009
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29. Quantification of hepatic arterial and portal perfusion with dynamic computed tomography: comparison of maximum-slope and dual-input one-compartment model methods.
- Author
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Miyazaki M, Tsushima Y, Miyazaki A, Paudyal B, Amanuma M, Endo K, Miyazaki, Masaya, Tsushima, Yoshito, Miyazaki, Akiko, Paudyal, Bishnuhari, Amanuma, Makoto, and Endo, Keigo
- Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the maximum-slope (MS) and dual-input one-compartment model (DOCM) methods in hepatic perfusion computed tomography (CT).Materials and Methods: A total of 37 patients with known or suspected liver disease underwent single-location dynamic CT after arterial or venous bolus injection of contrast material. Perfusion CT images were created by the MS (dividing the peak gradient of the time-attenuation curve by the peak vessel CT number) and DOCM-calculating from the equation dC ( L )(t)/dt = k ( a ) C ( a )(t - tau( a )) + k ( p ) C ( p )(t - tau( p )) - k ( v ) C ( L )(t)-methods. The perfusion parameters hepatic arterial perfusion (HAP), portal venous perfusion (PVP), and hepatic perfusion index (HPI) were determined.Results: The PVP of the tumor-free hepatic parenchyma determined by the MS method was lower than that obtained by the DOCM method (P < 0.001) with both injections. HAP determined by the MS method was lower than that obtained by the DOCM method with venous injection (P = 0.001), although there was no difference between the methods for HAP with arterial injection (P = 0.154). Most of the perfusion parameters showed linear correlations between the two analytical methods.Conclusion: Except for HAP with arterial injection, the perfusion parameters obtained with the MS method were lower than those obtained with the DOCM method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2009
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30. Clinicopathological presentation of varying 18F-FDG uptake and expression of glucose transporter 1 and hexokinase II in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocellular carcinoma.
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Paudyal B, Oriuchi N, Paudyal P, Tsushima Y, Higuchi T, Miyakubo M, Ishikita T, Nakajima T, Endo K, Paudyal, Bishnuhari, Oriuchi, Noboru, Paudyal, Pramila, Tsushima, Yoshito, Higuchi, Tetsuya, Miyakubo, Mitsuyuki, Ishikita, Tomohiro, Nakajima, Takashi, and Endo, Keigo
- Abstract
We report the results of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) and immunohistochemical staining of glucose transporter 1 (Glut-1) and hexokinase II (HK-II) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC) to observe the variation in (18)F-FDG uptake and variation in expression of Glut-1 and HK-II in these hepatic tumors. In the case of HCC, moderate (18)F-FDG uptake and strong expression of HK-II were detected, whereas Glut-1 was not expressed. Conversely, CCC showed high (18)F-FDG uptake and increased expression of Glut-1 but HK-II was not expressed. The variation in the (18)F-FDG uptake and expression of Glut 1 and HK-II in HCC and CCC might be owing to the difference in origin and the different mechanisms involved in glucose uptake, rate of glucose transporters, and hexokinase activity involved in the glycolytic pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
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31. POISONING : PATTERN AND PROFILE OF ADMITTED CASES IN A HOSPITAL IN CENTRAL NEPAL.
- Author
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Paudyal, B. P.
