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Human Quality Treatment (HQT) is a theoretical approach expressing different ways of dealing with employees within an organization and is embedded in humanistic management tenants of dignity, care, and personal development, seeking to produce morally excellent employees. We build on the theoretical exposition and present a measure of HQT-Scale across several studies including cross-culturally to enhance confidence in our results. Our first study generates the 25 items for the HQT-Scale and provides initial support for the items. We then followed up with a large study of managers (n = 363) from Nigeria in study 2, which confirms the theoretical properties of the five dimensions of HQT and highlights a two-factor construct: HQT Ethically Unacceptable and HQT Ethically Acceptable using a 20-item HQT-Scale. Study 3 with a large sample of New Zealand employees (n = 452) again confirms the nature of the construct and provides construct validity tests. Finally, using time-lagged data, study 4 (n = 308) focuses on New Zealand employees and job attitudes and behaviors, and a well-being outcome. That study not only confirms the theoretically implied effects but also shows the HQT Ethically Acceptable factor mediates the detrimental effects of HQT Ethically Unacceptable. Overall, our four studies provide strong support for the HQT-Scale and highlight important understandings of HQT and humanistic management in the workplace.

The purpose of this article is to explain the importance of evaluating and documenting the freeway space (interdental rest position), in initial examinations and at the completion of therapy in patients exhibiting an open mandibular resting position. The freeway space measurements obtained can be shared with parents, patients, and referral sources. To this end, the muscular, neural, and sensory components related to the freeway space are discussed, as well as airway, dental eruption patterns, tactile feedback, and orthodontic relapse considerations. An extraoral method for evaluating the dimensions of the anterior freeway space is proposed.

Introduction: Moyamoya is a progressive cerebrovascular disease leading to arterial stenosis of the circle of Willis. Using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), adults with moyamoya have significantly decreased white matter fractional anisotropy (FA) compared to controls even when conventional imaging is normal. This raises concern for under recognized white matter injury. Children with moyamoya have been shown to have significantly increased whole brain apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. However, to our knowledge the involvement of specific white matter tracts in children with moyamoya, relevant to specific cognitive domains, has not been evaluated. Methods: We present a cohort of 16 children with moyamoya with 25 affected hemispheres without stroke compared to 25 children controls. We analyzed DTI data using unscented Kalman filter (UKF) tractography and extracted major white matter pathways with a fiber clustering method. We compared the FA, ADC, AD, and RD globally as well as within each white matter tract using ANOVA. Results: Age and sex were not significantly different between children with moyamoya and controls. For all white matter tracts, children with moyamoya had significantly lower FA (-7.0%, p=0.04) as well as higher ADC (5.7%, p=0.002) and RD (9.5%, p=0.002). AD was also higher but not significant (2.3%, p=0.21). Specific white matter tracts that were significantly affected included: inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus and thalamo-frontal tract (Table 1). Discussion: Lower FA with higher ADC and RD is consistent with decreased axonal myelination. Tracts in watershed regions were especially affected in children with moyamoya. These findings are also consistent with concerns that children with moyamoya are chronically hypoperfused. In conclusion, future research is needed to determine whether these findings are reversible.

Purpose In a recent article, Schaefer et al. (2015) argue that cultivating appropriate beliefs and values, cultivating systems thinking and encouraging responsibility are the stages to be followed to achieve sustainability-as-flourishing from an organizational perspective. This analysis forms the basis for the development and discussion of a conceptual model to educate undergraduate business students at a New Zealand University into responsible leaders who strive to enact sustainability-as-flourishing in organizations. Design/methodology/approach This paper critiques current approaches to sustainability which often reflect a narrow understanding of human needs and do not demand necessary transformation in the way we interact with the world around us. It then provides an overview of sustainability-as-flourishing, and its various stages, with relevant examples from business. This is followed by a discussion of the conceptual model, the pedagogical philosophies underpinning it and the teaching methods required for shifting business students’ mindsets towards this end. Findings This is a conceptual paper that offers a new teaching model for sustainability-as-flourishing. The paper concludes with suggestions for sustainability educators in business. Originality/value To date, sustainability-as-flourishing is underdeveloped in the business literature. This conceptual paper unpacks this notion further. Additionally, it provides a model for business educators to teach sustainability-as-flourishing. While some of these ideas and features have been described in the literature previously, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time they have been brought as a coherent whole under this broader and unique approach of sustainability-as-flourishing.

