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We established a protocol for fast, cost efficient Sars-CoV-2 sequencing with little as possible hands-on time (around 3h in total, excluding RNA extraction). The whole Sequencing can be done in one working day, including the bioinformatic pipeline. The cost per sample accumulates at around 40$, with already isolated RNA. We adapted and simplified existing workflows using the ‘midnight’ 1,200 bp amplicon split primer sets for PCR, which produce tiled overlapping amplicons covering almost all of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Subsequently, we applied the Oxford Nanopore Rapid barcoding protocol and the portable MinION Mk1C sequencer in combination with the ARTIC bioinformatics pipeline. We tested the simplified and less time-consuming workflow on confirmed SARS-CoV-2-positive specimens from clinical routine and identified pre-analytical parameters, which may help to decrease the rate of sequencing failures. Duration of the complete pipeline was approx. 7 hrs for one specimen and approx. 11 hrs for 12 multiplexed barcoded specimens. This protocol is a modified version of Nikki Freed and Olin Silanders protocol. To get information such as Primers, visit their protocol. Nikki Freed, Olin Silander 2020. nCoV-2019 sequencing protocol (RAPID barcoding, 1200bp amplicon).doi: 10.1093/biomethods/bpaa014 Our peer-reviewed paper is available here: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/12/2598

Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis - Structure Questionnaire (OPD-SQ) in Youth: First Results on Reliability and Validity The OPD structure axis questionnaire (OPD-SQ) demonstrated good empirical findings and usability in therapeutic work. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the OPD-SQ for an adolescent sample in order to further implement the questionnaire as an economic instrument in clinical childhood and adolescence psychiatry routine. The overall sample consisted of 180 adolescent inpatients (72.8 % female) and 152 pupils (57.9 % female). In order to test reliability, Cronbach's alpha and discriminatory power were assessed. To test validity, YSR11-18 data was collected for the overall sample, and further data (AIDA, LoPF Q12-18, SKID-II, WISC-IV) was collected for the inpatient-sample. Cronbach's alpha was satisfactory for overall OPD-SQ, and all dimensions and sub-dimensions. The differences in mean values between inpatients and pupils were as expected. When controlled for overall symptom severity, gender differences lost significance. Adolescents with one or more SCID-II diagnoses had significantly lower psychic structure. Both construct-related questionnaires (AIDA, LoPF Q12-18) correlated high with OPD-SQ, no correlations were found for psychic structure and intelligence. OPD-SQ proved to be well applicable for the use on adolescents and can be implemented as an economic instrument for the measure of psychic structure in clinical adolescent psychiatry routine.

Over the past decade, the United Kingdom has deprived an increasing number of British subjects of their citizenship. This policy, known as “denaturalization,” has been applied with particular harshness in cases where foreign-born subjects have been accused of terrorist activity. The increase is part of a global trend. In recent years, Canada, Australia, France, and the Netherlands have either debated or enacted denaturalization statutes. But Britain remains an outlier among Western democracies. Since 2006, the United Kingdom home secretary has revoked the citizenship of at least 373 Britons, of whom at least 53 have had alleged links to terrorism. This is more than the total number of revocations by Canada, France, Australia, and Netherlands combined. These developments are troubling, as the right to be secure in one's citizenship has been a cornerstone of the postwar European liberal political order, and of the international community's commitment to human rights.

Denaturalization and denationalization were once much more common among western democracies. From 1906 till 1968, the United States of America, France and the United Kingdom denationalized their citizens by hundreds and thousands, for fraud or illegality during the process of naturalization, for dual citizenship, or for banal default of loyalty. In a context of a ‘war against terror’ we are now seeing an apparent return to the past – with the resuming of denationalization policies and provisions. However, the previous restriction imposed through courts and judicial bodies on the power to denaturalize in the USA, France and the UK, the international recognition of citizenship as the most important human right, the transformation of nationality and the acceptance of dual citizenship, and the impact and meaning of citizenship in a republic explain why, while being hotly debated and highly supported by the majority of citizens, denationalization has resumed only symbolically in the USA and France, if not in the UK.

Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis - Structure Questionnaire (OPD-SQ) in Youth: First Results on Reliability and Validity The OPD structure axis questionnaire (OPD-SQ) demonstrated good empirical findings and usability in therapeutic work. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the OPD-SQ for an adolescent sample in order to further implement the questionnaire as an economic instrument in clinical childhood and adolescence psychiatry routine. The overall sample consisted of 180 adolescent inpatients (72.8 % female) and 152 pupils (57.9 % female). In order to test reliability, Cronbach's alpha and discriminatory power were assessed. To test validity, YSR11-18 data was collected for the overall sample, and further data (AIDA, LoPF Q12-18, SKID-II, WISC-IV) was collected for the inpatient-sample. Cronbach's alpha was satisfactory for overall OPD-SQ, and all dimensions and sub-dimensions. The differences in mean values between inpatients and pupils were as expected. When controlled for overall symptom severity, gender differences lost significance. Adolescents with one or more SCID-II diagnoses had significantly lower psychic structure. Both construct-related questionnaires (AIDA, LoPF Q12-18) correlated high with OPD-SQ, no correlations were found for psychic structure and intelligence. OPD-SQ proved to be well applicable for the use on adolescents and can be implemented as an economic instrument for the measure of psychic structure in clinical adolescent psychiatry routine.Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von den guten empirischen Befunden und der Einsetzbarkeit des OPD-Strukturfragebogens (OPD-SF) war es Ziel dieser Studie zu prüfen, ob der OPD-SF auch auf eine jugendliche Stichprobe valide anwendbar ist. Die Gesamtstichprobe (n = 332) besteht aus 180 stationären jugendlichen Patient/innen (72,8 % weiblich) und 152 Schüler/innen (57,9 % weiblich). Zur Reliabilitätsprüfung werden für die Skalen des OPD-SF und seiner Subdimensionen Cronbachs Alphas und Trennschärfeindizes berechnet. Zur Prüfung der Validität kam zusätzlich der YSR11-18R in der Gesamtstichprobe zum Einsatz. Für die klinische Stichprobe liegen weitere Daten (AIDA, LoPF Q12-18, SKID II, WISC-IV) vor, die neben Alter und Geschlecht in die Validierungsprüfungen einbezogen werden. Itemtrennschärfe sowie Cronbachs Alphas liegen sowohl beim Gesamtwert des OPD-SF sowie bei allen Dimensionen und Subdimension in einem zufriedenstellenden Bereich. Es zeigen sich deutliche Unterschiede zwischen Schul- und klinischer Stichprobe in erwarteten Richtungen. Die Geschlechtsdifferenzen verlieren ihre Signifikanz, wenn für den Gesamtbeschwerdedruck kontrolliert wird. Jugendliche, die mindestens eine SKID-II Diagnose erfüllen, zeigen deutlich höhere Werte im OPD-SF. Weiter ergeben sich hohe korrelative Zusammenhänge zwischen dem OPD-SF und den zwei konstruktnahen Fragebögen, zur Intelligenz zeigten sich keine Zusammenhänge. Reliabilitäts- und Validitätsprüfung konnten zeigen, dass der OPD-SF auch bei Jugendlichen ein ökonomisches und valides Instrument zur Diagnostik in der klinische Routine darstellt.

Today, the European Union asylum regime seems to be ruled by two mechanisms that provokes the anger of some member states and then of others. There is a risk that on asylum issues, the divided European Union explodes. This paper explores different options to avoid this outcome.

Aujourd’hui la régulation de l’asile politique dans l’Union européenne parait gérée par deux mécanismes qui provoquent la colère des uns puis celle des autres. Le risque aujourd’hui existe que sur l’asile, l’une de ses valeurs les plus fondamentales l’Union européenne se divise, se « démoralise » et éclate. Comment sortir de l’impasse ? Les auteurs esquissent des pistes de sortie de la crise actuelle.

Citizenship―the legal link between the individual and the nation-state―has developed its own independent history. Prior to the American and French Revolutions, citizenship was based on allegiance to versus protection of the King, but in the nineteenth century it was transformed into a conditional status based on rights and duties. Recently, courts and governments have secured citizenship, bringing about a new stage in its development: reversing the traditional dependency of the individual on the state, they recognized that sovereignty belongs to citizens. This model was presented by the U.S. Supreme Court in the late 1950s, but originated in a movement of the whole international community which aimed to guarantee the protections of citizenship to all individuals: it reduced statelessness, securing it for 99.8% of human beings; it gave rise to multiple citizenship and, paradoxically, reinforced nation-states as the main providers of the “the right to have rights.” Far from signifying a “post-national” or “disaggregated” form of citizenship, these legal developments, in the context of globalization, consolidate and reinforce national citizenship.