- Abstract
An analysis of all poisoning cases admitted in medical and pediatric wards of Patan Hospital for one year (1
st Jan to 31st Dec 2004) was carried out. A total of 154 cases were admitted which was 0.8% of total hospital admissions. Females outnumbered males and almost two-thirds patients were young adults (15-34 years). Seasonal variation in poisoning was observed with more cases in the summer months. Organophosphorus compounds (42%), drugs (25%), and zinc phosphide (6.5%) were common poisonings in total and in adult populations, whereas kerosene was the most frequent poisoning in pediatric age group. Paracetamol, benzodiazepines, and tricyclic antidepressants were the most frequently used drugs. The circumstances of poisoning were intentional (75%) and accidental (20%);most of the childhood poisonings were accidental in nature. The mean hospital stay for all type of poisoning was 7.5 days; whereas it was 10.2 days for organophosphorus, 2.5 days for paracetamol, and 1.5 days each for zinc phosphide and kerosene ingestion. Intensive care unit (ICU) service was required in 17% of patients; and almost 25% developed complications. Aspiration pneumonia and respiratory failure were the most frequently observed complications. Ninety four percent of admitted patients recovered completely; leaving a mortality rate of 5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2005
32. Innate immune humoral factors, C1q and factor H, with differential pattern recognition properties, alter macrophage response to carbon nanotubes
- Author
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Pondman, KM, Pednekar, L, Paudyal, B, Tsolaki, AG, Kouser, L, Khan, HA, Shamji, MH, ten Haken, B, Stenbeck, G, Sim, RB, Kishore, U, TechMed Centre, and Magnetic Detection and Imaging
- Subjects
Innate immunity ,Factor H ,Biomedical Engineering ,Carbon nanotubes ,Complement ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Bioengineering ,Nanotherapeutics ,Immune system ,Materials Science(all) ,Molecular Medicine ,C1q - Abstract
Interaction between the complement system and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can modify their intended biomedical applications. Pristine and derivatised CNTs can activate complement primarily via the classical pathway which enhances uptake of CNTs and suppresses pro-inflammatory response by immune cells. Here, we report that the interaction of C1q, the classical pathway recognition molecule, with CNTs involves charge pattern and classical pathway activation that is partly inhibited by factor H, a complement regulator. C1q and its globular modules, but not factor H, enhanced uptake of CNTs by macrophages and modulated the pro-inflammatory immune response. Thus, soluble complement factors can interact differentially with CNTs and alter the immune response even without complement activation. Coating CNTs with recombinant C1q globular heads offers a novel way of controlling classical pathway activation in nanotherapeutics. Surprisingly, the globular heads also enhance clearance by phagocytes and down-regulate inflammation, suggesting unexpected complexity in receptor interaction. From the Clinical Editor: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) maybe useful in the clinical setting as targeting drug carriers. However, it is also well known that they can interact and activate the complement system, which may have a negative impact on the applicability of CNTs. In this study, the authors functionalized multi-walled CNT (MWNT), and investigated the interaction with the complement pathway. These studies are important so as to gain further understanding of the underlying mechanism in preparation for future use of CNTs in the clinical setting. L.P., A.G.T., L.K., G.S. and U.K. thank Brunel University London for strategic Infrastructure funding. H.A.K. acknowledges the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding via Group No. RGP-009.
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33. Eosinophilic Fascitis: A Rare Fibrosing Disorder.
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Paudyal, B. P., Gyawalee, M., and Sigdel, K.
- Published
- 2012
34. A profile of low vision among the blind school students in Lumbini Zone of Nepal
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Sharma, MK, primary, Thapa, H, primary, Paudyal, B, primary, Adhikari, RK, primary, and Dhakwa, K, primary
- Published
- 1970
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35. Pruning trial for Acacia mangium Willd. plantation in peninsular Malaysia
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Majid, N. M. and Paudyal, B. K.
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FOREST management - Published
- 1992
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36. Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor, a Heterogeneous, Aggressive Cancer with Diverse Biomarkers and No Targeted Standard of Care: Review of the Literature and Ongoing Investigational Agents.