There is an immediate need for noninvasive therapies to improve the functional abilities of persons blinded by traumatic injury. The BrainPort Vision Pro, an updated hands-free oral electronic vision device, enables perception of visual information using the tongue as a substitute for the eye. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the BrainPort Vision Pro on real-world functional task performance in persons who are profoundly blind (light perception or worse) due to traumatic injury (ocular or cortical). Methods This was a prospective, within-subjects, repeated-measures study. Participants received ten hours of device training and were required to use the device independently for 1 year. Functional performance measures of object identification, orientation and mobility, word identification, and environmental awareness were assessed at baseline, post-device training, and quarterly throughout the year. Results Seventeen profoundly blind adults were enrolled in the study. No clinically significant device-related adverse events were reported, demonstrating minimal risks associated with the BrainPort Vision Pro. None of the participants could successfully perform any of the functional tasks at baseline, without the device. After 1 year of independent device use, all participants could identify objects, and 41% identified words beyond chance level while using the device. Forty-one percent of participants could locate a sign, 94% followed a line without veering off, 71% avoided obstacles, 71% walked through a doorway without collision, 100% of participants recognized a door, and 71% identified a window. Conclusions Results demonstrate significant improvements in real-world functional task performance in skill areas important to everyday life. The BrainPort Vision Pro offers a nonsurgical method for improving visual function in persons blinded by trauma. The device can enhance independence and support the successful integration of profoundly blind persons, including veterans and returning service members, into community life.

Purpose This study aims to demonstrate how critical realism (CR) can be used in spirituality at work (SAW) research and to provide a practical example of CR in SAW research. Design/methodology/approach CR is a philosophical meta-theory that allows the stratification of spirituality into different levels of reality, advocates for research methods matching the ontology of the level investigated and provides complementary methods of exploring this phenomenon’s causal power in social contexts. The authors present a study where CR was used to explain how and why SAW influences ethics in organisational contexts. Findings The results demonstrate that CR provides a useful approach to bridging the positivist-interpretivist difference in SAW research. Moreover, a CR approach helped explain the underlying conditions and causal mechanisms that power SAW to influence ethical decision-making and behaviour in the workplace. Originality/value While CR has been applied in the management literature, negligible SAW research has used this approach. That which exists is either conceptual or does not discuss methods of data analysis, or describe how critical realist concepts resulted in their findings. This paper addresses that lacuna. CR also provides value, as an alternative approach to SAW research, in that it allows the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods as complementary, not confrontational methods while providing a more integrated and deeper view of SAW and its effects.

In recent times, there has been a shift in the management literature toward embracing spirituality in the workplace. Much of this literature promulgates the idea that spiritual individuals are moral and therefore, valuable ethical assets to any organization. However, there is negligible research validating this claim. As part of a larger study, this research investigated how spirituality influenced ethical behavior in a variety of work contexts. This was based on a critical realist methodology, semi-structured interviews with 31 highly spiritual cases and a thematic analysis of 80 ethical incidents. It found participants’ spirituality was manifested through an awareness of others that guided and enabled them to act in authentically ethical ways that transcended organizational conditions. When participants reported doing this, they felt increased well-being; when they were unable to enact their spirituality, they suffered a variety of negative feelings. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of these findings.

Purpose This paper aims to explore how directors understand the “how” and “why” of their personal moral values in their task of governing the organisation. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on a qualitative study. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews of 33 New Zealand directors. Findings Three major themes emerged: Directors’ personal moral values are a powerful driver in ethical decision-making of directors; codes of ethics are seen to be effective to the extent that individuals have a strong moral compass; great value is placed on their personal moral code as being consistent with it, defines who they are. Research limitations/implications This study reveals how and why directors’ personal ethics are important in their task of governance and demonstrates that they are extremely influential in their ethical decision-making. Practical implications Appraisal processes could also make sure this factor is given equal importance along with other skills and competencies. In the area of director selection, proven moral integrity could become a point to investigate prior to the appointment of a director. Originality/value There have been very few studies investigating the subjective ethical experience in ethical decision-making. Investigating the antecedents of ethical or unethical outcomes only provides a partial understanding of the ethical experience.

