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Nanocrystals of copper oxide (n-CuO) were synthesized using a simple cost-efficient wet chemical procedure and characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron mi...

Phenolic compounds are priority chemicals which, when discharged in wastewater, need to be removed. Photochemical treatment has been demonstrated to be very effective for this task. This paper reports a study to assess the potential of a nano-photo-Fenton-like reagent (NFLR), based on synthesized haematite ( $$\upalpha $$ - $$\hbox {Fe}_{2}\hbox {O}_{3})$$ nano-crystalline powder, to remove phenol from wastewater. The use of haematite nano-structures as a source of $$\hbox {Fe}^{3+}$$ in NFLR provides a novel and low-cost nano-catalysis treatment of phenol wastewater. The study evaluated the effect of the initial concentration of the phenol pollutant (200–1000 mg/L), and the photo-Fenton parameters such as the nano-haematite and $$\hbox {H}_{2}\hbox {O}_{2}$$ concentrations (100–800 mg/L) and pH range from 2 to 8. NFLR was able to remove about 98% of phenol in about 20 min from a solution initially containing 400 ppm of phenol. Furthermore, a Box–Behnken factorial design was applied to optimize the operating NFLR parameters. The optimum conditions for phenol removal were shown to be 398 mg/L for $$\hbox {Fe}^{3+}$$ , 41 mg/L for $$\hbox {H}_{2}\hbox {O}_{2}$$ and 3.25 for pH. The degradation obtained using a response surface methodology is compared with that recorded experimentally at the optimized values. The NFLR, based on nano-haematite, was found to be an effective treatment for the removal of phenol from wastewater.

Climatological influences and catchment pressures have altered the natural energy regime in the lower Mara River in Tanzania, creating conditions favourable for sedimentation. Wetland growth in the lower Mara River is investigated through particle size analyses and high resolution micro-XRF screening of sediment cores from the area. Geochemical profiling indicates that the Mara wetlands serve as an important trap for contaminated sediments originating the North Mara Gold Mine complex. Heavy metals and arsenic (As) appear to be reasonably well bound in alluvial stores of the wetlands but selected elements (e.g. Cr) may become progressively mobile over time. Human activity in the catchment presents risks to the biodiversity of the wetland area, and also to its ability to buffer Lake Victoria by assimilating pollutants. Changes to the hydrological regime of the Mara wetlands could reverse the patterns of sedimentation and adversely affect water and sediment quality in Lake Victoria. Furthermore, the study hi...

Using an instrumental-variable strategy based on randomly assigned draft-lottery numbers, we find Vietnam-era veterans were 3 percentage points more likely than non-veterans to have received Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) benefits by 2011, but no more likely to have applied.

There are increasing concerns about whether Americans are saving enough for retirement. Recent research has called for improved understanding of the relationship between family structure and economic preparation for retirement at earlier stages of the life course. Using multiple years of the Federal Reserve Board’s Survey of Consumer Finances, we examined how number of children and marital status were associated with women’s household retirement savings at young and mid-adulthood. Several household-level indicators of retirement preparation were considered: desire to save for retirement, retirement account ownership, eligibility to participate in a defined-contribution plan, participation in defined-contribution plans, and retirement account wealth. Results from regression analyses revealed variation in women’s household financial preparation for retirement at young and mid-adulthood by family context. Additional children were negatively associated with several measures of retirement preparation among single-female households but not for couple households. Overall, we found that low economic preparation for retirement is an additional economic disadvantage facing single mothers at young and mid-adulthood, with potentially long-term implications for their financial security. The results shed light on linkages between family structure and women’s economic status.

Expenditures of the Aged Chartbook, 2015 examines the spending patterns of the population aged 55 or older, focusing mainly on the expenditures of those aged 65 or older. Policymakers and researchers are concerned about the adequacy of economic resources of the elderly. Income tells part of the story with regard to adequacy, but it is also useful to seek out other measures of standards of living, such as expenditures. The goal of this chartbook is to improve the availability of statistics on expenditures. This chartbook is based on data from the 2015 Consumer Expenditure Survey Public-Use File, sponsored by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. It contains many comparisons of the expenditures of the aged population (65 or older) with those of the near aged (55–64). Many charts include additional detail for those aged 65–74 and those aged 75 or older. Some charts in this book use box plots to show distributions of expenditures by presenting the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile values for expenditure amounts or the percentages of total expenditures allocated to various components. The box plots are described on page 4.

