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We studied the phylloplane-associated yeast communities of bromeliads at four sites in the Brazilian Northern Atlantic Forest through a culture-dependent approach and evaluated their potential as enzyme producers. A total of 213 isolates were identified by sequencing of D1/D2 region of the LSU rDNA gene or ITS region. Sequence analyses revealed that 182 isolates (85%) belong to the phylum Basidiomycota and 31 isolates (15%) to the phylum Ascomycota. The yeasts were identified as 86 species associated to 41 genera, reporting the highest phylloplane yeast richness in the literature to the present date. Besides, 59 strains were distributed in 32 possible undescribed species (38% of the total species in the study). Only two species occurred in all sampled sites: Carlosrosaea sp. nov. 3 and Papilliotrema flavescens, evidencing the heterogeneous character of yeast communities at these environments. At least one extracellular enzyme was detected in 173 isolates (85.6% of total yeast isolates), and one isolate of Aureobasidium thailandense was able to produce all five evaluated enzymes (amylase, cellulase, esterase, pectinase, and protease). The yeast community associated with bromeliads from the Atlantic Forest demonstrated a high heterogeneity and richness not yet found in previous studies on bromeliads, with a significant number of potential new species. Our results highlight bromeliads as a hotspot for yeast biodiversity studies.

Eight yeast isolates with an affinity to the genus Tremella were obtained from bromeliads from different locations in Brazil. Although the formation of basidia and basidiocarp were not observed, on the basis of the results of sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, we suggest that these isolates represent two novel species of the genus Tremella. These yeasts are phylogenetically related to Tremella saccharicola and Tremella globispora. Therefore, we propose Tremella ananatis sp. nov. and Tremella lamprococci sp. nov. as novel yeast species of the order Tremellales (Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota). Sequence analysis revealed that Tremella ananatis sp. nov. differs by 11 and 28 nucleotide substitutions from Tremella saccharicola in the D1/D2 sequence and ITS region, respectively. Moreover, Tremella lamprococci sp. nov. differs by 15 and 29 nucleotide substitutions from Tremella globispora in the D1/D2 sequence and ITS region, respectively. The holotypes of Tremella ananatis sp. nov. and Tremella lamprococci sp. nov. are CBS 14568T and CBS 14567T, and the MycoBank numbers are MB840480 and MB840481, respectively.

Conhecimentos sobre Microbiologia promovem o cuidado pessoal, para com a saúde e o meio ambiente. Isso contribui, em uma perspectiva mais ampla, para a formação de seres mais conscientes de sua realidade. A extensão configura-se como uma das finalidades da Universidade, por meio da qual institui práticas cidadãs de pesquisa e ensino direcionadas à comunidade em geral. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o perfil das ações de extensão universitária que abordam temas da Microbiologia, baseando-se na produção científica nacional das últimas duas décadas. Tais ações de extensão foram encontradas em 109 publicações deste período. Predominaram ações na área da Microbiologia Clínica (40/109), destacando-se temas como Educação e Promoção da saúde (32/109 e 22/109, respectivamente). Entre as doenças abordadas nestas ações, as Viroses (13/109) foram preponderantes frente às Parasitoses (3/109) e as Micoses (2/109). O ensino também tem sido o foco das ações de extensão em Microbiologia, uma vez que a maior parte delas desenvolveu ou aprimorou Práticas educativas (29/109), atendendo majoritariamente ao público escolar (42%). As universidades públicas participam massivamente destas ações, representando 91% das iniciativas. As informações geradas retornaram aos participantes em 74% das ações analisadas, demonstrando a importância da extensão para veicular conhecimentos científicos em diferentes públicos. Este estudo pode contribuir para que as ações voltadas à Microbiologia cresçam, se fortaleçam e aumentem ainda mais a sua significância social. Palavras-chave: Ensino de microbiologia; Educação; Saúde; Ambiente The microbiology and the university extension Abstract: Knowledge about Microbiology promotes personal and health care, in addition to the care for the environment. This knowledge contributes, in a broader perspective, to the formation of beings more aware of their reality. One of the purposes of the University, the extension is the set of research and teaching practices directed to the community in general. This study aimed to analyze the profile of university extension actions involving Microbiology themes, based on the national scientific production of the last two decades. These extension actions were found in 109 publications of this period. Actions in the ​​Clinical Microbiology area predominated (40/109), highlighting topics such as Education and Health Promotion (32/109 and 22/109, respectively). Among the diseases addressed in these actions, Viruses (13/109) were preponderant against Parasitic infections (3/109) and Mycoses (2/109). Teaching has also been the focus of extension actions in Microbiology, since most of them have developed or improved educational practices (29/109), supporting mainly the students (42%). Public universities participate massively in these actions, representing 91% of initiatives. The information generated returned to the participants in 74% of the actions analyzed, demonstrating the importance of extension to convey scientific knowledge in different audiences. This study may contribute to the actions aimed at Microbiology to grow, strengthen, and further increase their social significance. Keywords: Microbiology teaching; Education; Health; Environment