A recent special issue in the Journal of Business Ethics gathered together a variety of papers addressing the challenges of putting virtue ethics into practice (Fontrodona et al in J Bus Ethics 113(4):563–565, 2013). The editors prefaced their outline of the various papers with the assertion that exploring the practical dimension of virtue ethics can help business leaders discover their proper place in working for a better world, as individuals and within the family, the business community and society in general (Fontrodona et al in J Bus Ethics 113(4):563–565, 2013). Scholars are yet to explore the role of virtuous organisational leaders in the pursuit of Eudaimonia. This paper is a qualitative study which considered company directors’ self-understandings in light of a virtue ethics conceptual framework. The aim of the study is to explore whether virtue ethics rather than deontology and consequentialism is a better vehicle for expressing directors’ self-understandings about their ideals and role.

Introduction This study was conducted to evaluate the functional performance of the BrainPort V100 device, an FDA-cleared sensory-substitution system, in persons who are profoundly blind (that is, have some or no light perception). Methods This was a prospective, single-arm, multicenter clinical investigation. Participants received 10 hours of device training and were required to use the device in their everyday environments for 1 year. Functional performance measures of object identification, orientation and mobility (O&M), and word identification were assessed at baseline, in post-device training, and at the 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month time points. Results Fifty-seven participants completed the study and used the device for 1 year. No device-related serious adverse events were reported, demonstrating that the risks associated with the BrainPort are minimal. Participants performed object recognition (91.2% success rate) and O&M (57.9% success rate) tasks beyond chance level. Discussion This study demonstrates that the BrainPort can be used safely and independently by persons who are blind. Participants with profound blindness can accomplish a set of tasks more successfully by using the BrainPort than without the device. Following initial training, performance on these tasks was maintained or improved over the course of 1 year. Implications for practitioners The BrainPort is a noninvasive and nonsurgical device that heightens functional independence for persons who are blind. The device presents users with more information about their environment than conventional assistive devices, and can enhance independence in performing activities of daily living.

Business schools are increasingly educating for sustainability, partially in response to the world’s current social and environmental predicament, and partially as a consequence of recognising the significant role business plays in contributing to this perilous state. Much of this education though, is grounded in a ‘business as usual approach’ that views sustainability as a means of improving the bottom line while minimising unsustainability. This chapter describes an undergraduate course for business students that uses sustainability-as-flourishing as a framework for transformational change in student mindsets regarding the foundational structures of society. This aspirational approach goes beyond teaching the status quo to cultivate students as self-actualised individuals who desire a flourishing natural, social and economic system.

This paper argues that corporate governance reformers in Anglo-American jurisdictions should consider a different approach in their quest for better corporate governance. Traditionally, corporate governance reform has taken a structural approach, tightening the rules around the number of independent directors required on boards and committees and fine-tuning the definition of independence. However, such an approach has failed to achieve effective corporate governance. Moreover, this approach is informed by the arguably discredited assumption that individuals are rational self-interest utility maximizers. This conceptual paper questions why corporate governance scholars and regulators remain uncritical of this assumption and suggests an approach to reform inspired by a different view of human nature. Indeed, incorporating an actor-based approach to reform into existing structures may better achieve effective corporate governance while addressing an unjustified adherence to this flawed assumption.

A review of the relevant literature recognised several characteristics that permeate discussions on spirituality. This paper’s premise is that these characteristics inform an individual’s choice of values – they form a type of regulative ideal. The process developed explains the link between these values and virtue and therefore ethical behaviour in the workplace. The values frameworks developed recently in the spirituality literature specify those things a spiritual person perceives as worth having, getting or doing. This paper contends that these values, particular to spiritual persons, contribute to the flourishing of individuals and therefore lead to the acquisition of virtue. Spiritual persons are likely to be ethical persons. Such individuals are likely to be of significant benefit to their organisations. A process is offered to explain the link between these values, virtue and ethical behaviour in the workplace. Central to this process is the notion of phronesis (practical wisdom) in the perception, selection and implementation of spiritual values in the workplace. Practical wisdom or phronesis is the reward for striving for virtue. It is the ability to know what is good to do here and now. It enables a person to have rational control of their feelings: to “have those feelings at the right times on the right grounds towards the right people for the right motive and in the right way” (Aristotle, Trans. 1941, NE Bk 2 chap 6; 1106b16). This paper contends that spiritual values, particular to spiritual persons and enhanced through phronesis, contribute to the flourishing of individuals and therefore lead to the acquisition of virtue. Phronesis is essential if espoused organisational values are to become a reality in the life of the organisation.