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the impact of the minimum wage on annual earnings inequality in the United States over the last three and a half decades. We focus on men between the ages of 25 and 61, and use administrative Social Security earnings records from 1981-2015 from the U.S. Social Security Administration to measure annual earnings.

The M3 motorway in Ireland was constructed between the years 2007 and 2010 and crosses a Special Area of Conservation, the River Boyne and its tributaries which are designated salmonid waters. The paper describes the measures taken to mitigate any potential impacts which the construction of the road scheme might have had on the aquatic environment. The success of the mitigation measures undertaken is assessed by: (a) comparing pre-construction, during-construction and post-construction water-quality data; (b) estimating the rate of sediment transport from motorway earthworks activities and deposition in adjacent watercourses; and (c) undertaking a post-construction monitoring of culvert performance. The analysis of the data suggests that the measures taken to protect the watercourses traversing M3 motorway have been successful in minimising the ecological impacts associated with the road scheme crossing of the Boyne watercourses.

The construction of river crossings to facilitate road schemes can potentially impact upon adjacent aquatic ecosystems. Such construction activity can pose a risk both to the physico-chemical and ecological quality of the aquatic environment. The EU Water Framework Directive requires member states to ensure that there is no further ‘degradation in water quality’ and to maintain ‘good ecological and chemical status’ of surface waters by 2015. In this context, it is important to understand the potential impacts of river-crossing construction and the methods for mitigating such impacts. This paper presents a critical review of current knowledge on such impacts, which is presented under three headings: water quality, river hydraulics and aquatic ecology. The review has identified knowledge gaps in all three areas, with the issue of the impact of suspended solids on aquatic ecosystems being a priority. The review concludes that some water quality standards may not provide sufficient regulatory control of discharges to the aquatic environment from river-crossing construction activities.

The objective of this study was to investigate the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to the treatment of wastewaters contaminated with hydrocarbon oil. Three different oil-contaminated wastewaters were examined and compared: (i) a 'real' hydrocarbon wastewater collected from an oil refinery (Conoco-Phillips Whitegate refinery, County Cork, Ireland); (ii) a 'real' hydrocarbon wastewater collected from a car-wash facility located at a petroleum filling station; and (iii) a 'synthetic' hydrocarbon wastewater generated by emulsifying diesel oil and water. The AOPs investigated were Fe(2+)/H(2)O(2) (Fenton's reagent), Fe(2+)/H(2)O(2)/UV (Photo-Fenton's reagent) which may be used as an alternative to, or in conjunction with, conventional treatment techniques. Laboratory-scale batch and continuous-flow experiments were undertaken. The photo-Fenton parametric concentrations to maximize COD removal were optimized: pH = 3, H(2)O(2) = 400 mg/L, and Fe(2+) = 40 mg/L. In the case of the oil-refinery wastewater, photo-Fenton treatment achieved approximately 50% COD removal and, when preceded by physicochemical treatment, the percentage removal increased to approximately 75%.

Laboratory and field assessments were used to determine whether the construction of culverts affects brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) egg survival through the introduction of elevated sediment levels....

The M3 motorway in Ireland was constructed between the years 2007 and 2010. The motorway crosses the River Boyne, which is a designated salmonid water under the EU Freshwater directive, and its tributaries. The paper describes the measures taken to mitigate any potential impacts which the road scheme might have had on the aquatic environment and the water quality of the Boyne watercourses before-, during- and post-construction. The success of the mitigation measures undertaken is assessed by: (a) comparing pre-construction, during-construction and post-construction water quality data, (b) comparing measured water quality with relevant standards, (c) comparing water quality data upstream and downstream of river crossings, (d) the establishment of a pilot-scale real-time water quality monitoring station at the downstream end of the works before discharge into the river Boyne. The study concluded that the measures taken have been successful in minimising the water quality impacts associated with the road scheme.