The National Humanization Policy was created in 2003 by the Ministry of Health. This policy emerged due to the need to expand the health model based on the disease- healing axis classification, to a model that collectively addressed the family and the community, respecting the context in which they live and their life experiences. Consequently, this led to the change in the action/attendance strategies and the SUS management becoming a priority. The aim of this article was to report the implementation of welcoming practices for users seeking clinical care at the School of Dentistry of Federal University of Minas Gerais (FAO-UFMG). Based on the creation of the extension project “Welcoming and User Guidance of FAO-UFMG,” in August 2017, quantitative data related to the main complaint and referral of patients were collected from the specific clinical files of the project. Analysis of these data made it possible to note that users began to be cared for in a more humanized, welcoming, and respectful manner, with higher quality, and improved delineation of their therapeutic trajectory. The actions implemented also had a positive impact on the operational logistics of the sector responsible for receiving patients, on the care provided by the professionals involved in health care and on student learning, thereby contributing to the consolidation of the project, based on the pillars of extension. A Política Nacional de Humanização (PNH) foi criada em 2003 pelo Ministério da Saúde, em meio à necessidade de se ampliar o convencional modelo sanitário baseado no eixo doença-cura para um modelo que abordasse, de maneira coletiva, a família e a comunidade. A modificação das estratégias de atuação/atendimento e da gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) tornou-se, então, uma prioridade. O objetivo desse artigo foi relatar a implementação das práticas de acolhimento para os usuários que buscam atendimento clínico na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (FAO-UFMG). A partir da criação do projeto de extensão “Acolhimento e Orientação ao Usuário da FAO-UFMG”, em agosto de 2017, dados quantitativos relacionados à queixa principal e encaminhamento dos pacientes foram coletados das fichas clínicas específicas do projeto. Da análise desses dados, foi possível perceber que os usuários passaram a ser atendidos de forma mais humanizada, acolhedora, respeitosa e com maior qualidade, tendo sua trajetória terapêutica mais bem delineada. As ações implementadas também repercutiram positivamente na logística de funcionamento do setor responsável pela recepção dos pacientes, no cuidado prestado pelos profissionais envolvidos na atenção à saúde e no aprendizado dos alunos, contribuindo para a consolidação do projeto, pautado nos pilares da extensão.

The native fungal strain Trametes villosa SCS-10 was investigated for its ability to treat wastewaters from real dyeing of leather produced in pilot-scale. Four types of wastewater using different compositions and dyes (Acid Red 357 and Acid Orange 142) were produced and used in the assays. Three culture conditions were studied. The efficiency of the treatment was assessed in terms of biodecolourization, mycoremediation: reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total organic carbon (TOC) and biodetoxification. The treatment resulted in between 50–70% of biodecolourization and 40–60% of COD and TOC reduction of the raw wastewater without nutrient addition (N0). However, when wastewaters were supplemented with a high (N1) and a reduced (N0.5) nutrient supply, over 90% of biodecolourization and over 80% of COD and TOC reduction were achieved. The treatment N0.5 allowed the highest values of colour, TOC and COD reduction, which were related to the major peaks of laccase activity (1000–1300 UL−1). The ecotoxicity assays with Raphidocelis subcapitata and Vibrio fisheri demonstrated that the fungal treatment resulted in 50–70% of biodetoxification. The MTT assay revealed that the treated wastewaters did not present cytotoxic effects to the cell line V79. These promising results show that Trametes villosa is suitable for the treatment of wastewater from leather dyeing. Further studies are required to improve the applicability of selected fungal strains in the treatment of wastewater from the tannery industry.

The purpose of this article was to report the experience of the Department of Restorative Dentistry (ODR) in training its faculty and expanding the use of the Moodle platform, during the period of social distance due to the pandemic of COVID-19. As soon as the face-to-face classes were suspended in March 2020, and even before the Federal University of Minas Gerais adopted the Emergency Remote Education, a questionnaire on the use of digital technologies in education was prepared by a commission determined by the Departmental Head and sent to teachers. Thus, it was noticed the need for training these professionals in the use of such technologies. ODR tutoring teachers planned virtual workshops with individual guidance, enabling the training of the functionalities of the Moodle platform. This action allowed all ODR disciplines to structure their virtual environments and made the faculty able to use the tools provided by Moodle, ensuring the quality of teaching, even remotely. El propósito de este artículo fue reportar la experiencia del Departamento de Odontología Restauradora (ODR) en la capacitación de su cuerpo docente y la ampliación del uso de la plataforma Moodle, durante el período de distanciamiento social por la pandemia de COVID-19. Tan pronto como se suspendieron las clases presenciales en marzo de 2020 e incluso antes de que la Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) adoptara la Enseñanza Remota de Emergencia, un cuestionario sobre el uso de tecnologías digitales en la docencia fue elaborado por una comisión determinada por el Jefe Departamental y enviado a los profesores. Se advirtió, por tanto, la necesidad de capacitar a los docentes en el uso de estas tecnologías. Los profesores tutores de ODR planificaron talleres virtuales con orientación individual, que posibilitaron la formación de las funcionalidades de la plataforma Moodle. Esta acción permitió a todas las asignaturas de ODR estructurar sus entornos virtuales y permitió al profesorado utilizar las herramientas que Moodle pone a su disposición, para garantizar la calidad de la enseñanza, incluso de forma remota. O objetivo deste artigo foi relatar a experiência do Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora (ODR) em capacitar seu corpo docente e expandir o emprego da plataforma Moodle, durante o período de distanciamento social devido à pandemia da COVID-19. Assim que as aulas presenciais foram suspensas em março de 2020 e antes mesmo de a Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) adotar o ensino remoto emergencial (ERE), um questionário sobre o emprego de tecnologias digitais no ensino foi elaborado por uma comissão determinada pela Chefia Departamental e enviado aos docentes. Percebeu-se, assim, a necessidade de capacitação desses profissionais quanto ao uso de tais tecnologias. Professores tutores do ODR planejaram oficinas virtuais com orientação individual, possibilitando o treinamento das funcionalidades da plataforma Moodle. Essa ação permitiu a todas as disciplinas do ODR estruturarem seus ambientes virtuais e tornou o corpo docente apto a empregar as ferramentas disponibilizadas pelo Moodle, garantindo a qualidade do ensino, mesmo que remotamente.

