Search

Aerosol particles can be emitted, transported, removed, or transformed, leading to aerosol variability at scales impacting the climate (days to years and over hundreds of kilometers) or the air quality (hours to days and from meters to hundreds of kilometers). We present the temporal and spatial scales of changes in AOD (aerosol optical depth) and aerosol size (using Ångström exponent – AE; fine-mode fraction – FMF) over Korea during the 2016 KORUS-AQ (KORea–US Air Quality) atmospheric experiment. We use measurements and retrievals of aerosol optical properties from airborne instruments for remote sensing (4STAR; Spectrometers for Sky-Scanning Sun-Tracking Atmospheric Research) and in situ (LARGE; NASA Langley Aerosol Research Group Experiment) on board the NASA DC-8 and geostationary satellites (GOCI; Geostationary Ocean Color Imager; Yonsei aerosol retrieval – YAER, version 2) as well as from reanalysis (MERRA-2; Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2). Measurements from 4STAR when flying below 1000 m show an average AOD at 501 nm of 0.36 and an average AE of 1.11 with large standard deviation (0.12 and 0.15 for AOD and AE, respectively), likely due to mixing of different aerosol types (fine and coarse mode). The majority of AOD due to fine-mode aerosol is observed at altitudes lower than 2 km. Even though there are large variations, for 18 out of the 20 flight days, the column AOD measurements by 4STAR along the NASA DC-8 flight trajectories match the South Korean regional average derived from GOCI. GOCI-derived FMF, which was found to be slightly low compared to AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) sites (Choi et al., 2018), is lower than 4STAR's observations during KORUS-AQ. Understanding the variability of aerosols helps reduce uncertainties in the aerosol direct radiative effect by quantifying the errors due to interpolating between sparse aerosol observation sites or modeled pixels, potentially reducing uncertainties in the upcoming observational capabilities. We observed that, contrary to the prevalent understanding, AE and FMF are more spatially variable than AOD during KORUS-AQ, even when accounting for potential sampling biases by using Monte Carlo resampling. Averaging between measurements and models for the entire KORUS-AQ period, the reduction in correlation by 15 % is 65.0 km for AOD and shorter at 22.7 km for AE. While there are observational and model differences, the predominant factor influencing spatial–temporal homogeneity is the meteorological period. High spatiotemporal variability occurs during the dynamic period (25–31 May), and low spatiotemporal variability occurs during the blocking pattern (1–7 June). While AOD and FMF / AE are interrelated, the spatial variability and relative variability of these parameters in this study indicate that microphysical processes vary at scales shorter than aerosol concentration processes at which microphysical processes such as aerosol particle formation, growth, and coagulation mostly impact the dominant aerosol size (characterized by, e.g., FMF / AE) and to some degree AOD. In addition to impacting aerosol size, aerosol concentration processes such as aerosol emission, transport, and removal mostly impact the AOD.

O Objective: To perform the first molecular characterization of the barcoding COI region of the S. frugiperda found in Tabasco and to test whether it can reliably identify the strain detected in the said state. Design/Methodology/Approach: We collected S. frugiperda specimens using four pheromone traps placed in corn plots. Subsequently, we implemented DNA extraction, PCR with LCO-L/HCO-L primers, and the sequencing of six individuals captured in the traps. Results: After aligning the sequences, we developed a phylogenetic tree, determining that S. frugiperda belongs to the rice strain (RS). Implications: Identifying the S. frugiperda strain is necessary for management purposes, since different strains may require different control methods. Findings/Conclusions: Our study revealed that the isolates from Chontalpa, Tabasco, Mexico, match the RS fall armyworm reported in other latitudes. Consequently, this is the first report to identify this strain of S. frugiperda in Tabasco. Our findings are relevant because this species can potentially become a pest in sugarcane- and rice-growing areas of the state.

