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El artículo analiza escritos del “exiliado” Roberto Schopflocher, quien emigró de adolescente con su familia a la Argentina, escapándose de la Alemania nazi. Schopflocher se dedicó a escribir textos literarios en el último tercio de su vida, actividad que intensificó siendo jubilado. Escribió sus textos primero en español, después cambió a su lengua materna. La experiencia de la emigración, la vivencia de ella, la llegada a la “nueva patria” y la “integración” en ella son motivos muy presentes en su obra literaria. El artículo analiza estas facetas enfocando tanto la experiencia judía que se manifiesta en la escritura sobre los procesos migratorias como la imaginación y significación de las geografías de la “nueva patria”.

By 2030, the projected decrease in domestic European gas production will result in a shortfall of 12% of the EU’s gas demand. In this work, two different strategies to cover this shortfall are investigated: Increased imports of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from different global sources versus increased deliveries of Russian pipeline gas via Nord Stream 2. A novel gas system model, which captures both the market behavior of gas traders and gas system operators, is developed and applied. The model is highly detailed, as it simulates all individual components of the Europe-wide gas transmission system with hourly resolution. Simulations show that Nord Stream 2 impacts the gas transit through Poland more severely (23% loss of transit flows compared to 2014) than the transit through Ukraine (13% loss). Completely cutting off Ukraine is found to be a detrimental strategy for Russia, because only 40% of Ukrainian transit can be re-routed via Nord Stream 2 over a short timeframe. Increased imports of LNG are found to require 17% of European gas pipelines to be bidirectional, which requires significant investments into the European gas infrastructure. Additionally, the penetration of LNG is found to be highly sensitive to the price of LNG, with LNG losing 50% market share when priced 20% more expensively than pipeline gas. Hence overall, the choice between Nord Stream 2 and LNG exposes Europe to either a) the political risk of being more dependent on Russia or b) the technical and financial risks of importing the globally traded commodity LNG.

El artículo explora el campo semántico de la violencia política y en concreto de los ‘años de plomo’ en la España y en la Argentina de los años 70/80. Partiendo de perspectivas transnacionales se investigan diferentes relatos periodísticos, cinematográficos y literarios sobre los ‘años de plomo’ para evaluar y comparar los diferentes modos de representar y problematizar el pasado violento de ambos países.The essay explores the semantic field of political violence and of the ‘years of lead’ in Spain and Argentine of the 70s/80s. Starting form transnational perspectives the article investigates journalist, filmic and literary narratives about the ‘years of lead’ in order to evaluate and compare the different modes in the representation of the violent past of both countries.

In response to the Fukushima nuclear accident, Switzerland has targeted to phase out nuclear power by 2050. Two diametrically opposite pathways to accomplish Switzerland's nuclear phase-out are quantitatively investigated for the year 2035 using a novel high-resolution power systems simulation framework. The first pathway, “Island in Europe”, installs new natural gas power plants to ensure a self-sufficient Swiss energy system. The second pathway, “Battery of Europe”, increases Switzerland's engagement with central Europe with new pumped hydro storages and increased cross-border electricity trade of European renewable energy. The results show that the “Battery of Europe” scenario enables a threefold increase in financial surplus of cross-border electricity trade compared to the “Island in Europe” scenario. This surplus translates to 15–23% lower domestic Swiss electricity prices, thereby enhancing the competitiveness of the Swiss marketplace; however, Switzerland is then exposed to more technical and political engagement with its neighbours. Additionally, successful implementation of the “Battery of Europe” scenario requires reinforcing 5% of the Swiss transmission grid, which necessitates more streamlined legal processes for new transmission infrastructure. Along a different political dimension, electricity price reductions of up to 22% are possible if the targeted increase of efficiency in Switzerland's energy policy is accomplished.

High spatial and temporal resolution optimal power flow simulations of the 2013 and 2020 interconnected grid in Central Western and Eastern Europe regions are undertaken to assess the impact of an increased penetration of renewables on thermal power plants. In contrast to prior studies, the present work models each individual transmission line and power plant within the two regions. Furthermore, for conventional plants, electricity costs are determined with respect to fuel type, nameplate capacity, operating condition and geographic location; cycling costs are modeled as function of the recent operational history. For renewable power plants, costs and available power are determined using mesoscale weather simulations and hydrology models. Countrywide validation of the simulations shows that all renewable and most conventional power production is predicted with less than 10% error. It is shown that the increased penetration of renewables in 2020 will induce a 4–23% increase in the number of starts of conventional plants. The number of load ramps significantly increases by 63–181%, which underlines the necessity for equipment manufacturers and utilities to adapt to scenarios of high penetration of renewables. The increased cycling operation of coal plants is shown to depend strongly on the power plant’s location and is mainly observed in Germany and the Czech Republic. Austrian coal plants are cycled less because they supply more base load power to southern Germany, where several nuclear power plants will be phased out by 2020. Thus there is a need for more transmission capacity along Germany’s north–south corridor to transport renewable power from the windy regions of northern Germany to the demand centers in southern Germany.

