31 results on '"Patricia A. Gray"'
Search Results
2. A Pharmacist Telephonic Intervention: Saving Lives, One Naloxone at a Time
- Author
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Ryan Chaput, Jason Shan, Patricia L. Gray, and Tina M. Menedjian
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Naloxone ,Intervention (counseling) ,Emergency medicine ,medicine ,Pharmacist ,General Medicine ,business ,medicine.drug - Published
- 2020
3. Evolutionary GEM: Crocodilian Vocalizations
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Rachel A. Goldstein and Patricia M. Gray
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Courtship ,Vocal communication ,Similarity (network science) ,Evolutionary biology ,Aggression ,media_common.quotation_subject ,medicine ,Trait ,Juvenile ,Biology ,medicine.symptom ,Clade ,media_common - Abstract
The clade, Archosauria, encompasses crocodilians and birds. Both crocodilians and birds exhibit vocalizations to communicate a variety of behaviours including courtship, distress, and aggression. The similarity in vocalization behaviours of modern day Archosauria suggests that vocal communication may be a conserved behavioural trait also exhibited by ancient Archosauria.
- Published
- 2018
4. Evaluation of Multidrug Therapy With Azithromycin, Rifampin, and Ethambutol for the Treatment ofMycobacterium aviumsubspaviumin Ring-neck Doves (Streptopelia risoria): An Uncontrolled Clinical Study
- Author
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Ian Tizard, David N. Phalen, Miguel D. Saggese, and Patricia L. Gray
- Subjects
biology ,Streptopelia ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Azithromycin ,Virology ,Microbiology ,Clinical study ,medicine ,Flock ,Once daily ,Small Animals ,Ethambutol ,medicine.drug ,Mycobacterium - Abstract
An uncontrolled clinical study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a multidrug protocol in 16 ring-neck doves ( Streptopelia risoria ) from a flock naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp avium. The doves were considered infected on the basis of a high prevalence of infection in a group of 29 birds that were euthanatized from the same flock and clinical signs and pathologic results consistent with infection in the remaining birds. All birds were treated with azithromycin (43 mg/kg), rifampin (45 mg/kg), and ethambutol (30 mg/kg) administered orally once daily for 180 days. Five birds died during treatment and were confirmed positive for mycobacteriosis on postmortem examination. Of the remaining 11 birds, infection and disease were present in 9 (81.8%) at the end of the treatment. Postmortem investigation showed that 2 mycobacterial isolates were resistant to ethambutol, intermediately sensitive to rifampin, and sensitive to azithromycin. Microscopic examination of liver sections equivalent of those that would be taken for biopsy showed that biopsy as a method of monitoring birds for treatment success had poor sensitivity. Toxicity associated with drug therapy was not observed in these doves nor in 6 outwardly healthy ring-neck doves exposed to the same treatment. The results of this study showed that this protocol of azithromycin, rifampin, and ethambutol has poor efficacy when administered for 180 days for treatment of doves infected with M avium subsp avium.
- Published
- 2014
5. Evolutionary GEM: Evolution of Cytochrome c Oxidase IV Regulation in Mammals
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Joseph Brockman and Patricia M. Gray
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Biochemistry ,biology ,Chemistry ,Convergent evolution ,biology.protein ,Cytochrome c oxidase ,Metabolic profile - Abstract
Aerobic respiration, although metabolically advantageous in O2-rich environments, can be detrimental to the cell when O2 is not fully reduced resulting in cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 (COX-4) is primarily responsible for fully reducing O2 during metabolism and exists as COX4-1 and COX4-2 isoforms. The former exists in normoxia, but is replaced by the latter in hypoxia. This change is brought about by two mechanisms, the first involving regulation by hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), which directly upregulates COX4-2 and indirectly degrades COX4-1. The second mechanism involves an oxygen responsive element (ORE), which upregulates COX4-2 in a HIF-1 independent manner. The convergence of two unrelated pathways to regulate COX4-1 and COX4-2 would allow cells to optimize their metabolic profile within an environment experiencing varying O2, such as Earth’s early atmosphere in the case of primitive aerobic bacteria or in multicellular organisms where O2 levels vary between tissues such as lung tissue.