Since 1975, flood estimation in Ireland has generally followed methods as outlined in the Flood Studies Report (Natural Environment Research Council, 1975). An update of this for conditions in the Republic of Ireland commenced in 2005 and included research in Urban Catchment Flood Analysis. To inform this work, a scoping study of issues relating to flooding caused by urban runoff was undertaken by a team from the Centre for Water Resources Research at University College Dublin and some of the findings are described in this paper. It focussed on quantitative and qualitative research methods (self-completion questionnaires and Focus Groups) to review the methods of flood estimation for urbanised catchments currently in use in Ireland. It assessed the nature of deficiencies associated with urban-runoff control and identified achievable and realistic objectives for further research. A questionnaire was developed around a number of key themes pertaining to flooding caused by urban runoff and circulated to 291 stakeholders in target sectors that ranged from Engineering Consultancies to Academic Institutions. A total of 100 questionnaires were returned giving a 34% response rate. The study found; (i) a proliferation of methods are used in practice resulting in significant differences between the estimates; (ii) some methods are sometimes being used for inappropriate spatial scales; (iii) there is a lack of clear guidance on the use of the methods and/or associated software packages; (iv) there is little appreciation of the uncertainties associated with the methods and (v) there are significant deficiencies in some of the basic information available. A list of recommendations was produced, to guide the commissioning of future research to improve the methods available to designers.

A mathematical model to quantify the extent of sealing of earth-banked tanks by animal slurry was developed and experimentally verified. The model was developed from first principles to describe the flow of a suspension through a semi-permeable membrane. The key parameter in the model was the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) of the suspension, a parameter widely used in water engineering to characterise the dewaterability of water and wastewater sludges. Experimental validation of the model was undertaken by constructing a laboratory-scale test column, 2 m high and 0.074 m diameter. The soil liner was simulated in the laboratory by a filter paper. Two suspensions were tested: inorganic waterworks aluminium hydroxide sludge and organic cattle slurry. The experimental results show that the mathematical model predicts a reduction in seepage due to the formation of a suspended solids ‘cake’ at the suspension/filter-membrane interface. The model is conservative i.e. it under predicts the extent of membrane sealing by cake formation. Only membrane sealing, resulting from advection of suspended solids, is accounted for. Sealing due to sedimentation of solids is not incorporated into the proposed simple model.

This paper examines the impact of the Massachusetts Health Insurance reform of 2016 on job mobility and employment exit using administrative data from the Social Security Administration. The Massachusetts reform mandated that every resident have insurance coverage and facilitated this initiative by requiring employers to offer coverage, as well as expanding Medicaid and creating health insurance exchanges with subsidized premiums. These elements provided the basis for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) passed nationwide in 2010, so the experience of workers in Massachusetts provides evidence for how the ACA may affect labor market efficiency. Of particular interest is the extent to which Massachusetts’ reform reduced “job lock” – the phenomenon in which workers stay with employers to maintain their health insurance coverage, rather than move to a more productive match at another employer (especially a small firm unlikely to offer coverage) or exit employment entirely. The project measures differential effects by age, gender, and firm size, and tries to disentangle the effects of the employer mandate and the individual mandate by identifying individuals who cross state lines between home and work. This paper found that: • Trend analysis and regression estimates indicate that Massachusetts residents were actually less likely to move to new employers after the reform, relative to workers in neighboring states that did not make structural changes to their health insurance markets. • Estimates of whether Massachusetts workers moved from large firms, which likely offered insurance, to small firms is statistically insignificant. • Employment transitions were largely unaffected by the Massachusetts reform, though some select groups saw increases in employment exits that may be consistent with the easing of job lock. The policy implications of this paper are: • On the whole, the evidence that the Massachusetts reform increased mobility across employers or out of employment is weak. • These findings suggest that either job lock does not tie workers to their jobs as much as labor economic theory had suggested, or that the Massachusetts reform, and by extension the ACA, may not ease job lock as much as some previous research had suggested.

A retired worker’s Social Security benefit depends in part on the age at which he or she claims benefits. Working longer and claiming benefits later increase the monthly benefit. Information about trends in employment at older ages and the age at which individuals claim Social Security benefits can help policymakers assess the effectiveness of current policies in influencing the timing of retirement and benefit claims. Both the labor force participation rate among older Americans and the age at which they claim Social Security retirement benefits have risen in recent years. For example, from 2000 through 2015, the labor force participation rate among individuals aged 65–69 rose from 30 percent to 37 percent for men and from 19 percent to 28 percent for women. Since 2000, the proportion of fully insured men and women who claim retirement benefits at the earliest eligibility age of 62 has declined substantially.