This document evaluates the impact of new technologies use on wages in Colombia in 2018. For this analysis, a Propensity Score Matching model is used to evaluate the impact of the use of learning technologies on the wages and years of education of Colombians, based on the 2018 quality of life survey. The results show that the use of the computer, laptop, tablet, internet, transferred files, Excel and radio for learning have a positive impact on the wages of Colombians. This research allows a better understanding of the technological effects on wages and provides information for the design of public policies in the development of technological skills.

The southeastern Atlantic is home to an expansive smoke aerosol plume overlying a large cloud deck for approximately a third of the year. The aerosol plume is mainly attributed to the extensive biomass burning activities that occur in southern Africa. Current Earth system models (ESMs) reveal significant differences in their estimates of regional aerosol radiative effects over this region. Such large differences partially stem from uncertainties in the vertical distribution of aerosols in the troposphere. These uncertainties translate into different aerosol optical depths (AODs) in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and the free troposphere (FT). This study examines differences of AOD fraction in the FT and AOD differences among ESMs (WRF-CAM5, WRF-FINN, GEOS-Chem, EAM-E3SM, ALADIN, GEOS-FP, and MERRA-2) and aircraft-based measurements from the NASA ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS (ORACLES) field campaign. Models frequently define the PBL as the well-mixed surface-based layer, but this definition misses the upper parts of decoupled PBLs, in which most low-level clouds occur. To account for the presence of decoupled boundary layers in the models, the height of maximum vertical gradient of specific humidity profiles from each model is used to define PBL heights. Results indicate that the monthly mean contribution of AOD in the FT to the total-column AOD ranges from 44 % to 74 % in September 2016 and from 54 % to 71 % in August 2017 within the region bounded by 25∘ S–0∘ N–S and 15∘ W–15∘ E (excluding land) among the ESMs. ALADIN and GEOS-Chem show similar aerosol plume patterns to a derived above-cloud aerosol product from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) during September 2016, but none of the models show a similar above-cloud plume pattern to MODIS in August 2017. Using the second-generation High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL-2) to derive an aircraft-based constraint on the AOD and the fractional AOD, we found that WRF-CAM5 produces 40 % less AOD than those from the HSRL-2 measurements, but it performs well at separating AOD fraction between the FT and the PBL. AOD fractions in the FT for GEOS-Chem and EAM-E3SM are, respectively, 10 % and 15 % lower than the AOD fractions from the HSRL-2. Their similar mean AODs reflect a cancellation of high and low AOD biases. Compared with aircraft-based observations, GEOS-FP, MERRA-2, and ALADIN produce 24 %–36 % less AOD and tend to misplace more aerosols in the PBL. The models generally underestimate AODs for measured AODs that are above 0.8, indicating their limitations at reproducing high AODs. The differences in the absolute AOD, FT AOD, and the vertical apportioning of AOD in different models highlight the need to continue improving the accuracy of modeled AOD distributions. These differences affect the sign and magnitude of the net aerosol radiative forcing, especially when aerosols are in contact with clouds.

Se valida un instrumento para indagar en las percepciones de profesores universitarios en ocho categorías, a saber: a) acceso y conectividad; b) conocimientos en plataformas y tecnologías; c) hábitos y espacios de trabajo; d) preparación de las clases; e) participación y motivación de los estudiantes; f) desarrollo de las clases; g) dificultad y disposición de los docentes hacia el cambio y h) procesos de comunicación entre docentes y directivos. En el estudio se comprueba una idea generalizada de que los docentes virtuales están mejor preparados que los presenciales para enfrentar la virtualidad −porque ya lo venían haciendo antes de la pandemia−. Asimismo, los resultados revelan que los problemas compartidos entre docentes presenciales y virtuales, están relacionados con situaciones, que se creían, no pasarían en la educación virtual; por ejemplo, persisten dificultades de los estudiantes con el acceso al internet y se requiere seguir fortaleciendo la preparación de estos para el uso de la tecnología. La desmotivación estudiantil es un elemento importante a revisar, sobre todo en aquellos resultados que hacen referencia a los estudiantes de programas virtuales, pues se supone que para ellos es habitual el trabajo virtual, lo cual puede ser un indicador asociado al encierro vivido durante el confinamiento.

