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Las emisiones de gases contaminantes a la atmósfera constituyen tanto un problema económico como medioam-biental. En este trabajo se realiza un estudio detallado de las emisiones provocadas por las ramas del sector energético español. Para ello, hemos elaborado para la economía española una Matriz de Contabilidad Social con cuentas ambientales, considerando los seis Gases de Efectos Invernadero que señala el Protocolo de Kioto, y en la que aparece desagregado el sector energético en ocho sectores, incluyendo renovables, con el fin de poder distinguir las emisiones de cada tipo de energía. A partir de esta matriz con cuentas ambientales, se realiza un análisis mediante un modelo multisectorial de tipo lineal, que nos permite obtener las emisiones, tanto directas como indirectas, provoca-das por cada rama del sector energético español. Finalmente se evalúa el impacto que tendría en términos de emisio-nes un cambio en el consumo energético de los hogares a favor de fuentes energéticas renovables. The greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere are an economic and environmental problem. In this work we make a detailed study of the emissions from the branches of the Spanish energy sector. To this end, we have developed for the Spanish economy a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) with Environmental Accounts, considering the six greenhouse gases that the Kyoto Protocol states. In this SAM, the energy sector appears disaggregated in eight sectors, including renewable branches, in order to distinguish the emissions of each type of energy. The analysis is performed using a linear multisector model applied to the SAM, which allows us to obtain the emissions, both direct and indirect, caused by each branch of the Spanish energy sector. Finally, we evaluate the impact in emissions caused by a shift in the household energy consumption towards renewable energy.

The objective of this work is to analyse the possibility of including operations with foreign countries as an endogenous variable in Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) linear models while solving the difficulties associated with this option (e.g. biased estimations of hypothetical demand shocks). The methodology proposed, based on Miyazawa models, makes it possible to estimate the influence and impact of the foreign exchange, preventing it from being overvalued. The SAM for Spain in the year 2000 has been used as the database for this work.

Summary The aim of this article is to calculate energy intensity and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Andalusia, the largest and most populated region of Spain. Energy intensities for five energy commodities used in production activities are calculated using a social accounting matrix (SAM) model with three alternative scenarios, each utilizing differing closure rules. More interestingly, by using 2005 data and updating the values of exogenous accounts, the article also provides estimates of CO2 emissions ten years out from the 1995 base year. Finally, counterfactual experiments are performed to quantify the overall reduction in direct energy coefficients that would have made it possible to maintain constant production-sector emissions from 1995 to 2005. The results indicate that there is a strong interdependence among energy sectors and the most intensive energy users; they also indicate the importance of induced effects when factor accounts and private consumption are endogenous. The estimates obtained concerning CO2 emissions are close to official estimates, both from 1995 and 2005. The counterfactual experiments indicate that a 26.5% cut in the size of direct energy requirements would have made it possible to maintain constant emissions. They also indicate that efforts to curtail emissions should be focused on improving efficiency in coal extraction and combustion and oil refining.

In this study we apply a multiplier decomposition methodology of a linear general equilibrium model based on the regional social accounting matrix to the Andalusian economy. The aim of this methodology is to separate the size of the different effects in terms of energy expenditure and total emissions generated by the whole productive system to satisfy the final demand of each branch of the Andalusian economy and the direct emissions generated to produce energy for each subsystem.

The bio-based economy will be crucial in achieving a sustainable development, covering all ranges of natural resources. In this sense, it is very relevant to analyze the economic links between the bioeconomic sectors and the rest of the economy, determining their total and decomposed impact on economic growth. One of the major problems in carrying out this analysis is the lack of information and complete databases that allow analysis of the bioeconomy and its effects on other economic activities. To overcome this issue, disaggregated social accounting matrices have been obtained for the highly bio-based sectors of the 28 European Union member states. Using this complex database, a linear multiplier analysis shows the future key role of bio-based sectors in boosting economic development in the EU. Results show that the bioeconomy has not yet unleashed its full potential in terms of output and job creation. Thus, output and employment multipliers show that many sectors related to the bioeconomy are still underperforming compared to the EU average, particularly those with higher value added; although, they are still crucial sectors for the wealth creation.

In this paper we set out to examine the energy generated emissions from a different viewpoint, focusing on final energy consumption and trying to ascertain which demands are the most costly to satisfy in terms of emissions of pollutants to the atmosphere. To do this, we apply an additive multiplier decomposition methodology to the Spanish Social Accounting Matrix for the year 2000 that we have developed. This way, we can disaggregate the Spanish energy sector’s revenue-generating process into different effects depending on the source of the demand. To gain a better understanding of the behaviours of the different branches of the economy, we divide Spanish productive activities into two groups, which we call subsystems (energy subsystem and complementary subsystem). We then apply the multiplier decomposition methodology to each one separately. This way, we can identify the influence that the final demand of each of these groups has on income generation and energy sector emissions in the Spanish economy. The results confirm that some branches of the services sector are the most costly in terms of CO2 emissions.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar sectores clave de la economía andaluza a partir de la Matriz de Contabilidad Social (SAM) regional para el año 2000 (SAMAND00). Para ello, se construye y presenta aquí la SAMAND00 a precios de adquisición. Las SAM son un reflejo de las relaciones existentes entre los agentes económicos y describen el flujo circular de la renta, aportando una gran riqueza informativa y sirviendo como base estadística para el análisis de políticas. La identificación de sectores clave de la economía se realiza mediante la aplicación de metodologías tanto tradicionales como de otras más modernas a partir de la SAMAND00. ABSTRACT The goal of this paper is to identify key sectors of the Andalusian economy using a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of the region for the year 2.000 (SAMAND00). In order to do so, we develop and present here the SAMAND00 at the markets prices, from the Input-Output Benchmark for Andalusia. A SAM shows the existent relation between the economics agents, and describes the circular flow of income. The SAM provides with a great amount of information and is used as statistical database for policies analysis tool. To identify the key sectors has been used both traditional and more modern methodologies applied to the SAMAND00.

[EN] This paper presents estimates of energy intensities and CO2 emissions for Andalusia’s economy in 2000. Energy intensities of productive sectors are calculated in several scenarios using a SAM model specified with a social accounting matrix elaborated by the authors. Emissions are estimated with an input-output model, breaking down emissions into those due to intermediate and final uses. The results indicate there are important variations in energy intensities across sectors as well as substantial changes when consumption and investment are endogenous. Emission estimates are quite satisfactory in the base year and the simulations performed show the large impact resulting from changes in domestic final demand. [ES] En este artículo se estiman las intensidades energéticas y emisiones de CO2 para la economía andaluza en el año 2000. Las intensidades energéticas de las ramas productivas se calculan en varios escenarios empleando un modelo SAM especificado con la matriz de contabilidad social elaborada por los autores. Las emisiones se estiman con el modelo input-output, distinguiendo la polución intermedia de la originada por la demanda final. Los resultados muestran la existencia de importantes variaciones en intensidades entre ramas y también las sustanciales variaciones que acaecen al endogeneizar el consumo y la inversión. La estimación de las emisiones en el año base resulta bastante satisfactoria y las simulaciones realizadas muestran el sustancial impacto que tienen los incrementos de la demanda final interior. M.A. Cardenete agradece la financiación recibida de los proyectos de investigación PAI-SEJ012, SEJ2006/00712 y CICYT 2007-2009 y P. D. Fuentes la ayuda recibida del PAI-SEJ-012. C. Polo agradece la ayuda del proyecto SEJ2006/11220.