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1. Spatial and temporal dynamics of mass mortalities in oysters is influenced by energetic reserves and food quality.

Author

Fabrice Pernet, Franck Lagarde, Nicolas Jeannée, Gaetan Daigle, Jean Barret, Patrik Le Gall, Claudie Quere, and Emmanuelle Roque D'orbcastel

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Although spatial studies of diseases on land have a long history, far fewer have been made on aquatic diseases. Here, we present the first large-scale, high-resolution spatial and temporal representation of a mass mortality phenomenon cause by the Ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1) that has affected oysters (Crassostrea gigas) every year since 2008, in relation to their energetic reserves and the quality of their food. Disease mortality was investigated in healthy oysters deployed at 106 locations in the Thau Mediterranean lagoon before the start of the epizootic in spring 2011. We found that disease mortality of oysters showed strong spatial dependence clearly reflecting the epizootic process of local transmission. Disease initiated inside oyster farms spread rapidly beyond these areas. Local differences in energetic condition of oysters, partly driven by variation in food quality, played a significant role in the spatial and temporal dynamics of disease mortality. In particular, the relative contribution of diatoms to the diet of oysters was positively correlated with their energetic reserves, which in turn decreased the risk of disease mortality.

Published
2014
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2. Marine ecological aquaculture: a successful Mediterranean integrated multi-trophic aquaculture case study of a fish, oyster and algae assemblage

Author

Emmanuelle Roque D’Orbcastel, Mathieu Lutier, Emilie Le Floc’h, François Ruelle, Sébastien Triplet, Patrik Le Gall, Clarisse Hubert, Martine Fortune, Thierry Laugier, Thibault Geoffroy, Anaïs Crottier, Angélique Gobet, Eric Fouilland, MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Station IFREMER de Palavas-les-Flots, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire Environnement Ressource Bretagne Nord (LERBN), LITTORAL (LITTORAL), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire Métabolites des Microalgues (METALG), and Physiologie et Toxines des Microalgues Toxiques et Nuisibles (PHYTOX)

Subjects
nutrient recycling, fish, microalgae, oysters, Aquatic Science, Agronomy and Crop Science, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract

International audience; Inspired by agroecology, ecological aquaculture proposes an alternative model that uses ecology as a paradigm to develop innovative, more eco-friendly aquaculture with environmental, economic and social benefits. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) is one application of this principle. Inspired by the natural trophic chain, it associates primary producers with primary or secondary consumers, providing a new source of biomass without requiring supplementary feed by recycling inorganic and organic wastes. Of these systems, land-based IMTAs demonstrate several advantages, especially easier control of nutrient flows, contaminants and/or predators. This study focused on a land-based marine IMTA, combining a recirculating aquaculture system for fish consecutively with a natural marine polyculture of microalgae and oyster cultivation. The objective was to assess the ability of the microalgal polyculture both to bioremediate fish nutrients and to sustain oyster growth. For the first time in a Mediterranean climate, we confirmed the feasibility of developing a microalgae community of interest for oysters maintained by fish effluent. Despite strong variability in microalgae production, this IMTA system resulted in significant oyster growth over the experimental period of one month, with growth results of the same order of magnitude as natural juvenile growth. In the conditions tested, this IMTA with reduced human intervention allowed a gain in recoverable biomass of 3.7 g of oyster produced per kg of fish feed distributed. By transforming waste into additional biomass, IMTAs offer a more promising, ecological avenue for aquaculture, based on a circular economy, which may in turn increase the social acceptability of fish farming.

Published
2022

3. In situ characterisation of pathogen dynamics during a Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome episode

Author

Yannick Gueguen, Gregory Messiaen, Behzad Mostajir, Martine Fortune, Marion Richard, Serge Mortreux, Franck Lagarde, Patrik Le Gall, Emmanuelle Roque D'Orbcastel, David Parin, Julien de Lorgeril, Juliette Pouzadoux, Sébastien Mas, Béatrice Bec, Annie Fiandrino, Jean Luc Rolland, Laboratoire Service d' Experimentations Aquacoles [Palavas les Flots] (LSEA MARBEC), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Observatoire de REcherche Méditerranéen de l'Environnement (OSU OREME), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Oyster, animal structures, Ostreid herpesvirus 1, Zoology, [SDV.SA.ZOO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Zootechny, Aquaculture, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, biology.animal, Animals, Disease, 14. Life underwater, Crassostrea, Shellfish, Vibrio, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, Bacteria, biology, Thau lagoon, Microbiota Bacteria, business.industry, Microbiota, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, fungi, food and beverages, Pelagic zone, General Medicine, Pacific oyster, biology.organism_classification, Pollution, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Arcobacter, Crassostrea gigas, France, business
Abstract