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Somaiah N, Paudyal B, Winkler RE, Van Tine BA, and Hirbe AC
- Subjects
- Humans, Biomarkers, Tumor metabolism, Standard of Care, Molecular Targeted Therapy methods, Nerve Sheath Neoplasms therapy
- Abstract
Background: Malignant peripheral sheath tumor (MPNST) is a rare, aggressive form of soft-tissue sarcoma that presents a unique set of diagnostic and treatment challenges and is associated with major unmet treatment medical needs., Objective: The chief aim of this review is to consider the epidemiology, histology, anatomic distribution, pathologic signaling pathways, diagnosis, and management of MPNST, with a focus on potential targeted therapies. A subordinate objective was to establish benchmarks for the antitumor activity of such treatments., Results: MPNST has an incidence of 1:100,000 in the general population and 1:3500 among patients with the inherited condition of neurofibromatosis-1. Spindle-cell sarcomas of neural-crest origin, MPNSTs are frequently situated in the extremities and pelvis/trunk, often at the confluence of large nerve roots and bundles. Highly copy-number aberrant and enriched in chromosome 8, MPNSTs have a complex molecular pathogenesis that likely involves the interplay of multiple signaling pathways, including Ras/AKT/mTOR/MAPK, EGFR, p53, PTEN, and PRC2, as well as factors in the tumor microenvironment. A combination of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography with
18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) enables comprehensive assessment of both morphology and metabolism, while MRI- and ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy can confirm histopathology. Although surgery with wide excisional margins is now the chief curative approach to localized disease, MPNST-specific survival has not improved in decades. For advanced and metastatic MPNST, radiation and chemotherapy (chiefly with anthracyclines plus ifosfamide) have somewhat promising but still largely uncertain treatment roles, chiefly in local control, downstaging, and palliation. No single druggable target has emerged, no objective responses have been observed with a number of targeted therapies (cumulative disease control rate in our review = 22.9-34.8%), and combinatorial approaches directed toward multiple signal transduction mechanisms are hallmarks of ongoing clinical trials., Conclusions: Despite advances in our understanding of the genetics and molecular biology of MPNST, further research is warranted to: (1) unravel the complex pathogenesis of this condition; (2) improve diagnostic yield; (3) delineate the appropriate roles of chemotherapy and radiation; and (4) develop a targeted therapy (or combination of such treatments) that is well tolerated and prolongs survival., (© 2024. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2024
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37. Single-cell analysis reveals lasting immunological consequences of influenza infection and respiratory immunization in the pig lung.
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Muir A, Paudyal B, Schmidt S, Sedaghat-Rostami E, Chakravarti S, Villanueva-Hernández S, Moffat K, Polo N, Angelopoulos N, Schmidt A, Tenbusch M, Freimanis G, Gerner W, Richard AC, and Tchilian E
- Subjects
- Animals, Swine, Immunization, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid immunology, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid virology, Single-Cell Analysis, Orthomyxoviridae Infections immunology, Orthomyxoviridae Infections virology, Lung immunology, Lung virology, Influenza Vaccines immunology, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype immunology
- Abstract
The pig is a natural host for influenza viruses and integrally involved in virus evolution through interspecies transmissions between humans and swine. Swine have many physiological, anatomical, and immunological similarities to humans, and are an excellent model for human influenza. Here, we employed single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and flow cytometry to characterize the major leukocyte subsets in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), twenty-one days after H1N1pdm09 infection or respiratory immunization with an adenoviral vector vaccine expressing hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein with or without IL-1β. Mapping scRNA-seq clusters from BAL onto those previously described in peripheral blood facilitated annotation and highlighted differences between tissue resident and circulating immune cells. ScRNA-seq data and functional assays revealed lasting impacts of immune challenge on BAL populations. First, mucosal administration of IL-1β reduced the number of functionally active Treg cells. Second, influenza infection upregulated IFI6 in BAL cells and decreased their susceptibility to virus replication in vitro. Our data provide a reference map of porcine BAL cells and reveal lasting immunological consequences of influenza infection and respiratory immunization in a highly relevant large animal model for respiratory virus infection., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Muir et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
- Published
- 2024
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38. MAIT cell-MR1 reactivity is highly conserved across multiple divergent species.