O objetivo deste artigo foi relatar a experiência do Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora (ODR) em capacitar seu corpo docente e expandir o emprego da plataforma Moodle, durante o período de distanciamento social devido à pandemia da COVID-19. Assim que as aulas presenciais foram suspensas em março de 2020 e antes mesmo de a Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) adotar o ensino remoto emergencial (ERE), um questionário sobre o emprego de tecnologias digitais no ensino foi elaborado por uma comissão determinada pela Chefia Departamental e enviado aos docentes. Percebeu-se, assim, a necessidade de capacitação desses profissionais quanto ao uso de tais tecnologias. Professores tutores do ODR planejaram oficinas virtuais com orientação individual, possibilitando o treinamento das funcionalidades da plataforma Moodle. Essa ação permitiu a todas as disciplinas do ODR estruturarem seus ambientes virtuais e tornou o corpo docente apto a empregar as ferramentas disponibilizadas pelo Moodle, garantindo a qualidade do ensino, mesmo que remotamente The purpose of this article was to report the experience of the Department of Restorative Dentistry (ODR) in training its faculty and expanding the use of the Moodle platform, during the period of social distance due to the pandemic of COVID-19. As soon as the face-to-face classes were suspended in March 2020, and even before the Federal University of Minas Gerais adopted the Emergency Remote Education, a questionnaire on the use of digital technologies in education was prepared by a commission determinedby the Departmental Head and sent to teachers. Thus, it was noticed the need for training these professionals in the use of such technologies. ODR tutoring teachers planned virtual workshops with individual guidance, enabling the training of the functionalities of the Moodle platform. This action allowed all ODR disciplines to structure their virtual environments and made the faculty able to use the tools provided by Moodle, ensuring the quality of teaching, even remotely.

Adsorption into biochar-derived materials and mycoremediation are promising technologies for removing dyes from solid and liquid matrices. This study presents a combined treatment with adsorption into wood-chip biochar and mycodegradation under solid-state fermentation by Trametes villosa for removing the leather-dye Acid Blue 161. In the first stage, untreated wood-chip biochar, NaOH–depolymerised biochar and KMnO4–depolymerised biochar were assessed for their dye removal efficiency by adsorption. KMnO4–depolymerised biochar exhibited the highest adsorption (85.1 ± 1.9%) after 24 h of contact. KMnO4–depolymerisation modified some physical and chemical properties on the untreated wood-chip biochar, increasing the surface area (50.4 m2 g–1), pore size (1.9 nm), and presence of surface functional groups. Response surface methodology coupled with a Box–Behnken design was used to optimise the AB161 adsorption into the KMnO4–depolymerised biochar. The optimised conditions, pH 3.0, dye concentration 100 mg L–1 and sorbent dosage 2 g L–1, led to a higher dye removal efficiency by adsorption (91.9 ± 1.0%). In a second stage, the wood-chip biochar supplemented with nutrients (1% malt extract and 0.5% peptone) was employed as a solid matrix for growing T. villosa and regenerating the dye-saturated material. After 15 days, T. villosa was able to grow (86.8 ± 0.8%), exhibit laccase activity (621.9 ± 62.3 U L–1), and biodegrade (91.4 ± 1.3%) the dye adsorbed into the KMnO4–depolymerised biochar. Finally, the mycoregenerated biochar was reutilised in a new cycle of adsorption reaching 79.5 ± 2.0% of dye removal efficiency by adsorption. This study revealed the potential of the combined treatment and is an initial assessment for developing commercial alternatives for treating leather industry wastewaters.