International audience; Significant mortality of Crassostrea gigas juveniles is observed systematically every year worldwide. Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS) is caused by Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) infection leading to immune suppression, followed by bacteraemia caused by a consortium of opportunistic bacteria. Using an in-situ approach and pelagic chambers, our aim in this study was to identify pathogen dynamics in oyster flesh and in the water column during the course of a mortality episode in the Mediterranean Thau lagoon (France). OsHV-1 concentrations in oyster flesh increased before the first clinical symptoms of the disease appeared, reached maximum concentrations during the moribund phase and the mortality peak. The structure of the bacterial community associated with oyster flesh changed in favour of bacterial genera previously associated with oyster mortality including Vibrio, Arcobacter, Psychrobium, and Psychrilyobacter. During the oyster mortality episode, releases of OsHV-1 and opportunistic bacteria were observed, in succession, in the water surrounding the oyster lanterns. These releases may favour the spread of disease within oyster farms and potentially impact other marine species, thereby reducing marine biodiversity in shellfish farming areas

Published
2021

4. Benthic-pelagic coupling under juvenile oyster influence in a French Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Thau Lagoon)

Author

Élise Lacoste, Béatrice Bec, Patrik Le Gall, Fehmi Boufahja, Patrick Raimbault, Gregory Messiaen, Vincent Ouisse, Emmanuelle Roque d’Orbcastel, Dominique Munaron, Annie Fiandrino, Franck Lagarde, Sébastien Mas, Myriam Callier, Nabila Gaertner-Mazouni, Marion Richard, MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Laboratoire Service d' Experimentations Aquacoles [Palavas les Flots] (LSEA MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Centre d'Ecologie marine expérimentale (MEDIMEER), Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de REcherche Méditerranéen de l'Environnement (OSU OREME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Station IFREMER de Palavas-les-Flots, Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens (UMR 241) (EIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Institut Louis Malardé [Papeete] (ILM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), and Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)

Subjects
Shellfish farming, Benthic fluxes, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, fungi, Phytoplankton, Biodeposition, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Aquatic Science, Coastal lagoon, Oceanography, geographic locations
Abstract

International audience; The aim of the present work was to test the influence of juvenile oyster culture on benthic-pelagic coupling in the French Mediterranean Thau Lagoon. Although the period of juvenile growth induces the introduction of millions of juvenile oysters in the lagoon over a short duration, the effects on the water-column and on the benthic ecosystem are poorly known. Using a multiple ecological approach, water column parameters, sedimentation rates, sediment characteristics and benthic fluxes were monitored on three occasions during the oyster pre-growth period, from October to December, at two sites inside the farming area and two sites outside the farming area that served as reference. In the water column, results showed a significant lower ratio between total phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll-a) and degraded pigments (pheopigment), a significant increase in the contribution of phytoplankton containing chlorophyll-b (ie chlorophytes) to total phytoplankton biomass and a significant decrease in the contribution of phytoplankton containing chlorophyll-c (mainly diatoms) to the total phytoplankton biomass at farm sites, attributed to the grazing pressure caused by juvenile oysters on large particles, as described for adult oysters. No significant effect was observed at the benthic interface during this period, due to the dispersion of the small quantities of biodeposit produced by juveniles in the low water temperature conditions. A multivariate approach supported the effect of juvenile oysters on the water column and revealed a trend in benthic conditions with farm sites being distinct from the reference ones. The long farming history of the lagoon could have shaped sediment properties such that farming areas maintain different benthic conditions.