The museums educators who work at the intersection of the museum's apparatus, objects and exhibitions with the visiting public are professionals who have different attributions and professional profiles. In this study, we map who the museums educators of scientific and cultural spaces in Mexico are and their views on the role of mediation. Data collection took place through an online questionnaire, answered by 179 people from 18 scientific and cultural spaces in ten states of the Mexican Republic. Among the respondents, there is a greater number of women (126; 70.4%) and young people aged between 20 and 24 years (108; 60.3%), with a bachelor's degree (122; 68.2%) or with high school education complete (49; 27.3%). The majority (157; 87.7%) have been working in the area for less than two years, working hours of up to 20 hours a week and receiving financial aid scholarships. For the Mexican museum educators who participated in this study, their actions should not be limited to explaining concepts; most of them expressed that they considered it essential that a good professional associate the museum's contents with daily life (135; 75.4%) and ask questions that provoke reflection (121; 67.6%). Mediation seems to be seen as a temporary activity, with a short-term link with Mexican institutions. We believe that our study will provide valuable information about professionals who work in mediation in museums and science centers in Mexico, helping to strengthen initiatives for training and maintaining these social actors in the profession., Os mediadores que atuam em museus na interseção entre os aparatos, os objetos e as exposições do museu com o público visitante são profissionais que possuem atribuições e perfis profissionais diversos. Neste estudo, mapeamos quem são os mediadores de espaços científicos e culturais do México e suas visões sobre o papel da mediação. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de um questionário on-line, respondido por 179 pessoas provenientes de 18 espaços científicos e culturais que se distribuem por dez estados da República Mexicana. Entre os respondentes, há um número maior de mulheres (126; 70,4%) e jovens entre 20 e 24 anos (108; 60,3%), com formação em licenciatura (122; 68,2%) ou com ensino médio completo (49; 27,3%). A maioria (157; 87,7%) atua há menos de dois anos na área, cumprindo jornadas de trabalho de até 20 horas semanais e recebendo bolsas de auxílio financeiro. Para os mediadores mexicanos que participaram deste estudo, suas ações não devem se limitar a explicação de conceitos; a maioria deles expressou considerar imprescindível que um bom mediador associe os conteúdos do museu com a vida cotidiana (135; 75,4%) e faça perguntas que provoquem reflexão (121; 67,6%). A mediação parece ser vista como uma atividade temporária, com um vínculo de curto prazo com as instituições mexicanas. Acreditamos que nosso estudo trará informações valiosas sobre os profissionais que atuam na mediação nos museus e centros de ciência do México, ajudando a fortalecer iniciativas de formação e manutenção desses atores sociais na profissão.

En pacientes con ortodoncia aparecen eventos patológicos no deseados como agrandamiento gingival inducido por tratamiento de ortodoncia (AGTO) o hipertrofia gingival. El objetivo del estudio es identificar la distribución inmunohistoquímica de citoqueratina CK-14, CK-19 y Ki-67 en epitelio gingival de pacientes con AGTO. Se seleccionaron 13 pacientes divididos en: grupo control (n=6), conformado por individuos periodontalmente sanos no portadores de aparatología ortodóntica y grupo test (n=7), integrado por pacientes con AGTO. Los marcadores CK-14, CK-19 y Ki-67 fueron identificados mediante inmunohistoquímica con anticuerpos monoclonales y, observados en un microscopio óptico Leica DM 500. En los pacientes del grupo test el tejido epitelial se mostró hipertrófico con pérdida en la continuidad de la membrana basal. La CK-14 y CK-19 fue positiva en el epitelio de todos los sujetos evaluados, con una expresión positiva de alta intensidad en células de la lámina basal del grupo test. El promedio de células positivas para Ki-67 en el grupo test fue de 56%. En conclusión, la CK-14, CK-19 y Ki-67 son marcadores con elevada inmunoreactividad en tejido gingival de pacientes con AGTO portadores de ortodoncia.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the relationship between metacognition, learning strategies and academic emotions in 1096 university students belonging to different academic programs from a Colombian higher education institution. To this end, a principal component factor analysis was performed to reduce the dimensions represented in the items of the instruments used and structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to explain the existing interrelationships among the three variables studied. The findings show that there is a positive relationship between metacognition and learning strategies and these, in turn, with positive academic emotions; on the contrary, negative academic emotions have a negative relationship with learning strategies and metacognition, which leads us to conclude that metacognition fosters learning strategies and negative academic emotions discourage it.