Saccharomyces strains isolated from vineyards in Southern Brazil were used as starter in micro-fermentations of Sauvignon Blanc juice (SB) to study the ability to produce different aromatic profiles. The molecular characterization allowed to differentiate the isolates from vineyards 06 CE, 11CE, 33CE, 01PP, 12M, 13PP, 26PP, 28AD, 41PP from the reference strain (2048SC) used in wine production. Under the same conditions tested, each strain belonging to the genus Saccharomyces produced metabolites in different concentration and combination, significantly influencing the aroma of the SB must. Volatile compounds such as octanoic acid, diethyl succinate and ethyl lactate were associated with the strains 26PP, 41PP, 01PP and 12M, while the strains 33CE, 28AD, 13PP and 06 CE were associated with the production of ethyl acetate, 1-hexanol, highlighting 06CE for production of 1-hexanol (592.87 ± 17.46 µg/L). In addition, the olfactory activity value (OAV> 1) allowed the evaluation of the range of participation of each compound in the final SB fermented. Finally, the selected wild strains are promising to improve the regional character of the wine.

One new yeast species, Papiliotrema maritimi sp. nov., is being proposed to be suitable into the Rhynchogastremataceae family, belonging to the Tremellales clade. This new species is related to six others from the Papiliotrema genus: P. taeanensis, P. siamense, P. perniciosus, P. nemorosus, P. bandonii, P. japonica and P. fuscus. The novel species is proposed based on the phylogenetic species concept through analysis of the D1/D2 region, part of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. A total of 11 strains of Papiliotrema maritimi sp. nov. were obtained from macrophytes leaves collected in south Brazil. Papiliotrema maritimi sp. nov. differs by 12, 15, 25, 25, 25 and 29 substitutions in the D1/D2 domain from the related species P. fuscus, P. japonica, P. siamense, P. nemorosus, P. bandonii, and P. perniciosus, respectively. Concerning the ITS region, there are 11 substitutions and 52 or more substitutions when compared to P. teanensis and its closest relatives. The type strain of Papiliotrema maritimi sp. nov. is UFMG-CM-Y6048. The MycoBank number for Papiliotrema maritimi sp. nov. is MB 835603.

Summary Invasive fusariosis has a high mortality and is predominantly observed in patients with leukemia. We report the first case of a novel species of Fusarium, Fusarium riograndense sp. nov, isolated from a lesion in the nasal cavity lesion of a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The etiological agent was identified by Multilocus Sequencing Typing (MLST), including RPB2, TEF-1a, and ITS-LSU sequences, the gold standard technique to identify new species of Fusarium. MLST and phenotypic data strongly supported its inclusion in the F. solani species complex (FSSC). The new species produced a red pigment in the Sabouraud Dextrose Agar similar to other members of the complex. The macroconiodia developed from phialides on multibranched conidiophores which merge to form effuse sporodochia with a basal foot-cell instead of papilla in basal cell shape. The microconidia were ellipsoidal, 0–1-septated, produced from long monophialides. Chlamydospores were produced singly or in pairs. Amphotericin B (MIC 1 µg/mL) was the most active drug, followed by voriconazole (MIC 8 µg/mL). The patient was successfully treated with voriconazole. Our findings indicate another lineage within FSSC capable causing of invasive human infection.

A Política Nacional de Humanização (PNH) foi criada em 2003 pelo Ministério da Saúde, em meio à necessidade de se ampliar o convencional modelo sanitário baseado no eixo doença-cura para um modelo que abordasse, de maneira coletiva, a família e a comunidade. A modificação das estratégias de atuação/atendimento e da gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) tornou-se, então, uma prioridade. O objetivo desse artigo foi relatar a implementação das práticas de acolhimento para os usuários que buscam atendimento clínico na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (FAO-UFMG). A partir da criação do projeto de extensão “Acolhimento e Orientação ao Usuário da FAO-UFMG”, em agosto de 2017, dados quantitativos relacionados à queixa principal e encaminhamento dos pacientes foram coletados das fichas clínicas específicas do projeto. Da análise desses dados, foi possível perceber que os usuários passaram a ser atendidos de forma mais humanizada, acolhedora, respeitosa e com maior qualidade, tendo sua trajetória terapêutica mais bem delineada. As ações implementadas também repercutiram positivamente na logística de funcionamento do setor responsável pela recepção dos pacientes, no cuidado prestado pelos profissionais envolvidos na atenção à saúde e no aprendizado dos alunos, contribuindo para a consolidação do projeto, pautado nos pilares da extensão.