Published
2022

5. Gametogenesis, spawning behavior and larval abundance of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in the Thau lagoon: Evidence of an environment-dependent strategy

Author

Stephane Pouvreau, Claude Chiantella, Serge Mortreux, Franck Lagarde, Patrik Le Gall, Annie Fiandrino, Martin Ubertini, Ismael Bernard, Emmanuelle Roque D'Orbcastel, MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Oyster, Spawning triggers, panorama, [SDV.SA.ZOO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Zootechny, Aquatic Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Oysters, biology.animal, Mollusc physiology, Phytoplankton, 14. Life underwater, [SDV.BDD.GAM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Development Biology/Gametogenesis, Shellfish, biology, Ecology, ACL, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Dinoflagellate, Pacific oyster, biology.organism_classification, Hatchery, Fishery, Diatom, Crassostrea
Abstract

International audience; The Thau lagoon, located at the South of France, provides 10% of the French pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas production. Despite this intensive shellfish production, the larval recruitment of this species within the Thau lagoon is still misunderstood and spat collection remains highly variable; as a consequence, shellfish farmers rely mostly on hatchery”s spat. The present study aimed to describe reproduction features of C. gigas within the Mediterranean, as well as to explore spawning triggers of this species. To achieve this goal, the reproduction cycle from gametogenesis to spawning was followed during two years in several locations within the Mediterranean Thau lagoon. The spawning behavior of C. gigas within the Thau lagoon appeared to be slightly different from the one of the Atlantic Coast, showing several spawning events from June to October. The minimal temperature for massive spawning was 23 °C, which is much higher than temperatures mentioned in the literature for this species. A strong relationship was found between phytoplankton communities and gametogenesis, the latter being improved by a higher diatom/dinoflagellate ratio. Temperature was insufficient alone to explain spawning, highlighting other potential triggers such as the moon or lightning strikes. We made the hypothesis of a hierarchy of events triggering spawning, encompassing locking, synchrony and intensifying triggers. Statement of relevance This paper is filling in a gap in the literature regarding to reproduction of C. gigas in the Thau lagoon, which is always associated to temperature. However, temperature may not be the only factor involved in oyster reproduction, that is what we tried to show in this paper.

Published
2017

6. Heterogeneity of Japanese Oyster (Crassostrea Gigas) Spat Collection in a Shellfish Farmed Mediterranean Lagoon

Author

Cécile Roques, Gilles Miron, Gregory Messiaen, Jean-Louis Guillou, Béatrice Bec, Ismael Bernard, Marion Richard, Helene Cochet, Annie Fiandrino, Martin Ubertini, Adeline Perignon, Stephane Pouvreau, Erika Gervasoni, Franck Lagarde, Claude Chiantella, Emmanuelle Roque D'Orbcastel, Serge Mortreux, Patrik Le Gall, Slem Meddah, Delphine Bonnet, and Axel Leurion

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Oyster, biology, media_common.quotation_subject, biology.organism_classification, Competition (biology), Predation, Fishery, Geography, biology.animal, Crassostrea, Ecosystem, Shellfish, media_common, Trophic level
Abstract

Japanese oysters spatfields were recently discovered in the French Mediterranean Thau lagoon farmed for shellfish. This discovery led to interesting issues concerning research for a highly seashell exploited ecosystem. The analyses of various environmental parameters characterized favorable sites and periods for spat collection. Spat collection in Thau lagoon presented high temporal and spatial heterogeneities related to hydrodynamic, predation, competition and trophic resource variability. Here, the results highlight various explicative factors of the Japanese oysters recruitment within Thau lagoon and underline the high ecological variability in the studied system under oligotrophication.

Published
2019

7. First simultaneous assessment of macro- and meiobenthic community response to juvenile shellfish culture in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Thau, France)

Author

Vincent Ouisse, Jocelyne Oheix, Patrik Le Gall, Corinne Pelaprat, Gregory Messiaen, Serge Mortreux, Emmanuelle Roque D'Orbcastel, Fehmi Boufahja, Élise Lacoste, Tom Berteaux, Nabila Gaertner-Mazouni, Marion Richard, MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Laboratoire Service d' Experimentations Aquacoles [Palavas les Flots] (LSEA MARBEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF), Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens (UMR 241) (EIO), Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Institut Louis Malardé [Papeete] (ILM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Institut Louis Malardé [Papeete] (ILM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Meiofauna, Meiobenthos, General Decision Sciences, Aquaculture, 010501 environmental sciences, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Shellfish, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Trophic level, Ecology, business.industry, Environmental impact assessment, Benthic indicators, Taxon, Benthic zone, Trait based approach, Macrofauna, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business
Abstract