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Edmans MD, Connelley TK, Morgan S, Pediongco TJ, Jayaraman S, Juno JA, Meehan BS, Dewar PM, Maze EA, Roos EO, Paudyal B, Mak JYW, Liu L, Fairlie DP, Wang H, Corbett AJ, McCluskey J, Benedictus L, Tchilian E, Klenerman P, and Eckle SBG
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Mice, Cattle, Swine, Macaca, Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta immunology, Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta metabolism, Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta genetics, Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells immunology, Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells metabolism, Histocompatibility Antigens Class I immunology, Histocompatibility Antigens Class I metabolism, Minor Histocompatibility Antigens metabolism, Minor Histocompatibility Antigens genetics, Minor Histocompatibility Antigens immunology, Minor Histocompatibility Antigens chemistry, Species Specificity
- Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of unconventional T cells that recognize small molecule metabolites presented by major histocompatibility complex class I related protein 1 (MR1), via an αβ T cell receptor (TCR). MAIT TCRs feature an essentially invariant TCR α-chain, which is highly conserved between mammals. Similarly, MR1 is the most highly conserved major histocompatibility complex-I-like molecule. This extreme conservation, including the mode of interaction between the MAIT TCR and MR1, has been shown to allow for species-mismatched reactivities unique in T cell biology, thereby allowing the use of selected species-mismatched MR1-antigen (MR1-Ag) tetramers in comparative immunology studies. However, the pattern of cross-reactivity of species-mismatched MR1-Ag tetramers in identifying MAIT cells in diverse species has not been formally assessed. We developed novel cattle and pig MR1-Ag tetramers and utilized these alongside previously developed human, mouse, and pig-tailed macaque MR1-Ag tetramers to characterize cross-species tetramer reactivities. MR1-Ag tetramers from each species identified T cell populations in distantly related species with specificity that was comparable to species-matched MR1-Ag tetramers. However, there were subtle differences in staining characteristics with practical implications for the accurate identification of MAIT cells. Pig MR1 is sufficiently conserved across species that pig MR1-Ag tetramers identified MAIT cells from the other species. However, MAIT cells in pigs were at the limits of phenotypic detection. In the absence of sheep MR1-Ag tetramers, a MAIT cell population in sheep blood was identified phenotypically, utilizing species-mismatched MR1-Ag tetramers. Collectively, our results validate the use and define the limitations of species-mismatched MR1-Ag tetramers in comparative immunology studies., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest J. Y. W. M., L. L., D. P. F., A. J. C., J. M., and S. B. G. E. are inventors on university owned patent rights (patent families WO/2015/149130 and WO/2014/005194) licensed for commercial use to Immudex and for non-profit use to the NIH Tetramer Core Facility. All other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
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39. Unusual non-infectious cause of meningitis.
- Author
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Shrestha P, Paudyal B, Sharma L, and Sigdel KR
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Alopecia, Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, Meningitis diagnosis, Meningitis etiology, Meningitis, Aseptic diagnosis, Meningitis, Aseptic etiology, Arthritis
- Abstract
Meningitis, though commonly caused by various infectious agents, may also have non-infectious aetiologies. The clinical presentation, however may be identical to infectious meningitis. We present a case of a female in her 50s who presented with fever, headache, vomiting and neck rigidity. She had features of inflammatory polyarthritis, cold sensitivity, puffy digits, alopecia and easy fatigability. No evidence of infection was found, and serological features consistent with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) were revealed, which led to the diagnosis of MCTD-related aseptic meningitis., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
- Published
- 2024
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40. Single institution experience with efgartigimod in patients with myasthenia gravis: Patient selection, dosing schedules, treatment response, and adverse events.
- Author
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Singer M, Khella S, Bird S, McIntosh P, Paudyal B, Wadhwani A, Quinn C, and Karam C
- Subjects
- Infant, Newborn, Humans, Patient Selection, Behavior Therapy, Autoantibodies, Activities of Daily Living, Myasthenia Gravis drug therapy
- Abstract
Introduction/aims: Efgartigimod is a neonatal Fc receptor blocker and was the first approved medication in its class for the treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG). As a novel therapy, little is known about the use of efgartigimod in clinical practice. This study aims to describe how efgartigimod is being incorporated into the current therapeutic landscape of MG., Methods: We reviewed the charts of 17 patients with gMG treated with efgartigimod at the University of Pennsylvania between January 2022 and June 2023., Results: Efgartigimod was selected mainly for patients who were treatment refractory, had side effects to other treatments, and/or required quick improvement in their symptoms. All patients had been previously treated with at least one medication for MG and had an average baseline Myasthenia Gravis Activities of Daily Living (MG-ADL) score of 9.1. The patients treated with efgartigimod improved their MG-ADL score by an average of 5.5 points at 3 months (p < .001) and 7.1 points by 6 months (p < .001). Forty percent of patients achieved minimal symptom expression. Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 43.7% of patients on efgartigimod, the most common being mild infection (urinary tract infection and thrush). There were no serious AEs., Discussion: This study found efgartigimod to be efficacious, well tolerated, and safe in patients with MG. Efgartigimod should be considered as an add-on therapy, a bridge therapy, or as a monotherapy if patients have difficulty tolerating other treatments., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)
- Published
- 2024
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41. Distinct effector functions mediated by Fc regions of bovine IgG subclasses and their interaction with Fc gamma receptors.