Dyeing is an important step in the leather manufacture process. Effluent from this stage contains some types of synthetic dye that may be a threat to the environment and human health. Biological treatment of dye-containing wastewaters by microorganisms has been presented as a cost effective and promising environmentally friendly alternative. In the present work, the potential of Brazilian native white-rot fungi strains, collected and screened to produce extracellular ligninolytic enzymes, was evaluated for the biodecolourisation and biodegradation of different azo tannery dyes. The strain SCS-10 showed high activity of ligninolytic enzymes and allowed the colour removal of dyes in solid media. This isolate was characterised morphologically and identified as Trametes villosa , based on a molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences. T. villosa SCS-10 showed high biodecolourisation efficiency for the dyes assessed, achieving 95.71 ± 1.29, 92.76 ± 0.99 and 96.84 ± 1.39% for Acid Red 357, Acid Black 210 and Acid Blue 161, respectively, at 100 mg L −1 , 30 °C, pH 5.5 and 150 rpm, within 168 h of treatment. Remarkable peaks of laccase activity (1150–1550 U L −1 ) were observed during specific periods in the biodecolourisation process. The complete inhibition of Lac activity by sodium azide (NaN 3 , 0.1 mM) led to biodecolourisation values of 13.29 ± 0.93, 12.30 ± 0.46 and 20.05 ± 2.08% for AR357, AB210 and AB161, respectively. These results confirmed the main role of laccase in colour removal, although biosorption also had a minor involvement in biodecolourisation. In vitro assays also showed the efficiency of decolourisation of the leather dyes. The enzymatic crude extract produced by T. villosa allowed 85.45 ± 3.43 (AR357), 76.96 ± 1.39 (AB210) and 90.17 ± 0.97% (AB161) of biodecolourisation when enhanced by the use of the redox mediator 1-hydroxybenzotriazol (HBT, 1 mM). UV–vis and FTIR spectral analyses confirmed the occurrence of enzymatic biodegradation as the mechanism responsible for colour removal. T. villosa SCS-10 was able to tolerate high concentrations of the dyes (200–1000 mg L −1 ) and a wide range of pH (4.0–8.0) during biodecolourisation. The native isolate T. villosa SCS-10 is considered a suitable candidate for the treatment of dye-polluted wastewater from the leather industry due to the mechanisms of enzymatic biodegradation and biosorption.

We studied the biotechnological potential of the recently isolated yeast Meyerozyma guilliermondii BI281A to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids and ethanol, comparing products yields using glucose, raw glycerol from biodiesel synthesis, or whey permeate as substrates. The yeast metabolism was evaluated for different C/N ratios (100:1 and 50:1). Results found that M. guilliermondii BI281A was able to assimilate all tested substrates, and the most efficient conversion obtained was observed using raw glycerol as carbon source (C/N ratio 50:1), concerning biomass formation (5.67 g·L-1 ) and lipid production (1.04 g·L-1 ), representing 18% of dry cell weight. Bioreactors experiments under pH and aeration-controlled conditions were conducted. Obtained fatty acids were composed of ~67% of unsaturated fatty acids, distributed as palmitoleic acid (C16:1 , 9.4%), oleic acid (C18:1 , 47.2%), linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6 , 9.6%), and linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3 , 1.3%). Showing fermentative metabolism, which is unusual for oleaginous yeasts, M. guilliermondii produced 13.7 g·L-1 of ethanol (yields of 0.27) when growing on glucose medium. These results suggest the promising use of this uncommonly studied yeast to produce unsaturated fatty acids and ethanol using cheap agro-industrial residues as substrates in bioprocess.

Dekkera bruxellensis is considered a spoilage yeast in winemaking, brewing and fuel-ethanol production. However, there is growing evidence in the literature of its biotechnological potential. In this work, we surveyed 29 D. bruxellensis isolates from three countries and two different industrial origins (winemaking and fuel-ethanol production) for the metabolization of industrially relevant sugars. The isolates were characterized by the determination of their maximum specific growth rates, and by testing their ability to grow in the presence of 2-deoxy-d-glucose and antimycin A. Great diversity was observed among the isolates, with fuel-ethanol isolates showing overall higher specific growth rates than wine isolates. Preferences for galactose (three wine isolates) and for cellobiose or lactose (some fuel-ethanol isolates) were observed. Fuel-ethanol isolates were less sensitive than wine isolates to glucose catabolite repression (GCR) induction by 2-deoxy-d-glucose. In strictly anaerobic conditions, isolates selected for having high aerobic growth rates were able to ferment glucose, sucrose and cellobiose at fairly high rates without supplementation of casamino acids or yeast extract in the culture medium. The phenotypic diversity found among wine and fuel-ethanol isolates suggests adaptation to these environments. A possible application of some of the GCR-insensitive, fast-growing isolates in industrial processes requiring co-assimilation of different sugars is considered.

The stored food mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acari: Acaridae) has been associated with the presence of several fungal species. The aims of this work were to evaluate T. putrescentiae population growth associated to environmental and medically important fungal species to determine on which fungal species populations of T. putrescentiae performs best, and to evaluate their ability to disperse each fungal species. First, 24 fungal species were inoculated separately in Petri dishes containing Sabouraud agar medium. One week after inoculation, 50 mites were added to each plate. On the 28th evaluation day, mites and eggs were counted in each plate, and 50 mites randomly collected from each replicate were transferred to new plates containing only Sabouraud agar medium. Then, mites, eggs, and fungal population were evaluated in each plate on day 28 again. The highest population increases were on Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Alternaria sp., Microsporum gypseum, and Aspergillus chevalieri. With Fusarium guttiforme and the medically important fungi Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, T. mentagrophytes, and Sporothrix sp., mites were observed to feed on whole mycelium. Only eight fungal species were dispersed by T. putrescentiae to the new Petri dishes: Aspergillus clavatus, Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans, Fusarium guttiforme, Hyphopichia burtonii, Penicillium citrinum, Rhizophus azygosporus, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The best performance of T. putrescentiae was found feeding on F. guttiforme, P. citrinum, and T. mentagrophytes. In conclusion, T. putrescentiae successfully used fungi as a food source, and it proved to be an important tool for disseminating both environmental and medically important fungi.