The linear reservoir is a widely used conceptual model of the rainfall–runoff process. The linear reservoir model transforms rainfall excess to direct surface runoff. The shape of a physical analog of the linear reservoir has been developed mathematically and a laboratory-scale physical model constructed and tested experimentally under steady and unsteady flow conditions. The series of steady flow experiments was conducted to verify the accuracy of a simplifying assumption underlying the development of the physical analog of the linear reservoir. The unsteady series of experiments simulates the rising and recession limbs of the discharge hydrograph from a catchment. Good agreement has been found between the computed and experimental data. The physical analog developed may be useful as a laboratory demonstration apparatus for explaining to hydrology students the concept of the linear reservoir. In addition, in the context of stormwater management in small urban catchments, the linear reservoir physical ana...

Inadequate animal slurry storage has become an important issue in the agricultural sector in Ireland, and the lack of adequate conventional storage capacity has resulted in the spreading of slurry on land at inappropriate times of the year. This can lead to inefficient nutrient recycling and possible enrichment of adjacent surface and groundwaters. However, the largest contributor from agriculture to this enrichment is considered to be from farmyard leakage, rather than overland flow. The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of using earth-banked tanks as an alternative and economical means of winter storage for animal and other farmyard wastes. The paper describes an investigation into the use of such a tank at one location. Slurry infiltration rates, groundwater-level changes and groundwater-quality measurements at the tank site are reported. The study demonstrates that, if properly constructed using adequately compacted and suitable soil, earth-banked tanks can be successfully used to temporarily, store highly-polluting liquids such as animal slurries.

President Bush's proposed federal budget for fiscal year 2004 would establish lifetime savings accounts (LSAs) and retirement savings accounts (RSAs). Individuals could deposit up to $7,500 annually in an LSA, regardless of their wage or salary income. Contributions would not be tax deductible, but investment earnings would accrue tax free. Money could be withdrawn from an LSA at any time and used for any purpose. Individuals also could contribute up to $7,500 from earned income to an RSA. Contributions to an RSA also would be after tax, but qualified distributions (after age 58, disability or death) would be tax free. Beginning in 2004, several kinds of employersponsored retirement plans would be consolidated into employer retirement savings accounts (ERSAs). Qualification rules in the tax code would be simplified, whereas other rules governing ERSAs would conform substantially to those that apply to 401(k) plans. This article describes the proposed plans in detail.

This paper summarizes the discussions of the 1st European Seminar on Environmental Engineering Education (E3), which was held at EAWAG, Zurich, Switzerland in August 1999. Although the emerging discipline of environmental engineering, which was once viewed as being a sub-set of civil or chemical engineering, has established a status in its own right, a definition of environmental engineering is still not agreed among European engineering educators. This report discusses the variation between European countries and the way in which higher education institutions in these countries address the educational needs of environmental engineers. A review of the acceptance of this new discipline by employers and the status of environmental engineering as a profession throughout Europe is presented. The question of how to achieve greater compatibility and comparability of the systems of environmental engineering education in Europe is addressed and some objectives are identified in order to overcome the present difficulties.

The population of Dublin City and its suburbs currently stands at 1.3 million and is projected to reach 2.1 million by 2022. There is pressure on its water supply system (inadequate catchment sources, ageing infrastructure including treatment facilities, and distribution network) with little or no spare capacity despite Ireland's relatively high rainfall that is well distributed throughout the year; albeit the greatest rainfall occurs in the west and southwest and at some remove from Dublin. The current governance approach to addressing the projected water supply deficit relies heavily on a combination of identifying new supply sources to secure the long-term water supply needs of the city together with an intense drive toward achieving "demand-side" reduced usage and conservation targets in accordance with EU benchmarks for various individual and sectoral users. This potentially emerging crisis of water scarcity in Dublin, with drivers including population growth, greater industrial and institutional demands, migration, and climate change, has generated one of the most significant public water works projects proposed in Irish history, which is to abstract raw water from the Shannon River Basin in the midland region and, following treatment, pump it to a storage reservoir in a cut-away bog before piping to the Greater Dublin Area. The preparations for this scheme have brought to the forefront some longstanding Irish water resources governance issues and challenges. This provides a unique opportunity and imperative at this time to take a more comprehensive look at the decision-making process in this regard, one done in the context of new European and national policies requiring incorporation of integrated planning to sustain ecosystem services, water resources management, water services management, and flood defense principles, and one taking account of the current unprecedented state of flux in which water resources management institutions in Ireland, and in particular Dublin, find themselves following years of unconsolidated legislation and stand-alone institutions.