WOS:000561438700036; International audience; Shellfish aquaculture has the potential to alter benthic assemblage composition with subsequent modifications of ecosystem functioning. While the impacts of aquaculture on the taxonomic structure of macro- and — to a lesser extent — meiofauna, have been widely studied, the functional changes of these communities remain relatively unknown. The recent development of biological trait analysis (BTA) has made it possible to produce information about how ecosystem functioning could change across specific terrestrial or aquatic system. In the present study, we used a BTA in parallel with standard taxonomic analysis to evaluate how well the two approaches detected the potential influence of juvenile oyster culture on the benthic community in the French Mediterranean Thau Lagoon. Two sites were sampled under farm structures and compared with two reference sites beyond the influence of farming. This study is the first detailed parallel description of macro- and meiofauna (nematodes). A total of 118 and 41 taxa were determined for macrofauna and nematodes respectively. Some taxa were more abundant or exclusively observed under farm structures such as Chaetozone gibber and Neanthes acuminata for macrofauna and Daptonema fallax and Anticoma eberthi for nematodes. Overall, our results indicate that biological traits and functional indices both detected the impact of shellfish culture on benthic assemblages, whereas macrofauna taxonomic indices revealed no difference. Our results thus suggest that trophic and ecological groups are particularly good indicators of the effects of shellfish culture. This study confirms the relevance of the functional approach, and more generally of multi-index approaches, to detect the influence of aquaculture on benthic communities. Further work is required to test multiple traits in different regions and under different systems, but this work paves the way for environmental impact assessment using a trait based approach.

Published
2020

8. Inefficient immune response is associated with microbial permissiveness in juvenile oysters affected by mass mortalities on field

Author

Patrik Le Gall, Yannick Gueguen, Patrice Got, Fabrice Pernet, Agnès Vergnes, Vincent Loubiere, Evelyne Bachère, Jean-Luc Jeannot, Fabien Aujoulat, Estelle Jumas-Bilak, Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón, Julien de Lorgeril, Jean-Michel Escoubas, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes lagunaires : organisation biologique et fonctionnement (ECOLAG), Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Oyster, animal structures, Mollusk, Host–pathogen interaction, 030106 microbiology, Disease, Aquatic Science, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Immune system, Immunity, biology.animal, Animals, Environmental Chemistry, Juvenile, Seawater, 14. Life underwater, Invertebrate, Crassostrea, In situ mortality, Herpesviridae, Vibrio, Innate immunity, Innate immune system, biology, ACL, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], fungi, Temperature, food and beverages, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, equipment and supplies, Immunity, Innate, 030104 developmental biology, Total bacteria, Host pathogen interaction, Crassostrea gigas, bacteria, France, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience; Since 2008, juvenile Crassostrea gigas oysters have suffered from massive mortalities in European fanning areas. This disease of complex etiology is still incompletely understood. Triggered by an elevated seawater temperature, it has been associated to infections by a herpes virus named OsHV-1 as well as pathogenic vibrios of the Splendidus Glade. Ruling out the complexity of the disease, most of our current knowledge has been acquired in controlled experiments. Among the many unsolved questions, it is still ignored what role immunity plays in the capacity oysters have to survive an infectious episode. Here we show that juvenile oysters susceptible to the disease mount an inefficient immune response associated with microbial permissiveness and death. We found that, in contrast to resistant adult oysters having survived an earlier episode of mortality, susceptible juvenile oysters never exposed to infectious episodes died by more than 90% in a field experiment. Susceptible oysters were heavily colonized by OsHV-1 herpes virus as well as bacteria including vibrios potentially pathogenic for oysters, which proliferated in oyster flesh and body fluids during the mortality event. Nonetheless, susceptible oysters were found to sense microbes as indicated by an overexpression of immune receptors and immune signaling pathways. However, they did not express important immune effectors involved in antimicrobial immunity and apoptosis and showed repressed expression of genes involved in ROS and metal homeostasis. This contrasted with resistant oysters, which expressed those important effectors, controlled bacterial and viral colonization and showed 100% survival to the mortality event. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the immune response mounted by susceptible oysters lacks some important immune functions and fails in controlling microbial proliferation. This study opens the way to more holistic studies on the "mass mortality syndrome", which are now required to decipher the sequence of events leading to oyster mortalities and determine the relative weight of pathogens, oyster genetics and oyster-associated microbiota in the disease.