International audience; Twelve strains of a novel yeast species were isolated from rotting wood, mushrooms and fruit samples in Brazil and French Guiana. Analysis of the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region and the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rRNA gene showed that the novel species belongs to the Kurtzmaniella Clade. The novel species differed from its closest relative, Candida natalensis, by 12 substitutions in the D1/D2 sequences. The novel species could be distinguished from C. natalensis by its inability to assimilate cellobiose and salicin, and growth at 50 % (w/w) glucose. The name Kurtzmaniella hittingeri f.a., sp. nov. is proposed for the novel species. The type strain of K. hittingeri sp. nov. is CBS 13469(T) (=UFMG CM-Y272(T)). The MycoBank number is 827183. We also propose the transfer of Candida fragi, Candida quercitrusa and Candida natalensis to the genus Kurtzmaniella as new combinations.

A fungal species was isolated from 100% soybean methyl ester (B100 SME) and identified as Aureobasidium pullulans. The yeast was evaluated for its ability to grow in and to biodegrade B100 SME, B0 ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD), and B20 ULSD (80% v/v ULSD + 20% B100 SME) in microcosms containing fuel over Bushnell-Haas mineral salts medium. The presence of SME affected the fungal cell morphology and metabolism. After 25 days, fungal biomass at the fuel/water interface in microcosms containing B100 SME and B20 ULSD were 0.98 ± 0.18 mg mL−1 and 0.16 ± 0.05 mg mL−1, respectively. In the B100 SME microcosms the esters concentrations fell by 10%. It was possible to observe that A. pullulans was biodeteriogenic in B100 and B20, but not in B0.

Lipases (E.C. 3.1.1.3) are serine-hydrolases, and act on long chain fatty acid ester bonds. They exhibit specific and enantioselective activities, which are desirable for many industrial applications. This study aimed at screening and optimizing the production of lipases by wild yeast strains from a variety of substrates, as well as characterizing the enzyme. An initial selection was made in oxygenated oil-supplemented minimum medium, and the enzymatic activity of the supernatant was tested over p- nitrophenyl palmitate. One-hundred and twenty-four yeast strains from different substrates were tested, and twenty-three showed significantly higher lipolytic activity (p

Yeasts may contribute positively to the characteristic taste and flavour development during cheese ripening or cause deterioration of the product. In this study we report the presence of yeasts in 59 samples of artisanal cheeses (43 samples of colonial cheese, 5 of ricotta, 9 of provolone, and 2 of Caccio Cavallo) marketed at stands in the coastal area of Rio Grande do Sul, collected between November 2004 and June 2005. Yeast counts were between 10 4 and 10 7 UFC/g. One hundred and ten strains were isolated from 30 representative cheese samples. Of these, 97 isolates had ascomycetic affinity, and only 13 were basidiomycetes. The isolates belong to the genera Candida , Debaryomyces, Dekkera, Dipodascus, Galactomyces , Kluyveromyces, Kodamaea , Pichia, Rhodosporidium, Saccharomyces , Schizoblastosporion , Sporidiobolus , Torulaspora , Trichosporon , Yarrowia , and Zygosaccharomyces . The predominant species found were Yarrowia lipolytica , Debaryomyces hansenii, and Candida zeylanoides. More than 56% of the strains were lipolytic, while almost 13% were caseinolytic, and approximately 31% were gelatinolytic. The presence of potentially pathogenic and/or deteriorating yeasts emphasizes the need for a better hygienic control of cheese manufacturing and storage. The ability these microorganisms have to produce proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes enhance the potential risk of cheese deterioration during storage.

O controle de produtos de origem animal esta diretamente associado a sanidade animal e a saude publica. Na suspeita de mastite, tanto bacteriana quanto micotica, o congelamento de amostras de leite permite aumentar o periodo de tempo para analise microbiologica, permitindo um correto diagnostico laboratorial. As leveduras sao os principais agentes ambientais envolvidos na mastite micotica. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar se o congelamento afeta a recuperacao de leveduras potencialmente presentes no leite. Foram utilizados seis isolados: Rhodotorula sp. (L1), Geotrichum sp. (L2), Cryptococcus sp. (L3), Candida tropicalis (L4) e Candida albicans (L5), oriundos de leite in natura , e um isolado de C. parapsilosis (ATCC 22019). Apos a inoculacao experimental, as amostras foram congeladas durante 10 dias, 3, 6 e 8 semanas. O congelamento do leite por periodos superiores a 10 dias causou reducao no numero de celulas viaveis. Sugerimos que sejam utilizados periodos mais curtos de congelamento para a analise micologica do leite.