The addition of stochastic renewable resources within modern electricity markets creates a need for more flexible generation assets and for appropriate mechanisms to ensure capacity adequacy. To assess both of these issues, more cross-platform analysis is needed that can evaluate short-term reliability concerns, medium-term dispatch and price concerns, and long-term capacity expansion and market design concerns. We present an integrated modeling framework that combines a long-term investment model, a robust dispatch model of the energy market, a detailed AC network model, a novel quantification for reserves, and a rigorous evaluation of renewable energy resource potentials. We apply the framework to a business-as-usual reference case simulating the phase-out of nuclear capacity in Switzerland and a case with renewable generation targets for Switzerland. We find that the nuclear phase-out leads to a strong increase in Swiss imports. In contrast, additional renewable targets lead to a decrease of these imports. In both cases, the Swiss cross-border lines are found to be the most critical network bottlenecks and in both future cases the increased reliance on imports worsens the severity of these bottlenecks. However, the network and security assessments show no significant challenges associated with a faster and stronger renewable increase in Switzerland., Energy Strategy Reviews, 25

Das Vorhaben, einen ideengeschichtlichen Uberblick uber Nationalismus und Antisemitismus zu schreiben, bedarf einer klarenden Vorbemerkung, die zugleich schon eine Einleitung in die zu besprechenden Phanomene ist. Nationalismus ist ein hochst ambivalentes Phanomen, das historisch in stark variierenden Formen in Erscheinung getreten ist. Zu seiner Erklarung bedarf es sowohl sozial- wie kulturgeschichtlicher Faktoren sowie subjektiver und politisch-ideologischer Dimensionen. Wegen der stark divergierenden Bedeutungsgehalte des Nationalismus und unterschiedlichen Konnotationen hat sich in der Forschung kaum eine einheitliche Begriffsdefinition herausgebildet. Es gilt jedoch als weitgehend unstrittig, dass der Bezug auf ›Staat‹ und ›Nation‹ zentrale Eckpunkte von Nationalismus sind (vgl. Salzborn 2011) und Nationalismus der Legitimation moderner politischer Herrschaft sowie der »Schaffung, Mobilisierung und Integration eines groseren Solidarverbandes (Nation genannt)« dient (Wehler 2001, 13). Der »Nationalstaat mit einer moglichst homogenen Nation« ist zentrales Ziel des Nationalismus (ebd.).

El articulo analiza las novelas del dictador La fiesta del chivo de Mario Vargas Llosa y Les tenebres exterieures de Raphael Confiant con el fin de reconstruir la etica de un nuevo humanismo que supuestamente constituye la base normativa de las representaciones literarias de las dictaduras. A traves del analisis de la plasmacion literaria del cuerpo del dictador y de las ciudades se investigan las estructuras de dominacion y sumision para finalmente explicar las posiciones normativas de ambos escritores e intelectuales.

The EU target of 45% renewable electricity by 2030 requires additional capacities of wind and solar power across Europe. In this work, a novel high-resolution multi-country power systems model, which comprises full-year hourly chronological AC optimal power flow simulations, is applied within a multi-objective optimization framework. This framework is applied to determine the optimal portfolio of wind and solar capacities across Europe, which achieves the EU target while minimizing curtailment, residual load fluctuations and investment costs. The optimal portfolio comprises new wind and solar capacities of 221 GW and 82 GW respectively; the geographic locations of the new capacities are identified. To accommodate these additional capacities, 4% of central European transmission lines require reinforcement. The presented approach of simultaneously optimizing the renewable portfolios across multiple countries reduces curtailment, residual load variability and electricity prices by best utilizing each country's renewable resources and the intrinsic balancing effects of large-scale wind power.

Several European countries have launched programs to increase the penetration of battery electric vehicles. In this work, a novel electric vehicle charging model is used in a high spatial and temporal resolution optimal power flow simulation framework to assess the impacts of increased penetration of electric vehicles on the central European power system. In 2030, electric vehicles are found to have only a moderate impact on reducing the curtailment of wind and solar power. The energy to charge the electric vehicles comes mainly from conventional power plants (coal and gas), whereas solar and wind power plants each provide only 4%. Consequently, the increased penetration of electric vehicles is found to result in an increase in CO2 emissions of up to 25% compared to the same number of gasoline vehicles.

As the EU's Emissions Trading Scheme has, up to date, had little impact on the reduction of CO2 emissions in Europe, direct carbon taxes have been proposed. In this work, high spatial and temporal resolution optimal power flow simulations are conducted to assess the impact of carbon taxes on the inter-connected power system in central Europe. As both individual transmission lines and individual power plants are modeled, this work provides new insights into effects within the European power market. A carbon price of 40 €/tCO2 or more is shown to be necessary in 2030 to achieve the EU emissions targets. This tax burden is borne mainly by Poland and the Czech Republic, who lose more than 2bn € annually in power exports. Consumers in Switzerland face the highest increases in electricity prices, despite consuming very carbon-friendly electricity.

In order to reliably design the planning and operation of large interconnected power systems that can incorporate a high penetration of renewables, it is necessary to have a detailed knowledge of the potential impacts of exogenous factors on individual components within the systems. Previously, the assessment has often been conducted with nodes that are aggregated at the country or regional scale, this makes it impossible to reliably extrapolate the impact of higher penetration of renewables on individual transmission lines and/or power plants within an aggregated node. In order to be able to develop robust power systems this study demonstrates an integrated framework that employs high resolution spatial and temporal, physical modeling of power generation, electricity transmission and electricity demand, across the scale of a continent or country. Using Germany as a test case, an assessment of the impacts of exogenous factors, including local changes in ambient weather conditions, effect of timely implementation of policy, and contingency for scenarios in 2020 are demonstrated. It is shown that with the increased penetration of renewables, while the power production opportunities of conventional power plants are reduced, these power plants are required during periods of low renewables production due to the inherent variability of renewables. While the planned reinforcements in Germany, including high voltage direct current lines, reduce congestion on the grid and alleviate the differentials in power price across the country, on the other hand the reinforcements make the interconnected transmission system more vulnerable as local perturbations have a more widespread impact.