Published
2018

9. Organic UV filter concentrations in marine mussels from French coastal regions

Author

Hélène Fenet, Zhi Li, Patrik Le Gall, Morgane Bachelot, Elena Gomez, Claude Casellas, Dominique Munaron, Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IFREMER LER/LR, Avenue Jean Monnet, BP 171, 34203 Sète Cedex, France, and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, animal structures, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mytilus edulis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], UV filter, 010501 environmental sciences, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Dry weight, Environmental monitoring, Animals, Environmental Chemistry, 14. Life underwater, Atlantic Ocean, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, fungi, Mussel, biology.organism_classification, Bioaccumulation, Pollution, Mytilus, EHMC, Oceanography, Mytilus galloprovincialis, OCT, Acrylates, Cinnamates, Air temperature, Sunscreening Agents, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

International audience; The accumulation of EHMC, OCT and OD-PABA, three common UV filter compounds, was investigated in marine mussels. Wild Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis were sampled in ten sites along the French Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts from June to November. In mussel tissues, 100% of the samples had quantifiable EHMC concentrations ranging from 3 to 256 ng g− 1 dry weight, while 55% of the samples had detectable OCT concentrations ranging from under 2 to 7 112 ng g− 1 dry weight. These concentrations significantly increased with the rising air temperature in summer, the recreational pressure and the geomorphological structure of the sampling sites (its lack of openness to the wide). This is the first study to report bioaccumulation of UV filters in marine mussels, thus highlighting the need for further monitoring and assessment.

Published
2012

10. Growth model of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, cultured in Thau Lagoon (Méditerranée, France)

Author

Jean-Michel Chabirand, Dominique Buestel, Aline Gangnery, Patrik Le Gall, Jocelyne Oheix, Cédric Bacher, and Franck Lagarde

Subjects
Chlorophyll a, Oyster, biology, Seston, Oyster farming, Aquatic Science, Pacific oyster, Particulates, Bivalvia, biology.organism_classification, Salinity, chemistry.chemical_compound, Oceanography, Animal science, chemistry, biology.animal
Abstract

We developed a growth model for the oyster Crassostrea gigas cultured in Thau Lagoon. The oyster standing stock in the lagoon ranged between 10,000 and 15,000 tons a year. Two culture methods are presently in use in Thau Lagoon which are used in about the same proportions. At seeding, initial size of oysters is different among methods. The model was calibrated on (1) growth data accounted for both culture methods and (2) hydrobiological data (temperature, salinity, suspended particulate matter and chlorophyll a ), both recorded in several sites in the lagoon between March 2000 and October 2001. The lagoon is slightly eutrophic: total chlorophyll a and total particulate matter averaged 1.2 μg l −1 and 2.2 mg l −1 , respectively. Organic content accounted for ca. 40–50% of particulate matter. There was no seasonal trend in seston, whereas temperature and salinity were minimal in winter. Oyster growth varied among sites in response to spatial variations in seston. Growth was maximal in summer and minimal in winter because of temperature seasonality. For each location, we modelled growth as a function of particulate organic matter and temperature. Chlorophyll a was left out of the model because of a weaker fit with growth. Growth was modelled as G = a POM b T c Y d , where G is the growth rate in shell length (mm day −1 ) or in mass (g day −1 ), POM is particulate organic matter (mg l −1 ), T is temperature (°C) and Y is either shell length (mm) or mass (total individual mass or dry flesh mass in g). Allometry ( Y d ) allowed us to use the same model for both culture methods. The model yielded a good fit with actual size, either as measured by shell length ( R 2 =0.96) or total individual mass ( R 2 =0.93).