Two independent surveys of yeasts associated with different bromeliads in different Brazilian regions led to the proposal of a novel yeast species,Bullera vrieseaesp. nov., belonging to the Tremellales clade (Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota). Analysis of the sequences in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and D1/D2 domain of the LSU rRNA gene suggested affinity to a phylogenetic lineage that includesBullera miyagianaandBullera sakaeratica. Six isolates of the novel species were obtained from different bromeliads and regions in Brazil. Sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit of the rRNA gene showed that the novel species differs fromB.miyagianaandB. sakaeraticaby 85 and 64 nt substitutions, respectively and by more than 75 nt substitutions in the ITS region. Phenotypically,Bullera vrieseaesp. nov. can be distinguished from both species based on the assimilation ofmeso-erythritol, which was negative forB. vrieseaesp. nov. but positive for the others, assimilation ofd-glucosamine, which was positive forB. vrieseaesp. nov. but negative forB. miyagianaand ofl-sorbose, which was negative forB. vrieseaesp. nov. but positive forB. sakaeratica. The novel speciesBullera vrieseaesp. nov. is proposed to accommodate these isolates. The type strain ofBullera vrieseaesp. nov. is UFMG-CM-Y379T(BRO443T; ex-type CBS 13870T).

Zygosaccharomyces bailii BCV 08, a yeast isolated from red wine barrels in Brazil, was evaluated as co-starter in fermentations with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Z. bailii BCV 08 was preliminarily shown to produce high levels of esters, and the production was optimized in bench and bioreactor scales using grape must. White wine vinifications were conducted with mixed cultures containing different proportions of Z. bailii BCV 08 and an enological strain of S. cerevisiae. In all trials that contained Z. bailii BCV 08, the production of ethyl esters was enhanced in comparison to the vinification control. Our results clearly show the potential of Z. bailii BCV 08 as a mixed starter with S. cerevisiae in order to increase the aromatic complexity of wine.

Microbial oils enriched in essential polyunsaturated fatty acids can be used as nutritional complements. In order to improve the lipid yields and lipid profiles of 2 Yarrowia lipolytica strains, the effects of medium components and culture conditions were investigated using shake flasks. Under optimized conditions (cultivation for 3 days at 25oC and 150 rpm, using peptone as a nitrogen source and glucose as a carbon source), the biomass, lipid yield, and lipid content reached 6.75 g/L, 3.48 g/L, and 51.55% for Y. lipolytica QU22, and 6.85 g/L, 3.52 g/L, and 51.38% for Y. lipolytica QU137, respectively. Using a shaking speed of 150 rpm, unsaturated fatty acids constituted 87.96% (QU22) and 87.08% (QU137) of the total lipids produced by these strains, with 9.52 and 7.86% of alpha-linolenic acid, respectively. The strains are suitable candidates for fermentation processes involving essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) production.

Kefir is a product elaborated from the symbiotic fermentation of different microorganisms. The Kluyveromyces and Saccharomyces genera are the major representatives of the yeasts found in kefir microbiota. The only pobiotic yeast commercialized as an oral medication, is the Saccharomyces boulardii. The present work involved the microbiological quality examination of six kefir samples in the city of Santa Maria/RS, the yeasts isolation present in the samples and the identification of them by PCR (Polymerase chain reaction). Then, their probiotic potential was evaluated by in vitro technique. After that, microbiological analysis confirmed that kefir samples were suitable for consumption once the microbiological quality was established. Nineteen yeast strains were isolated from six different kefir samples; it was identified, by PCR analysis, but only three species were identified from these microorganisms in the present article: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Hanseniospora uvarum and Kazachstania unispora. Nevertheless, by simulating the passage of isolated strains through the gastrointestinal environment, it was observed that they could not be considered probiotics. The results indicate that, in an isolated way, the yeast presents in kefir samples, in the city of Santa Maria, RS, can´t be considered probiotics according to the tests performed.

Yeasts were isolated from three vineyards located in the South Region of Brazil. A cross evaluation was carried out at the oldest vineyard of the study in Pinheiro Preto. Samples of grape berries, grapevine leaves and the soil, along with samples of the winery equipment and effluent, were collected. In the Serra do Marari and Campos Novos vineyards only samples of grape clusters were obtained. The 106 yeast isolates were identified by sequencing the D1/D2 domain of LSU rDNA or ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region in 22 species. The values for the richness indices varied between the vineyards. A comparison of the taxonomic diversity of the yeasts from these regions using the reciprocal Simpson index showed a significant difference between the Serra do Marari and Campos Novos vineyards (5.72 ± 0.36 and 2.92 ± 0.36, respectively, p

Lipid homeostasis is well-known in oleaginous yeasts, but there are few non-oleaginous yeast models apart from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We are proposing the non-oleaginous yeast Candida zeylanoides QU 33 as model. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the carbon/nitrogen ratio and the type of nitrogen source upon oil accumulation by this yeast grown on shake flask cultures. The maximum biomass was obtained in yeast extract (2.39 ± 0.19 g/l), followed by peptone (2.24 ± 0.05 g/l), while the highest content of microbial oil (0.35 ± 0.01 g/l) and the maximum lipid yield (15.63%) were achieved with peptone. Oleic acid was the predominant cellular fatty acid in all culture media (>32.23%), followed by linoleic (>15.79%) and palmitic acids (>13.47%). The highest lipid yield using glucose and peptone was obtained at the C/N ratio of 200:1.