Many job-losers suffer large and persistent losses in earnings capacity. For displaced workers who are age-eligible, one reaction to these losses is to begin claiming Social Security retirement benefits. We use administrative earnings records from the Social Security Administration’s Continuous Work History Sample to study the impacts of labor market shocks among workers in their late 50’s and early 60’s on Social Security retirement benefit claiming rates. We find that labor market shocks lead to current and future increases in the fraction of insured workers who initiate Social Security benefits at the earliest possible claiming age. Moreover, once they initiate benefits, early claimants continue to have low levels of earnings in all subsequent years.

Prologue: “Knowledge,” observed Samuel Johnson, “is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it.” By this definition, many key players in health care might have to admit to some ignorance on the subject, particularly those who depend on the disparate data sources that constitute the “system” of health care information. A number of promising efforts are now under way that would standardize data collection and reporting, thereby improving the usefulness of health information. However, Rosanna Coffey and colleagues urge caution: They note that the development of standards is but one step in a much longer journey. The authors should know as well as anyone what challenges He ahead. All were deeply involved in the design and implementation of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, a national database developed by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) that assembles information on hospital inpatient services from state governments and private...

As a major source of income for retired persons in the United States, Social Security benefits directly influence economic well-being. That fact underscores the importance of measuring Social Security income accurately in household surveys. Using Social Security Administration (SSA) records, we examine Social Security income as reported in two Census Bureau surveys, the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) and the Current Population Survey (CPS). Although SSA usually deducts Medicare premiums from benefit payments, both the CPS and the SIPP aim to collect and record gross Social Security benefit amounts (before Medicare premium deductions). We find that the Social Security benefit recorded in the CPS closely approximates the gross benefit recorded for CPS respondents in SSA's records, but the Social Security benefit recorded in the SIPP more closely approximates SSA's record of net benefit payments (after deducting Medicare premiums).

In recent decades, employers have increasingly replaced defined benefit (DB) pensions with defined contribution (DC) retirement accounts for their employees. DB plans provide annuities, or lifetime benefits paid at regular intervals. The timing and amounts of DC distributions, however, may vary widely. Most surveys that provide data on the family income of the aged either collect no data on nonannuity retirement account distributions, or exclude such distributions from their summary measures of family income. We use Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data for 2009 to estimate the impact of including retirement account distributions on total family income calculations. We find that about one-fifth of aged families received distributions from retirement accounts in 2009. Measured mean income for those families would be about 15 percent higher and median income would be 18 percent higher if those distributions were included in the SIPP summary measure of family income.

As a major source of income for retired persons in the United States, Social Security benefits directly influence economic well-being. That fact underscores the importance of measuring Social Security income accurately in household surveys. Using Social Security Administration (SSA) records, we examine Social Security income as reported in two Census Bureau surveys, the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) and the Current Population Survey (CPS). Although SSA usually deducts Medicare premiums from benefit payments, both the CPS and the SIPP aim to collect and record gross Social Security benefit amounts (before Medicare premium deductions). We find that the Social Security benefit recorded in the CPS closely approximates the gross benefit recorded for CPS respondents in SSA's records, but the Social Security benefit recorded in the SIPP more closely approximates SSA's record of net benefit payments (after deducting Medicare premiums).

This paper seeks to determine the impact of the changing lives of women – increased labor force participation/earnings and reduced marriage rates – on Social Security replacement rates. First, our estimates, based on the Health and Retirement Study and Modeling Income in the Near Term, show that Social Security replacement rates have dropped sharply at both the household- and individual-level, and the decline will continue for future retirees. Our second finding is that this aggregate change masks a complex relationship between replacement rates and the marital status and income levels of individuals. The decline in replacement rates over time is largest for married couples with husbands whose earnings are in the top tercile. Decomposing the reasons for the overall decline shows that increases in the labor supply and earnings of women explain more than one-third of the change. In contrast, the impact of changing marital patterns is relatively small. Much of the remaining explanation rests with the increased Full Retirement Age and changing claiming behaviors.