- Author
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Noble A, Paudyal B, Schwartz JC, Mwangi W, Munir D, Tchilian E, Hammond JA, and Graham SP
- Subjects
- Humans, Cattle, Animals, Mice, Swine, Immunologic Factors, Macrophages, Phagocytosis, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Antigens, Receptors, IgG, Immunoglobulin G
- Abstract
Cattle possess three IgG subclasses. However, the key immune functions, including complement and NK cell activation, and enhancement of phagocytosis, are not fully described for bovine IgG1, 2 and 3. We produced chimeric monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) consisting of a defined variable region linked to the constant regions of bovine IgG1, 2 and 3, and expressed His-tagged soluble recombinant bovine Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) IA (CD64), IIA (CD32A), III (CD16) and Fcγ2R. Functional assays using bovinized mAbs were developed. IgG1 and IgG3, but not IgG2, activated complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Only IgG1 could activate cattle NK cells to mobilize CD107a after antigen crosslinking, a surrogate assay for antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. Both IgG1 and IgG2 could trigger monocyte-derived macrophages to phagocytose fluorescently labelled antigen-expressing target cells. IgG3 induced only weak antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). By contrast, monocytes only exhibited strong ADCP when triggered by IgG2. IgG1 bound most strongly to recombinant FcγRs IA, IIA and III, with weaker binding by IgG3 and none by IgG2, which bound exclusively to Fcγ2R. Immune complexes containing IgG1, 2 and 3 bound differentially to leukocyte subsets, with IgG2 binding strongly to neutrophils and monocytes and all subclasses binding platelets. Differential expression of the FcγRs on leukocyte subsets was demonstrated by surface staining and/or RT-qPCR of sorted cells, e.g., Fcγ2R mRNA was expressed in monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, and platelets, potentially explaining their strong interactions with IgG2, and FcγRIII was expressed on NK cells, presumably mediating IgG1-dependent NK cell activation. These data reveal differences in bovine IgG subclass functionality, which do not correspond to those described in humans, mice or pigs, which is relevant to the study of these IgG subclasses in vaccine and therapeutic antibody development., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (Copyright © 2023 Noble, Paudyal, Schwartz, Mwangi, Munir, Tchilian, Hammond and Graham.)
- Published
- 2023
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42. A direct contact pig influenza challenge model for assessing protective efficacy of monoclonal antibodies.
- Author
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McNee A, Vanover D, Rijal P, Paudyal B, Lean FZX, MacLoughlin R, Núñez A, Townsend A, Santangelo PJ, and Tchilian E
- Subjects
- Swine, Humans, Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets, Hemagglutinins, Influenza, Human, Orthomyxoviridae Infections
- Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be used to complement immunization for the therapy of influenza virus infection. We have established the pig, a natural large animal host for influenza A, with many physiological, immunological, and anatomical similarities to humans, as an appropriate model for testing mAbs. We have evaluated the protective efficacy of the strongly neutralizing human anti-hemagglutinin mAb, 2-12C in the pig influenza model. Intravenous administration of recombinant 2-12C reduced virus load and lung pathology, however, it did not prevent virus nasal shedding and, consequently, transmission. This may be because the pigs were directly infected intranasally with a high dose of the H1N1pdm09 virus. To address this, we developed a contact challenge model in which the animals were given 2-12C and one day later co-housed with donor pigs previously infected intra-nasally with H1N1pdm09. 2-12C pre-treatment completely prevented infection. We also administered a lower dose of 2-12C by aerosol to the respiratory tract, but this did not prevent shedding in the direct challenge model, although it abolished lung infection. We propose that the direct contact challenge model of pig influenza may be useful for evaluating candidate mAbs and emerging delivery platforms prior to clinical trials., Competing Interests: Author RM is an employee of the company Aerogen Limited. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 McNee, Vanover, Rijal, Paudyal, Lean, MacLoughlin, Núñez, Townsend, Santangelo and Tchilian.)
- Published
- 2023
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43. Simultaneous co-infection with swine influenza A and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses potentiates adaptive immune responses.