Published
2003

11. Associations between farming practices and disease mortality of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in a Mediterranean lagoon

Author

Emmanuelle Roque D'Orbcastel, Franck Lagarde, Fabrice Pernet, Patrik Le Gall, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), and ANR-12-AGRO-0001,GIGASSAT,Adaptation des écosystèmes ostréicoles au changement global(2012)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Oyster, animal structures, Epidemiology, animal diseases, SH1-691, Aquaculture, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, 03 medical and health sciences, biology.animal, Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling, medicine, 14. Life underwater, QH540-549.5, Epizootic, 030304 developmental biology, Water Science and Technology, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, biology, OsHV-1, business.industry, ACL, Shellfish farming, fungi, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Mussel, Pacific oyster, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Mytilus, Fishery, 040102 fisheries, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Crassostrea, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business
Abstract

International audience; We present the first large-scale, high-resolution spatial and temporal pattern of disease mortality caused by Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) that has affected Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in France every year since 2008, in relation to local farm use. Mortality was monitored in healthy oyster spat deployed at 106 locations in the Thau Mediterranean lagoon during the epizootic that occurred in spring 2011. We conducted a field survey of farming practices in the areas where the sentinel oysters were placed before the epizootic. We found that the risk of disease mortality in sentinel oysters was higher within the bivalve farming area than outside it, suggesting that the infection pressure is much higher in areas with intensive farming activity. The risk of mortality was higher in farms rearing spat, a developmental stage particularly susceptible to OsHV-1, than in farms rearing adult oysters, which are generally more resistant. Additionally, the mortality risk in farms rearing adult animals was similar to that in empty farms, which suggests that, during the study period, adult oysters did not vector the disease. Interestingly, the mortality risk for sentinel oysters deployed in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis farms was lower than for those held in oyster farms or empty farms, suggesting that mussels reduced the infection pressure on susceptible oysters.

Published
2014

12. Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Mass Mortalities in Oysters Is Influenced by Energetic Reserves and Food Quality

Author

Franck Lagarde, Nicolas Jeannée, Fabrice Pernet, Claudie Quéré, Patrik Le Gall, Jean Barret, Emmanuelle Roque D'Orbcastel, Gaétan Daigle, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Geovariances, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), and ANR-12-AGRO-0001,GIGASSAT,Adaptation des écosystèmes ostréicoles au changement global(2012)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, Oyster, Time Factors, RUDITAPES-PHILIPPINARUM, Ecophysiology, lcsh:Medicine, MEDITERRANEAN THAU LAGOON, Oyster farming, Aquaculture, PACIFIC OYSTERS, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, DISEASE, Food chain, INFECTION, lcsh:Science, Physiological Ecology, Herpesviridae, Animal Management, CRASSOSTREA-GIGAS, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, biology, Geography, Ecology, Mortality rate, Fatty Acids, Marine Ecology, food and beverages, Agriculture, Lipids, Crassostrea, Regression Analysis, France, PERKINSUS-MARINUS, Research Article, Food Chain, TRANSMISSION, Marine Biology, Ecosystems, 03 medical and health sciences, Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Population Metrics, biology.animal, Death Rate, medicine, Animals, 14. Life underwater, Biology, Epizootic, 030304 developmental biology, Proportional Hazards Models, Oyster Farming, OSTREID HERPESVIRUS-1, Population Biology, HEMOCYTE PARAMETERS, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, ACL, lcsh:R, fungi, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Ostreidae, Survival Analysis, Food, DNA, Viral, lcsh:Q, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Energy Metabolism, Biomarkers
Abstract

International audience; Although spatial studies of diseases on land have a long history, far fewer have been made on aquatic diseases. Here, we present the first large-scale, high-resolution spatial and temporal representation of a mass mortality phenomenon cause by the Ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1) that has affected oysters (Crassostrea gigas) every year since 2008, in relation to their energetic reserves and the quality of their food. Disease mortality was investigated in healthy oysters deployed at 106 locations in the Thau Mediterranean lagoon before the start of the epizootic in spring 2011. We found that disease mortality of oysters showed strong spatial dependence clearly reflecting the epizootic process of local transmission. Disease initiated inside oyster farms spread rapidly beyond these areas. Local differences in energetic condition of oysters, partly driven by variation in food quality, played a significant role in the spatial and temporal dynamics of disease mortality. In particular, the relative contribution of diatoms to the diet of oysters was positively correlated with their energetic reserves, which in turn decreased the risk of disease mortality.