Traditional defined benefit pensions, once a major source of retirement income, are increasingly giving way to tax-qualified defined contribution (DC) plans and individual retirement accounts (IRAs). This trend is likely to continue among future retirees who have worked in the private sector. This article discusses the implications of those trends for the measurement of retirement income. We conclude that Census Bureau's Current Population Survey (CPS), one of the primary sources of income data, greatly underreports distributions from DC plans and IRAs, posing an increasing problem for measuring retirement income in the future. The CPS and other data sources need to revise their measures of retirement income to account for periodic (irregular) distributions from DC plans and IRAs.

This article describes the income replacement ratio as a measure of retirement income adequacy and identifies several issues analysts must consider when calculating a replacement ratio. The article presents the income replacement ratios experienced by participants in the original sample cohort of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), who were born between 1931 and 1941. Replacement ratios are shown by the respondent's birth cohort, age when first classified as retired in the HRS, and preretirement income quartile. Median replacement ratios fall as the retirement period grows longer.

This paper summarises the findings of a study to evaluate the use in Ireland of the different flood estimation methodologies that can be applied to urban or urbanising catchments. The study, undertaken as part of the Office of Public Works‟ (OPW) Flood Studies Update programme, comprised both quantitative (posted questionnaires) and qualitative research (focus groups) targeting a range of organisations involved with planning and design issues pertaining to urban flooding. A total of 291 questionnaires was circulated. Of these, 100 were returned, equating to a response rate of 34%. Results indicate that formulae and methods for determining runoff rates in urban and urbanising catchments are being applied very generally without due consideration being given to the statistical foundation underlying the methods. The resulting inconsistencies in estimated runoff rates highlight the need for National Guidance for flow estimation in urban and urbanising catchments in Ireland. Other funder Office of Public Works

In the present work, homogenous (photo-Fenton) and heterogeneous photo-assisted systems (Fenton/TiO2/UV, Fenton/ZnO/UV and Fenton/TiO2/UV/Air) were investigated for the treatment of a diesel-oil wastewater emulsion. The augmentation of the photo-Fenton process by heterogeneous TiO2 increased the reaction rate, in terms of COD reduction efficiency from 61% to 71%. Furthermore, the COD removal efficiency was increased to 84% when air was bubbled through the reactants. However, if the Fenton/TiO2/UV/Air process is to be utilized as a treatment for this wastewater, the separation of the TiO2 from the treated effluent would need further consideration. Not applicable

Check valves usually are fitted on pump-rising main systems to prevent the development of backflow when a pump cuts out. Frequently, air vessels are used in such systems to control transient pressures resulting from pump start and stop. The presence of an air vessel adjacent to a check valve may cause the valve to close, after pump cutout, with a sharp impact, typically producing an audible valve-slam sound. The phenomenon of check-valve slam is undesirable, because it can result in damaging pressure transients. A case study of a pump-rising main system, protected by an air vessel, which experienced the problem of check-valve slam, was investigated. Both field measurements and numerical modeling (using a spreadsheet) of the system were conducted.

Water resources engineering Applied hydrology Development of water resources Water treatment Water Distribution Sewerage systems Wastewater treatment References Index

Low-cost bare palm branches were prepared as a sorbent for methylene blue dye from aqueous solution. The effect of reaction parameters such as sorbent dose and its particle size, initial dye concentration and the medium temperature were investigated using a batch sorption technique. Additionally, the maximum saturated monolayer sorption capacity of bare palm branches for methylene blue dye was investigated. The isotherm data was well-described by the Freundlich equation. Based on the adsorption capacity, it was shown that the use of bare palm branches was a promising low-cost agriculture waste material for the adsorption of dyes from aqueous solutions. Kinetic parameters of adsorption such as the rate constant and the intra-particle diffusion rate constant were determined. The principal conclusions of the study were that the reaction follows the pseudo-second order reaction kinetics.