- Author
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Chrun T, Maze EA, Roper KJ, Vatzia E, Paudyal B, McNee A, Martini V, Manjegowda T, Freimanis G, Silesian A, Polo N, Clark B, Besell E, Booth G, Carr BV, Edmans M, Nunez A, Koonpaew S, Wanasen N, Graham SP, and Tchilian E
- Subjects
- Animals, Swine, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype, Immunity, Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome, Coinfection, Influenza, Human
- Abstract
Porcine respiratory disease is multifactorial and most commonly involves pathogen co-infections. Major contributors include swine influenza A (swIAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV) viruses. Experimental co-infection studies with these two viruses have shown that clinical outcomes can be exacerbated, but how innate and adaptive immune responses contribute to pathogenesis and pathogen control has not been thoroughly evaluated. We investigated immune responses following experimental simultaneous co-infection of pigs with swIAV H3N2 and PRRSV-2. Our results indicated that clinical disease was not significantly exacerbated, and swIAV H3N2 viral load was reduced in the lung of the co-infected animals. PRRSV-2/swIAV H3N2 co-infection did not impair the development of virus-specific adaptive immune responses. swIAV H3N2-specific IgG serum titers and PRRSV-2-specific CD8β
+ T-cell responses in blood were enhanced. Higher proportions of polyfunctional CD8β+ T-cell subset in both blood and lung washes were found in PRRSV-2/swIAV H3N2 co-infected animals compared to the single-infected groups. Our findings provide evidence that systemic and local host immune responses are not negatively affected by simultaneous swIAV H3N2/PRRSV-2 co-infection, raising questions as to the mechanisms involved in disease modulation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Chrun, Maze, Roper, Vatzia, Paudyal, McNee, Martini, Manjegowda, Freimanis, Silesian, Polo, Clark, Besell, Booth, Carr, Edmans, Nunez, Koonpaew, Wanasen, Graham and Tchilian.)- Published
- 2023
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44. Effect of mucosal adjuvant IL-1β on heterotypic immunity in a pig influenza model.
- Author
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Schmidt A, Paudyal B, Villanueva-Hernández S, Mcnee A, Vatzia E, Carr BV, Schmidt S, Mccarron A, Martini V, Schroedel S, Thirion C, Waters R, Salguero FJ, Gerner W, Tenbusch M, and Tchilian E
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Adjuvants, Immunologic, Antibodies, Viral, Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype, Swine, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Orthomyxoviridae Infections
- Abstract
T cell responses directed against highly conserved viral proteins contribute to the clearance of the influenza virus and confer broadly cross-reactive and protective immune responses against a range of influenza viruses in mice and ferrets. We examined the protective efficacy of mucosal delivery of adenoviral vectors expressing hemagglutinin (HA) and nucleoprotein (NP) from the H1N1 virus against heterologous H3N2 challenge in pigs. We also evaluated the effect of mucosal co-delivery of IL-1β, which significantly increased antibody and T cell responses in inbred Babraham pigs. Another group of outbred pigs was first exposed to pH1N1 as an alternative means of inducing heterosubtypic immunity and were subsequently challenged with H3N2. Although both prior infection and adenoviral vector immunization induced strong T-cell responses against the conserved NP protein, none of the treatment groups demonstrated increased protection against the heterologous H3N2 challenge. Ad-HA/NP+Ad-IL-1β immunization increased lung pathology, although viral load was unchanged. These data indicate that heterotypic immunity may be difficult to achieve in pigs and the immunological mechanisms may differ from those in small animal models. Caution should be applied in extrapolating from a single model to humans., Competing Interests: CT and SiS are employees of SIRION Biotech GmbH, a wholly-owned subsidiary of PerkinElmer Inc.. CT receives shares from the company. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Schmidt, Paudyal, Villanueva-Hernández, Mcnee, Vatzia, Carr, Schmidt, Mccarron, Martini, Schroedel, Thirion, Waters, Salguero, Gerner, Tenbusch and Tchilian.)
- Published
- 2023
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45. Immunization with matrix-, nucleoprotein and neuraminidase protects against H3N2 influenza challenge in pH1N1 pre-exposed pigs.