Published
2014

13. Mass mortalities of Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas reflect infectious diseases and vary with farming practices in the Mediterranean Thau lagoon, France

Author

Fabrice Pernet, Jean Barret, Nicolas Keck, Jean-Francois Pepin, Lionel Degremont, Patrik Le Gall, Charlotte Corporeau, and Franck Lagarde

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, animal structures, Oyster farming, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, Energetic, 03 medical and health sciences, Mediterranean sea, Pacific oyster, Disease, 14. Life underwater, Mortality, Farming practices, 030304 developmental biology, Water Science and Technology, 0303 health sciences, biology, business.industry, fungi, Outbreak, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, biology.organism_classification, equipment and supplies, Fishery, Mass mortality, Agriculture, 040102 fisheries, Hydrodynamics, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Crassostrea, bacteria, business
Abstract

Experiments were conducted to investi- gate the effects of farming sites, seeding date, age of oysters, ploidy level and rearing structures on mor - tality, pathogens and energetic reserves of oysters Crassostrea gigas. Mortality of oysters coincided with infections involving, primarily, the ostreid herpesvirus OsHV-1 and, secondarily, bacteria of the group Vibrio splendidus, when seawater temperature was between 17 and 24°C. Mortality started in early May and lasted until late September, with an interruption in July and August when seawater temperatures rose above 24°C. Mortality varied with farming site: oysters maintained in the open Mediterranean Sea showed no mortality and OsHV-1 was occasionally detected at a low level only, while oysters maintained in the farming area of the Thau lagoon exhibited mass mortality events concomitantly with outbreaks of OsHV-1. Mortality of oysters maintained in the Thau lagoon but outside the oyster farming area was sporadic and co incided with currents coming from the farming area where mortality was occurring. Mortality of oysters also varied with farming practices. Naive oysters remained susceptible to pathogen-related mortality pressure during their first 2 yr, whereas oysters that had survived a mass mortality event in the past appeared resistant. Mor - talities of diploid (2n) and triploid (3n) oysters were similar during spring but mortalities of 2n oysters were double those of 3n oysters during summer and autumn. Finally, oysters grown in Australian baskets suffered 80% mortality compared with only 30% among oysters cemented onto ropes. The effects of farming practices on mortality are discussed in relation to pathogens and energetic reserves of oysters. OPENEN ACCESSCESS

Published
2012

15. RESCO - National framework for spatial and temporal evolution of summer mortality : Results 2014

Author

Amico Florence, D., Bouget, Jean-Francois, Chabirand, Jean-Michel, Fouillaron, Pierre, Grizon, James, Lamoureux, Alice, Lebrun, Luc, Patrik Le Gall, Louis, Wilfried, Mary, Charlotte, Maurer, Daniele, Mortreux, Serge, Julien Normand, Palvadeau, Hubert, Penot, Julia, Pepin, Jean-Francois, Sébastien Petton, Pien, S., Stéphane Pouvreau, Queau, Isabelle, Robert, Stephane, Seugnet, Jean-Luc, Lefe, V., Quemener, Loïc, Masson, Jean-Claude, Dominique Soudant, Haury, A., Petton Bruno, and Cheve, Julien

16. RESCO - National framework for spatial and temporal evolution of summer mortality : Results 2013

Author

Bedier, Edouard, Bouget, Jean-Francois, Langlade, Aime, Jacqueline, Franck, Mary, Charlotte, Julien Normand, Cheve, Julien, Penot, Julia, Le Brun, Luc, Le Gal, Dominique, Palvadeau, Hubert, Chabirand, Jean-Michel, Guesdon, Stephane, Grizon, James, Pepin, Jean-Francois, Robert, Stephane, Seugnet, Jean-Luc, Amico Florence, D., Maurer, Daniele, Patrik Le Gall, Pien, Sebastien, and Lefebvre, Vincent

