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Content analysis was used to examine the childhood experiences of 22 autobiographers whose mother was unmarried when they were born. Their childhoods varied considerably. For significant periods of time, 12 lived with their mother alone or with her and their own father or a stepfather, 5 lived with their mother and her parents, 2 lived with unmarried aunts, and 7 lived in foster homes. Three mothers died, one was institutionalized, and one abandoned her child without making alternative arrangements. Seven autobiographers were never told the identity of their father, and another 5 had to wait many years before they were told. This created an unhappiness in these individuals when they were teenagers that only increased with age. These findings cannot be assumed to apply to unmarried mothers and their children today; however, they raise some important issues for health care professionals and highlight the need for more research on contemporary unmarried motherhood.

4-Allylazetidin-2-one, prepared from penta-1,4-diene and chlorosulphonyl isocyanate, has been used to synthesise the parent 7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0] hept-2-ene-2-carboxylate system of the naturally occurring olivanic acids, using an intramolecular Witting reaction to construct the 2,3-double bond. Cyclisation of ketones derived from the 4-allyl grouping produced 3-substituted derivatives, while use of the azetidin-2-one prepared from hexa-1,5-diene and chlorosulphonyl isocyanate has given the homologous 8-oxo-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene system.

The trans- and cis-substituted β-lactam isomers of p-nitrobenzyl 3-(2-acetamidoethylthio)-6-ethyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate can be oxidised with iodobenzene dichloride–pyridine under anhydrous conditions to give the 3,4-unsaturated esters, which after isomerisation and deprotection afford the sodium salts of (±)-PS-5 and (±)-6-epi PS-5.

The β-lactams prepared from penta-1,4-diene and cyclohexa-1,4-diene by reaction with chlorosulphonyl isocyanate can be readily converted into the 7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene ring system, using an intramolecular Witting reaction to form the 2,3-double bond.

Die Carbonsaure (I) reagiert zum Phenylthioester (II ), der in das Phosphoran (III) auf bekannte Weise ubergefuhrt wird.

The trans- and cis-substituted β-lactam isomers of p-nitrobenzyl 3-(2-acetamidoethylthio)-6-ethyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate can be oxidised with iodobenzene dichloride–pyridine under anhydrous conditions to give the 3,4-unsaturated esters, which after isomerisation and deprotection afford the sodium salts of (±)-PS-5 and (±)-6-epi PS-5.

Base-catalysed addition of thiols to 7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylates produces adducts of the saturated nucleus, which can be stereospecifically oxidised to α-chlorosulphoxides and then dehydrochlorinated to form antibacterially active sulphoxides of the corresponding unsaturated system.

The β-lactams prepared from penta-1,4-diene and cyclohexa-1,4-diene by reaction with chlorosulphonyl isocyanate can be readily converted into the 7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene ring system, using an intramolecular Witting reaction to form the 2,3-double bond.