The southeast Atlantic is home to an expansive smoke aerosol plume overlying a large cloud deck for approximately a third of the year. The aerosol plume is mainly attributed to the extensive biomass burning activity that occurs in southern Africa. Current Earth system models (ESMs) reveal significant differences in their estimates of regional aerosol radiative effects over this region. Such large differences partially stem from uncertainties in the vertical distribution of aerosols in the troposphere. These uncertainties translate into different aerosol optical depths (AOD) in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and the free troposphere (FT). This study examines differences of AOD fraction in the FT and AOD differences among ESMs (WRF-CAM5, WRF-FINN, GEOS-Chem, EAM-E3SM, ALADIN, GEOS-FP, and MERRA-2) and aircraft-based measurements from the NASA ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS (ORACLES) field campaign. Models frequently define the PBL as the well-mixed surface-based layer, but this definition misses the upper parts of decoupled PBLs, in which most low-level clouds occur. To account for the presence of decoupled boundary layers in the models, the height of maximum vertical gradient of specific humidity profiles from each model is used to define PBL heights. Results indicate that the monthly mean contribution of AOD in the FT to the total-column AOD ranges from 44 % to 74 % in September 2016 and from 54 % to 71 % in August 2017 within the region bounded by 25°S–0° and 15°W–15°E (excluding land) among the ESMs. Using the second-generation High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL-2) to derive an aircraft-based constraint on the AOD and the fractional AOD, we found that WRF-CAM5 produces 40 % less AOD than those from the HSRL-2 measurements, but it performs well at separating AOD fraction between the FT and the PBL. AOD fractions in the FT for GEOS-Chem and EAM-E3SM are, respectively, 10 % and 15 % lower than the AOD fractions from the HSRL-2 and their similarities in the mean AODs are the result of cancellation of high and low AOD biases. GEOS-FP, MERRA-2, and ALADIN produce 24 %–36 % less AOD and tend to misplace more aerosols in the PBL compared to aircraft-based observations. The models generally underestimate AODs for measured AODs that are above 0.8, indicating their limitations at reproducing high AODs. The differences in the absolute AOD, FT AOD, and the vertical apportioning of AOD in different models highlight the need to continue improving the accuracy of modeled AOD distributions. These differences affect the sign and magnitude of the net aerosol radiative forcing, especially when aerosols are in contact with clouds.

El cambio climático en la apicultura se percibe como un fenómeno relacional y la adopción de estrategias de adaptación son necesarias para mantener la actividad económica. La teoría de la Disonancia Cognitiva de Festinger, ayuda a comprender las limitantes para la adopción de estrategias de adaptación al cambio climático. Para ello se aplicó una encuesta que permitiera explorar la relación entre la percepción, la actitud y el comportamiento de los apicultores frente al cambio climático en territorio mexicano. Se observó que: 1) los apicultores identificaron el cambio climático como el principal problema de la apicultura; 2) existe disonancia entre la actitud y el comportamiento respecto a las estrategias de adaptación y 3) la disonancia cognitiva se reduce con justificaciones, para su comportamiento. Por lo tanto el estado de disonancia presente es una limitante para adoptar acciones de adaptación frente al cambio climático, dejando en evidencia la necesidad de modificaciones en el comportamiento de los apicultores, a través de la capacitación dirigida para informar y explicar la naturaleza del cambio climático y sus impactos; de ubicar al apicultor dentro de este contexto donde pueda aportar elementos técnicos que le permitan reorientar su trabajo, promoviendo una percepción objetiva y constructiva, que genere la actitud positiva suficiente, frente a los retos que el cambio climático representa; para que modifique el comportamiento lo necesario, para mantener la actividad rentable en México.