- Author
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Vatzia E, Feest K, McNee A, Manjegowda T, Carr BV, Paudyal B, Chrun T, Maze EA, Mccarron A, Morris S, Everett HE, MacLoughlin R, Salguero FJ, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, and Tchilian E
- Abstract
There is an urgent need for influenza vaccines providing broader protection that may decrease the need for annual immunization of the human population. We investigated the efficacy of heterologous prime boost immunization with chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAdOx2) and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vectored vaccines, expressing conserved influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP), matrix protein 1 (M1) and neuraminidase (NA) in H1N1pdm09 pre-exposed pigs. We compared the efficacy of intra-nasal, aerosol and intra-muscular vaccine delivery against H3N2 influenza challenge. Aerosol prime boost immunization induced strong local lung T cell and antibody responses and abrogated viral shedding and lung pathology following H3N2 challenge. In contrast, intramuscular immunization induced powerful systemic responses and weak local lung responses but also abolished lung pathology and reduced viral shedding. These results provide valuable insights into the development of a broadly protective influenza vaccine in a highly relevant large animal model and will inform future vaccine and clinical trial design., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2023
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46. Fc-Mediated Functions of Porcine IgG Subclasses.
- Author
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Paudyal B, Mwangi W, Rijal P, Schwartz JC, Noble A, Shaw A, Sealy JE, Bonnet-Di Placido M, Graham SP, Townsend A, Hammond JA, and Tchilian E
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Antigen-Antibody Complex, Complement System Proteins, Phagocytosis, Swine, Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity, Immunoglobulin G
- Abstract
The pig is an important agricultural species and powerful biomedical model. We have established the pig, a large natural host animal for influenza with many physiological similarities to humans, as a robust model for testing the therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies. Antibodies provide protection through neutralization and recruitment of innate effector functions through the Fc domain. However very little is known about the Fc-mediated functions of porcine IgG subclasses. We have generated 8 subclasses of two porcine monoclonal anti influenza hemagglutinin antibodies. We characterized their ability to activate complement, trigger cytotoxicity and phagocytosis by immune cells and assayed their binding to monocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. We show that IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG2c and IgG4 bind well to targeted cell types and mediate complement mediated cellular cytotoxicity (CDCC), antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody mediated cell phagocytosis (ADCP). IgG5b and IgG5c exhibited weak binding and variable and poor functional activity. Immune complexes of porcine IgG3 did not show any Fc-mediated functions except for binding to monocytes and macrophages and weak binding to NK cells. Interestingly, functionally similar porcine IgG subclasses clustered together in the genome. These novel findings will enhance the utility of the pig model for investigation of therapeutic antibodies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Paudyal, Mwangi, Rijal, Schwartz, Noble, Shaw, Sealy, Bonnet-Di Placido, Graham, Townsend, Hammond and Tchilian.)
- Published
- 2022
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47. Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus as a Model for Acute Respiratory Coronavirus Disease.
- Author
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Keep S, Carr BV, Lean FZX, Fones A, Newman J, Dowgier G, Freimanis G, Vatzia E, Polo N, Everest H, Webb I, Mcnee A, Paudyal B, Thakur N, Nunez A, MacLoughlin R, Maier H, Hammond J, Bailey D, Waters R, Charleston B, Tuthill T, Britton P, Bickerton E, and Tchilian E
- Subjects
- Animals, SARS-CoV-2, Swine, COVID-19, Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus, Swine Diseases, Transmissible gastroenteritis virus
- Abstract
In the light of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, we have developed a porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) model for in depth mechanistic evaluation of the pathogenesis, virology and immune responses of this important family of viruses. Pigs are a large animal with similar physiology and immunology to humans and are a natural host for PRCV. Four PRCV strains were investigated and shown to induce different degrees of lung pathology. Importantly, although all four strains replicated equally well in porcine cell lines in vitro and in the upper respiratory tract in vivo , PRCV strains causing more severe lung pathology were also able to replicate in ex vivo tracheal organ cultures as well as in vivo in the trachea and lung. The time course of infection of PRCV 135, which caused the most severe pulmonary pathology, was investigated. Virus was shed from the upper respiratory tract until day 10 post infection, with infection of the respiratory mucosa, as well as olfactory and sustentacular cells, providing an excellent model to study upper respiratory tract disease in addition to the commonly known lower respiratory tract disease from PRCV. Infected animals made antibody and T cell responses that cross reacted with the four PRCV strains and Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus. The antibody response was reproduced in vitro in organ cultures. Comparison of mechanisms of infection and immune control in pigs infected with PRCVs of differing pathogenicity with human data from SARS-CoV-2 infection and from our in vitro organ cultures, will enable key events in coronavirus infection and disease pathogenesis to be identified., Competing Interests: RM is an employee of company Aerogen. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Keep, Carr, Lean, Fones, Newman, Dowgier, Freimanis, Vatzia, Polo, Everest, Webb, Mcnee, Paudyal, Thakur, Nunez, MacLoughlin, Maier, Hammond, Bailey, Waters, Charleston, Tuthill, Britton, Bickerton and Tchilian.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Spatial, temporal and molecular dynamics of swine influenza virus-specific CD8 tissue resident memory T cells.