This work was prompted by the phenomenon of yeasts’ resistance to antifungals, and the need for sanitation products for use in livestock farming in the agroecological model. The objectives were to undertake a qualitative phytochemical analysis of, and assess the antimicrobial/disinfectant action of, the crude hydroalcoholic extract [weight:volume of 5g:100 mL (50 mg mL)] of flowers of Achyrocline satureioides on standard Candida albicans (ATCC 14053) and isolates of cases of bovine mastitis: C. albicans (n = 1) , C. krusei (n = 21) and C. rugosa (n = 9). The test was that of suspension, the lineages in three population densities (PD): 105, 104 and 103 CFU mL, at contact times (CT) of 15 and 30 minutes and from 1 up to 10 hours. Activity results were influenced by the PD and CT variables, with all yeasts inactivated. For example, at the highest PD: the standard strain was inactivated in the reading at 1 hr; of the clinical isolates, C. albicans was inactivated in the reading at 3 hrs; seven isolates of C. krusei at 30 minutes and the other 14 at 1 hr; seven isolates of C. rugosa were inactivated in the reading at 4 hrs, with the others inactivated at 10 hrs. Phytochemicals identified were phenolic compounds, tannins, condensed tannins and flavonoids. The evidence observed suggests the extract’s potential for use on sources of infection in disinfection/antisepsis procedures, or in formulations which serve as a vehicle.

The Sporothrix schenckii complex is the etiologic agent of sporotrichosis, a subacute or chronic mycosis which can affect humans and animals. Killer yeasts have been used in the medical field for development of novel antimycotics and biotyping of pathogenic fungi. The action of 18 killer yeasts on the growth of 88 characterized S. schenckii, Sporothrix globosa, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix mexicana clinical and environmental isolates was evaluated. Killer studies were performed on Petri dishes containing cheese black starch agar. The yeasts Candida catenulata (QU26, QU31, QU127, LV102); Trichosporon faecale (QU100); Trichosporon japonicum (QU139); Kluyveromyces lactis (QU30, QU99, QU73); Kazachstania unispora (QU49), Trichosporon insectorum (QU89), and Kluyveromyces marxianus (QU103) showed activity against all strains of the S. schenckii complex tested. Observation by optical microscopy of S. brasiliensis 61 within the inhibition haloes around the colonies of the killer yeasts QU100, QU139, and LV102 showed that there was no conidiation, but there was hyphal proliferation. The toxins were fungistatic against S. brasiliensis 61. There was no difference in susceptibility to the toxins among the S. schenckii species complex. Further investigations are necessary to clearly establish the mechanism of action of the toxins.

Evaluating the performance of dentistry students is essential to motivate learning. This article presents a review of the literature on the main clinical performance evaluation methods available. Based on that review, this work develops a method of clinical evaluation to be applied in the Faculty of Dentistry - UFMG. The Clinical Assessment Protocol (CAP) was developed considering OSCE (Objective Structured Clinical Examination) and SCOT (Structured Clinical Operative Test) methodologies. CAP’s purpose is to objectively assess students’ learning on topics related to medical history investigation, diagnosis, treatment planning, infection control, techniques, skills, communication and professionalism. Students’ self-assessment is also part of this protocol and may be interesting to identify their own weaknesses and strengths, motivating their learning process. CAP can be an alternative to conventional evaluation methods, reducing subjectivity and providing more reliability and equity to the evaluation process. A avaliação do desempenho clínico de estudantes de Odontologia é muito importante para motivar o aprendizado. Este artigo propõe-se a apresentar uma revisão de literatura sobre métodos de avaliação de desempenho clínico e a desenvolver um protocolo para ser aplicado nas disciplinas do curso de Odontologia da UFMG. O Protocolo de Avaliação Clínica (PAC) foi elaborado a partir do Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) e do Structured Clinical Operative Test (SCOT), métodos de avaliação mais encontrados na literatura, com a finalidade de realizar uma avaliação objetiva do aprendizado do aluno em pontos relacionados a anamnese, diagnóstico, plano de tratamento, controle de infecção, técnicas, habilidade, comunicação e profissionalismo. A autoavaliação realizada pelos alunos também faz parte desse protocolo, sendo interessante para se diagnosticarem pontos fracos e virtudes dos estudantes. O PAC pode ser umaalternativa aos métodos convencionais de avaliação, reduzindo a subjetividade e tornando o processo avaliativo mais confiável e homogêneo.