Neste artigo, temos como objetivo conhecer os profissionais que atuam na mediação entre as exposições, atividades e iniciativas oferecidas por museus de ciência latino-americanos e os públicos. Foi utilizada uma enquete on-line, com 42 perguntas fechadas e abertas, respondida por 780 pessoas provenientes de 134 instituições distribuídas por 13 países da região. Nossos dados sugerem que a maioria desses profissionais são jovens entre 20 e 29 anos, que concluíram o ensino superior, atuam na área há menos de dois anos e trabalham por contrato temporário. Ou seja, há uma alta rotatividade desses profissionais nos museus de ciência da região, o que torna a profissionalização da mediação um desafio importante. Os resultados sugerem um avanço na capacitação desses atores sociais, sendo que 60% deles afirmam ter recebido alguma capacitação antes de iniciar suas atividades de mediação. Acreditamos que nosso estudo trará informações valiosas sobre os profissionais que atuam na mediação entre as exposições, atividades e iniciativas oferecidas por museus e centros de ciência, que podem auxiliar na criação de cursos de formação e capacitação.

El propósito de este artí­culo es destacar la importancia de las estrategias de integración sensorial en el aula de clase, para favorecer las necesidades del desarrollo integral de niños y niñas y sus procesos neurológicos, los cuales le permiten asimilar, procesar e interpretar la información sensorial recibida para dar una respuesta adecuada. Para ello, se planteó la realización de talleres lúdicos, teniendo en cuenta conceptos y herramientas que se trabajan en la teorí­a de integración sensorial. La investigación se realizó con una población de 40 estudiantes, entre los 4 y 6 años, empleando una metodologí­a mixta "”tomando lo cuantitativo en la recogida de datos estadí­sticos y lo cualitativo en la observación realizada en los talleres"”. Se aplicó un pretest y un postest, correspondientes a la escala abreviada de desarrollo, y 10 talleres de intervención de integración sensorial, detectándose la necesidad de fortalecimiento en el desarrollo de los procesos sensoriales. Se concluye que los talleres fueron de gran motivación para los estudiantes, los cuales respondieron adecuadamente a los estí­mulos: en el sistema táctil con un 95%, en el sistema propioceptivo con un 80 %, y en el sistema vestibular con un 89%. De igual manera, se detectaron dificultades en algunos estudiantes, a los cuales se seguirá prestando apoyo.