(2011). How Does Your Competition Agency Measure Up? European Competition Journal: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 25-45.

Purpose – This paper seeks to provide an Aristotelian alternative to the neo‐classical paradigm for the development of sustainable business research and a preliminary explanation of how to implement the assumptions on the shopfloor.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a conceptual exploration and comparison of sustainable business, Aristotle's view of society and intra‐societal relations, and the neo‐classical model.Findings – The paper shows how sustainable business research is supported by elements of the Aristotelian model and how this is not the case with the neo‐classical paradigm. Practical implications for corporate governance strategies are detailed.Originality/value – This paper shows how Aristotelian philosophy may provide a rationale for the normative claims of sustainable business research.

Recently, there have been several corporate scandals both in New Zealand and overseas involving unethical management behaviour that caused significant harm to a range of stakeholders. The literature on spirituality and mindfulness posits that each could enhance ethical praxis and management conduct if they were encouraged in organisations. To date, minimal work has been completed bringing these related constructs together and demonstrating how and why they might influence ethical decision-making and behaviour positively. This paper attempts such a combination. As part of a larger study, 14 managers from a variety of organisations were interviewed to determine how their spirituality influenced their ethical behaviour in the workplace. Using stories of real-life critical incidents and thematic analysis, this research found that managers bring a spiritual consciousness that is mindful of themselves, others and their context to their decisions and actions in complex and challenging ethical situations. Moreover, while these managers’ spiritual mindfulness was cognisant of the immediate present, they also transcend their environments in ways that often led to enhanced moral praxis and conduct. Conversely, situations in which they failed to be spiritually mindful resulted in feelings of frustration, anxiety and loss. Based on these findings, a model of how spirituality and mindfulness might relate to produce ethical behaviour in organisations is provided. The paper concludes by offering suggestions for future research.

PURPOSE To determine the effects of diabetic retinopathy (DR), increased foveal thickness (FT), and adaptive optics (AO) on wavefront aberrations and Shack-Hartmann (SH) image quality. METHODS Shack-Hartmann aberrometry and wavefront error correction were performed with a bench-top AO retinal imaging system in 10 healthy control and 19 DR subjects. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography was performed and central FT was measured. Based on the FT data in the control group, subjects in the DR group were categorized into two subgroups: those with normal FT and those with increased FT. Shack-Hartmann image quality was assessed based on spot areas, and high-order (HO) root mean square (RMS) and total RMS were calculated. RESULTS There was a significant effect of DR on HO and total RMS (p = 0.01), and RMS decreased significantly after AO correction (p < 0.001). Shack-Hartmann spot area was significantly affected by DR (p < 0.001), but it did not change after AO correction (p = 0.6). High-order RMS, total RMS, and SH spot area were higher in DR subjects both before and after AO correction. In DR subgroups, HO and total RMS decreased significantly after AO correction (p < 0.001), whereas the effect of increased FT on HO and total RMS was not significant (p ≥ 0.7). There were no significant effects of increased FT and AO on SH spot area (p = 0.9). CONCLUSIONS Diabetic retinopathy subjects had higher wavefront aberrations and less compact SH spots, likely attributable to pathological changes in the ocular optics. Wavefront aberrations were significantly reduced by AO, although AO performance was suboptimal in DR subjects as compared with control subjects.

Health care reform has moved postbirth care into the community without assessment of how this may change parents' needs. Mother–father pairs (n = 117) in six sites in four countries were interviewed at 5 to 10 days postbirth and again between 6 and 8 weeks postbirth to determine their needs. Content analysis revealed both parents in all sites had a strong focus on self-needs throughout the postbirth period. Postpartum programs oriented solely to family–centered care may not meet the specific needs of contemporary parents.

Changes in prenatal care practices resulted from a pilot study with 12 urban New Mexican women who received no prenatal care. The women were interviewed regarding their reasons for not receiving care during pregnancy, health behaviors, and perceived neonatal outcomes. Data on actual neonatal outcomes were taken from the medical record. Maternal reasons for no prenatal care were socio-demographic, system-related, attitudinal, and outside forces of job and childcare. To ensure a healthy baby, the women made changes in their nutrition, self-care activities, substance use, sleep, and exercise activities. All of the women perceived they had a healthy baby. Yet 61% of the neonates had complications and 45% were low birth weight. The research findings were used to develop a care management program that included case management and utilization management.