- Author
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Martini V, Edmans M, Gubbins S, Jayaraman S, Paudyal B, Morgan S, McNee A, Morin T, Rijal P, Gerner W, Sewell AK, Inoue R, Bailey M, Connelley T, Charleston B, Townsend A, Beverley P, and Tchilian E
- Subjects
- Animals, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Epitopes, Humans, Immunologic Memory, Memory T Cells, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Swine, Influenza A virus, Influenza, Human, Orthomyxoviridae Infections
- Abstract
For the first time we have defined naïve, central memory, effector memory and differentiated effector porcine CD8 T cells and analyzed their distribution in lymphoid and respiratory tissues after influenza infection or immunization, using peptide-MHC tetramers of three influenza nucleoprotein (NP) epitopes. The hierarchy of response to the three epitopes changes during the response in different tissues. Most NP-specific CD8 T cells in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) and lung are tissue resident memory cells (TRM) that express CD69 and downregulate CD45RA and CCR7. NP-specific cells isolated from BAL express genes characteristic of TRM, but gene expression differs at 7, 21 and 63 days post infection. In all tissues the frequency of NP-specific CD8 cells declines over 63 days almost to background levels but is best maintained in BAL. The kinetic of influenza specific memory CD8 T cell in this natural host species differs from that in small animal models., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Retraction Note: Obesity-induced adipokine imbalance impairs mouse pulmonary vascular endothelial function and primes the lung for injury.
- Author
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Shah D, Romero F, Duong M, Wang N, Paudyal B, Suratt BT, Kallen CB, Sun J, Zhu Y, Walsh K, and Summer R
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Low Dose Pig Anti-Influenza Virus Monoclonal Antibodies Reduce Lung Pathology but Do Not Prevent Virus Shedding.
- Author
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Paudyal B, McNee A, Rijal P, Carr BV, Nunez A, McCauley J, Daniels RS, Townsend AR, Hammond JA, and Tchilian E
- Subjects
- Administration, Intravenous, Animals, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid virology, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus immunology, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype immunology, Influenza, Human immunology, Influenza, Human transmission, Influenza, Human virology, Lung drug effects, Lung immunology, Lung pathology, Lung virology, Nasal Mucosa drug effects, Nasal Mucosa pathology, Nasal Mucosa virology, Sus scrofa, Viral Load immunology, Virus Shedding drug effects, Virus Shedding immunology, Antibodies, Monoclonal administration & dosage, Antibodies, Viral administration & dosage, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype isolation & purification, Influenza, Human drug therapy
- Abstract
We have established the pig, a large natural host animal for influenza, with many physiological similarities to humans, as a robust model for testing the therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In this study we demonstrated that prophylactic intravenous administration of 15 mg/kg of porcine mAb pb18, against the K160-163 site of the hemagglutinin, significantly reduced lung pathology and nasal virus shedding and eliminated virus from the lung of pigs following H1N1pdm09 challenge. When given at 1 mg/kg, pb18 significantly reduced lung pathology and lung and BAL virus loads, but not nasal shedding. Similarly, when pb18 was given in combination with pb27, which recognized the K130 site, at 1 mg/kg each, lung virus load and pathology were reduced, although without an apparent additive or synergistic effect. No evidence for mAb driven virus evolution was detected. These data indicate that intravenous administration of high doses was required to reduce nasal virus shedding, although this was inconsistent and seldom complete. In contrast, the effect on lung pathology and lung virus load is consistent and is also seen at a one log lower dose, strongly indicating that a lower dose might be sufficient to reduce severity of disease, but for prevention of transmission other measures would be needed., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Paudyal, McNee, Rijal, Carr, Nunez, McCauley, Daniels, Townsend, Hammond and Tchilian.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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