Aerosol particles can be emitted, transported, removed, or transformed, leading to aerosol variability at scales impacting the climate (days to years and over hundreds of kilometers) or the air quality (hours to days and from meters to hundreds of kilometers). We present the temporal and spatial scales of changes in AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth), and aerosol size (using Angstrom Exponent; AE, and Fine-Mode-Fraction; FMF) over Korea during the 2016 KORUS-AQ (KORea-US Air Quality) atmospheric experiment. We use measurements and retrievals of aerosol optical properties from airborne instruments for remote sensing (4STAR; Spectrometers for Sky-Scanning Sun Tracking Atmospheric Research) and in situ (LARGE; NASA Langley Aerosol Research Group Experiment) on board the NASA DC-8, geostationary satellite (GOCI; Geostationary Ocean Color Imager; Yonsei aerosol retrieval (YAER) version 2) and reanalysis (MERRA-2; Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2). Measurements from 4STAR when flying below 500 m, show an average AOD at 501 nm of 0.43 and an average AE of 1.15 with large standard deviation (0.32 and 0.26 for AOD and AE respectively) likely due to mixing of different aerosol types (fine and coarse mode). The majority of AODs due to fine mode aerosol is observed at altitudes lower than 2 km. Even though there are large variations, for 18 out of the 20 flight days, the column AOD measurements by 4STAR along the NASA DC-8 flight trajectories matches the south-Korean regional average derived from GOCI. We also observed that, contrary to prevalent understanding, AE and FMF are more spatially variable than AOD during KORUS-AQ, even when accounting for potential sampling biases by using Monte Carlo resampling. Averaging between measurements and model for the entire KORUS-AQ period, a reduction in correlation by 15 % is 65.0 km for AOD and shorter at 22.7 km for AE. While there are observational and model differences, the predominant factor influencing spatial-temporal homogeneity is the meteorological period. High spatio-temporal variability occur during the dynamic period (25–31 May), and low spatio-temporal variability occur during blocking Rex pattern (01–07 June). The changes in spatial variability scales between AOD and FMF/AE, while inter-related, indicate that microphysical processes that impact mostly the dominant aerosol size, like aerosol particle formation, growth, and coagulation, vary at shorter scales than the aerosol concentration processes that mostly impact AOD, like aerosol emission, transport, and removal.

Os mediadores que atuam em museus na interseção entre os aparatos, os objetos e as exposições do museu com o público visitante são profissionais que possuem atribuições e perfis profissionais diversos. Neste estudo, mapeamos quem são os mediadores de espaços científicos e culturais do México e suas visões sobre o papel da mediação. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de um questionário on-line, respondido por 179 pessoas provenientes de 18 espaços científicos e culturais que se distribuem por dez estados da República Mexicana. Entre os respondentes, há um número maior de mulheres (126; 70,4%) e jovens entre 20 e 24 anos (108; 60,3%), com formação em licenciatura (122; 68,2%) ou com ensino médio completo (49; 27,3%). A maioria (157; 87,7%) atua há menos de dois anos na área, cumprindo jornadas de trabalho de até 20 horas semanais e recebendo bolsas de auxílio financeiro. Para os mediadores mexicanos que participaram deste estudo, suas ações não devem se limitar a explicação de conceitos; a maioria deles expressou considerar imprescindível que um bom mediador associe os conteúdos do museu com a vida cotidiana (135; 75,4%) e faça perguntas que provoquem reflexão (121; 67,6%). A mediação parece ser vista como uma atividade temporária, com um vínculo de curto prazo com as instituições mexicanas. Acreditamos que nosso estudo trará informações valiosas sobre os profissionais que atuam na mediação nos museus e centros de ciência do México, ajudando a fortalecer iniciativas de formação e manutenção desses atores sociais na profissão.

Wikipedia is one of the most widely used information sources in the world. Although one of the guiding pillars of this digital platform is ensuring access to the diversity of human knowledge from a neutral point of view, there is a clear and persistent gender bias in terms of content about or written by women. Through semi-structured interviews with current and former women editors, our research offers a closer look at the different factors that influence editing practices on the Spanish Wikipedia: the educational and social contexts that prompt women to start or stop editing; their perceptions of the treatment of gender equality in the encyclopedia; and their feelings about taking part in the creation of content in an environment where they find themselves in a minority. Self-organized events known as edit-a-thons (in Spanish, Wikiquedadas), where women meet to discuss and share editing practices, have emerged as self-inclusion strategies to enable more women to enter, remain, and be recognized in this male-dominated editing environment. Smaller Wikipedia communities are also perceived as more inclusive environments. Lack of digital competences or difficulty using the platform do not appear to be aspects that negatively influence the participation of women in the editing process, though time spent on unpaid care work does seem to be a critical factor.