Maria is a 22‐year‐old single Hispanic woman with four children. She began smoking at 13 years of age and became sexually active at 14 years of age. Over the last eight years, she has had multiple sexual partners and a history of gonorrhea and chlamydia. When she came to the clinic for a routine Papanicolau (Pap) test, she had several clusters of cervical warts. These tested positive for human papilloma virus (HPV) type11. She was also at the clinic for her final application of Podophyllin but when questioned, Maria had never heard of HPV. Josephine is a 44‐year‐old married non‐Hispanic white woman with two children who always has yearly Pap tests. Seven years ago, she had "vaginal warts," and her primary care provider treated her with trichloroacetic acid. She wasn't aware which HPV type caused her warts, or of their exact location. Also, no information was provided to her about the increased risk for cervical cancer in women with certain types of cervical HPV. Charlotte is a 29‐year‐old single African American woman with one child. She became sexually active at 16 years of age and has since had two abortions. Her sexual history includes two previous partners; she came to the clinic to renew her oral contraceptive prescription. Upon pelvic examination, cervical dysplasia was suspected; colposcopic cytology results confirmed the diagnosis. Charlotte was unaware of any history of HPV but she did know that Pap tests could screen for cervical cancer. In addition, she thought the Pap test was done to diagnose sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis and gonorrhea.

The AANA determines the scope of nurse anesthesia practice. It is important for all members to understand the scope of practice that governs their work to better practice their profession and mentorship. In January 2013, the AANA Board of Directors charged the Practice Committee to revise the Scope of Nurse Anesthesia Practice. A systematic review of literature, focus groups, and a survey were conducted. Major focus group themes were identified, and survey results were analyzed to identify relationships between variables. The literature search resulted in 8,739 abstracts. Forty-six articles were reviewed. Full scope of advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) practice was a recurrent theme across the literature. Focus group themes include: (1) elements of nurse anesthesia practice; (2) future practice opportunities; (3) interprofessional collaboration; (4) full scope of practice; (5) autonomous practice; and (6) barriers to practice and recommendations. Of the 4,200 CRNA survey respondents, 44.6% are not permitted to practice to their full scope of practice. The revised Scope of Nurse Anesthesia Practice embodies the comprehensive span of nurse anesthesia practice.

Opioids remain a common method of treating chronic pain conditions despite some controversy. In an effort to address some of the risks of opioid medications, opioid risk assessment has become a standard of care when opioids are used to treat a chronic pain condition. Research to date has found that clinical interviews may be superior to currently available patient-completed written questionnaires in identifying patients likely to engage in medication aberrant behavior. The Brief Risk Interview (BRI) has been developed as a risk assessment tool that has the sensitivity of a clinical interview while eliminating the need for the lengthy process of an interview. The current study compared the predictive ability of the BRI with two commonly used patient-completed risk assessment tools: the Opioid Risk Tool (ORT) and the Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients with Pain-Revised (SOAPP-R). After clinical staff at a pain practice underwent a 1-hour training program, 124 consecutive new patients were evaluated using the BRI, ORT, and SOAPP-R. Follow-up data found that the BRI was a good predictor of medication aberrant behavior and offered better sensitivity and better overall predictive accuracy than the ORT or the SOAPP-R. Overall, it appears that the BRI is a valid risk assessment tool that, after a brief training session, can be used effectively by pain clinicians. Further study is needed in other practice settings and with larger sample sizes.

A retrospective chart review was conducted to determine why women received no prenatal care during pregnancy and their subsequent maternal and neonatal outcomes. Five hundred and eighty medical records from 1990 through 1993 that were labeled as no care were reviewed. Actually, only 270 records had no care and of these, 92 had 156 recorded reasons as to why women did not receive prenatal care. These reasons were categorized into three types of barriers: attitudinal, sociodemographic, and system-related. The majority of the women were young, Hispanic, unmarried, between 20 and 29 years of age, and uninsured, and had one to three children. Overall, the women did not smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, or use drugs during pregnancy. Overall, the women had good maternal and newborn outcomes. Results suggest a need to reevaluate the effect of prenatal care use on young Hispanic women.