20. Bilan 2019 du dispositif national de surveillance de la santé des mollusques marins. REPAMO

Author

Verin, Francoise, Hebert, Pascale, Louis, Wilfried, Julien Normand, Cheve, Julien, Le Gac-Abernot, Chantal, Lebrun, Luc, Bouget, Jean-Francois, Nathalie Cochennec-Laureau, Pierre-Duplessix, Olivier, Palvadeau, Hubert, Christophe Stavrakakis, Grizon, James, Chabirand, Jean-Michel, Seugnet, Jean-Luc, Geairon, Philippe, Amico Florence, D., Rumebe, Myriam, Patrik Le Gall, and Richard, Marion

21. Bulletin de la Surveillance de la Qualité du Milieu Marin Littoral. Départements d'Ille-et-Vilaine et des Côtes d'Armor

Author

Chevé, Julien, Dagault, Francoise, Patrik Le Gall, Legendre, Aurelie, Lejolivet, Aurore, and Rollet, Claire

Subjects
contaminant chimique, littoral, phytoplancton, microbiologie fécale, phycotoxine, écologie benthique, observation environnementale, hydrologie, Surveillance sanitaire, suivi ostréicole
Abstract

L’Ifremer coordonne, sur l’ensemble du littoral métropolitain, la mise en oeuvre des réseaux d’observation et de surveillance de la mer côtière. Ce bulletin contient une synthèse et une analyse des données collectées par l’ensemble des réseaux pour les départements d’Ille‐et‐Vilaine et des Côtes d’Armor. Des représentations graphiques homogènes, assorties de commentaires, donnent des indications sur les niveaux et les tendances des paramètres mesurés.

23. Lagoon Monitoring network of Languedoc-Roussillon (France). Annual report 2002

Author

Abadie, Eric, Alzieu, Claude, Carreras, Antoni, Cesmat, Ludovic, Chiantella, Claude, Dagault, Francoise, Dupre, Nicolas, Fortune, Martine, francois galgani, Grimaux, Caroline, Guillou, Jean-Louis, Guillouet, Genevieve, Juge, Claude, Lauque, Vanessa, Laurent, Christian, Loubersac, Lionel, Lemsanni, Abdellah, Messiaen, Gregory, Pastoureaud, Annie, Rochel, Elisabeth, Senia, Jocelyn, Ophelie Serais, Sospedra, Colette, Vidal, Mathilde, Buestel, Dominique, Hamon, Pierre-Yves, Franck Lagarde, Patrik Le Gall, Oheix, Jocelyne, Pichot, Yves, Vercelli, Catherine, Andral, Bruno, Stanisiere, Jean-Yves, Averty, Bernard, Michel, Pierre, Bec, Béatrice, Collos, Yves, Lauret, Michel, Pons, Virginie, Vaquer, André, Clavier, Jacques, Huet, Martial, Paulet, Yves-Marie, Rebouillon, Pierre, Dutrieux, Eric, and Canovas, Sophie

24. Bilan 2016 du dispositif national de surveillance de la santé des mollusques marins

Author

christine dubreuil, Noyer, Mathilde, Chollet, Bruno, Marie-Agnès Travers, Benjamin Morga, Isabelle Arzul, Tourbiez, Delphine, Faury, Nicole, Godfrin, Yoann, Lecadet, Cyrielle, Dutta, Bhagat Lal, Bechemin, Christian, Cordier, Remy, Verin, Francoise, Louis, Wilfried, Mary, Charlotte, Cheve, Julien, Le Jolivet, Aurore, Penot, Julia, Le Gal, Dominique, Lebrun, Luc, Bouget, Jean-Francois, Nathalie Cochennec-Laureau, Palvadeau, Hubert, Grizon, James, Chabirand, Jean-Michel, Geairon, Philippe, Pepin, Jean-Francois, Seugnet, Jean-Luc, Auby, Isabelle, Amico Florence, D., Maurer, Daniele, Patrik Le Gall, Mortreux, Serge, Baldi, Yoann, Orsoni, Valerie, Bouchoucha, Marc, Le Roy, Valerian, Petton Bruno, Sébastien Petton, Stéphane Pouvreau, Queau, Isabelle, Salou, Marine, Durand, Gaetane, Lamoureux, Alice, and Provost, Charlotte

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