The purpose of this research was twofold: to describe the types of drugs and alcohol abused by pregnant multisubstance abusers enrolled in a substance abuse and treatment programme, and to describe the types of changes in drug-taking behaviours during pregnancy. An exploratory study, including interviews and chart reviews, was conducted with 31 pregnant multisubstance abusers. Drug-taking behaviours, demographic factors of age, ethnicity, martial status, education, and pregnancy characteristics of gravida, living children, level of prenatal care and trimester of pregnancy were measured. Most of the women were in their Twenties, Hispanic, single and had some high school education. Most of the women were multiparas to grand multiparas, yet they had only one or two living children, and all were receiving prenatal care. Their self-reports were validated by urine screening. Generally, the women reported that they did change their drug-taking behaviours, and many women decreased their substance abuse.

Recent corporate scandals in New Zealand, evidenced by the collapse of a large number of unlisted finance companies involved potentially narcissistic leadership, which in turn had created narcissistic organisational identities where unethical behaviour was the norm. This paper uses a virtue ethics approach to argue that the narcissistic tendencies found in these organisational cultures are largely determined at the corporate governance level of the organisation. The board of directors is ultimately responsible for the moral or immoral identity of the organisation. However, instead of advocating for rule-based reform, we contend that the problem lies with the character of the directors and the manner in which they exercise their judgement. An emphasis on virtuous character and practical wisdom will encourage the development of a moral organisational identity and consequently improve individual ethical behaviour in organisations.

To investigate the relationship between depression and quantitative measures of visual function, we recruited 18 subjects with central scotomas from macular degeneration who were enrolled in a reading rehabilitation program. Psychological batteries and reading assessments were administered prior to rehabilitation; reading assessments and a measure of adaptation to vision loss were administered following rehabilitation. We investigated relationships between reported levels of depressive symptoms and reading and adaptation outcome measures by using Pearson product moment correlation analysis. Results revealed a significant relationship between depression levels and reading acuity difference scores (r(16) = 0.54, p = 0.02) and changes in adaptation to vision loss levels (r(16) = 0.62, p = 0.01), suggesting that those who reported greater depressive symptoms did not respond as well functionally to reading rehabilitation but reported greater improvement in levels of adaptation to vision loss following rehabilitation. Future research should focus on defining standard methods to assess and remediate depression as part of the rehabilitation process.

One hundred fifteen women were interviewed during their pregnancy. They were asked “What health behavior changes have you made since you became pregnant?”; This is the first study reported in the United States to allow women to identify their own health behaviors. In previous studies, women responded to the behaviors that the researchers listed on questionnaires. The women in our study named 18 changes in health behaviors they had made during pregnancy. More than 49% of the women made changes in their diet, exercise pattern, smoking habits, vitamin intake, and alcohol use. Further research is needed to identify what motivates changes in health behavior in pregnancy.

Purpose To quantify the effects of three vision rehabilitation training approaches on improvements in reading performance. Methods Thirty subjects with AMD participated in the training portion of the study. The median age of the subjects was 79 years (range, 54-89 years). The three training modules were: Visual Awareness and Eccentric Viewing (module 1), Control of Reading Eye Movements (module 2), and Reading Practice with Sequential Presentation of Lexical Information (module 3). Subjects were trained for 6 weekly sessions on each module, and the order of training was counterbalanced. All subjects underwent four assessments: at baseline and at three 6-week intervals. Reading performance was measured before and after each training module. A separate group of 6 subjects was randomly assigned to a control condition in which there was no training. These subjects underwent repeated assessments separated by 6 weeks. Results Reading speeds decreased by an average of 8.4 words per minute (wpm) after training on module 1, increased by 27.3 wpm after module 2, and decreased by 9.8 wpm after module 3. Only the increase in reading speed after module 2 was significantly different from zero. Sentence reading speeds for the control group, who had no reading rehabilitation intervention, was essentially unchanged over the 18 weeks (0.96 ± 1.3 wpm). Conclusions A training curriculum that concentrates on eye movement control increased reading speed in subjects with AMD. This finding does not suggest that the other rehabilitation modules have no value; it suggests that they are simply not the most effective for reading rehabilitation.