- Published
- 2017
6. Evolutionary GEM: Evolution of Lactase Persistence
- Author
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Xinghan Du and Patricia M. Gray
- Subjects
Lactase persistence ,Evolutionary biology ,Global distribution ,Health science ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Positive selection ,medicine ,Lactase ,Biology ,Human genetics ,Colonic bacteria - Abstract
Though humans are known to lose lactase ability post-weaning, some people maintain lactase production into adulthood, a condition known as lactase persistence. Global distribution patterns of lactase persistency are inconsistent; the condition is much more prevalent in some populations than others. Using results across independent studies, the existence of such a phenomenon can be attributed to positive selection on ancestral pastoralist populations. Two different hypotheses explain this positive selection: milk-independent economies, and colonic bacteria adaption.
- Published
- 2017
7. Evolutionary GEM: The Evolution of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- Author
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Jaiden Tu and Patricia M. Gray
- Subjects
SCCmec ,Horizontal gene transfer ,medicine ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,Biology ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,medicine.disease_cause ,Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ,Microbiology - Abstract
Since 1961, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has evolved through both single locus gene variation and horizontal gene transfer. By the late 1970s, the emergence of new SCCmec allotypes marked the beginning of a worldwide MRSA pandemic. The continuous and rapid evolution of MRSA, in response to new antibiotics, remains a major public health issue worldwide.
- Published
- 2017
8. Evolutionary GEM: Coevolution of Yuccas and Yucca Moths
- Author
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Caleb Tackey and Patricia M. Gray
- Subjects
Mutualism (biology) ,Obligate ,Ecology ,Health science ,Yucca ,Biology ,Medical science ,Pollination syndrome ,biology.organism_classification ,Coevolution ,Tegeticula - Abstract
The relationship between yucca moths and yucca plants is an example of obligate mutualism. Many species of yucca plant can be pollinated by only one species of yucca moth, while those yucca moths use the yucca flowers as a safe space to lay their eggs. The traits found in yucca plants and yucca moths that enabled them to cooperate were originally suspected to have arisen due to coevolution. However, the majority of these traits appear to have been present before yuccas became the host plant. In addition, there is a delay in speciation of yucca moth lineages when compared with the phylogenies of yucca plants, suggesting that coevolution was not the main driving force of the mutualistic relationship between the two species. Yucca moths may have acquired adaptations as selection drove the populations to complement the unique template already established by yucca plants.
- Published
- 2017
9. Evolutionary GEM: The Evolutionary Arms Race of Garter Snakes and Newts
- Author
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Patricia M. Gray and Richard Zhang
- Subjects
Evolutionary arms race ,Ecology ,Health science ,Arms race ,Taricha ,Zoology ,Thamnophis sirtalis ,Biology ,Medical science ,biology.organism_classification ,Predator ,Predation - Abstract
In evolutionary biology, predator-prey species pairs can be observed participating in evolutionary arms races between adaptations and counter-adaptations. For example, as a prey becomes more adept at avoiding capture, its predator becomes a more adept hunter. The rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa) produces a toxin that protects it from virtually all predators, except one. That one predator is the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis), which has evolved resistance to this toxin. This predator-prey pair is seemingly engaged in a perpetual battle for higher toxicity and better resistance. While both adaptations come with costs, the coexistence of newt and garter snake imposes reciprocal selective pressure that drives this arms race.
- Published
- 2017
10. Evolutionary GEM: The Evolution of the Primate Prehensile Tail
- Author
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Patricia M. Gray and Emily Xu
- Subjects
Hind limb suspension ,Arboreal locomotion ,Tactile pad ,biology ,Articular surfaces ,Evolutionary biology ,biology.animal ,Zygapophyseal Joint ,Zoology ,Primate ,biology.organism_classification ,Prehensile tail ,New World monkey - Abstract
The evolution of the prehensile tail illustrates the impact habitat can have on structural traits. Prehensile primates are able to support their entire body weight using only their tail, which opens up new feeding opportunities in their arboreal environments. This trait evolved separately in two families of New World monkeys. A transitional behaviour in its proposed evolutionary mechanism is tail-assisted hind limb suspension during locomotion in these dense forests. The evolution of more robust vertebrae, shorter distal vertebrae, a greater number of zygapophyseal joints, as well as larger and more convex articular surfaces, result in a stronger and more flexible tail. Prehensile tails have more expanded muscle attachments that can bear greater loading forces. A naked tactile pad that improves grip is present only in atelids. These differences in bone and muscle morphology make the prehensile tail more sturdy and dexterous, allowing prehensile primates to use their tails for an alternative function.
- Published
- 2017
11. Basic science: Bedrock of progress
- Author
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Elizabeth L. Wilder, John I. Gallin, John J. McGowan, Nora D. Volkow, Linda S. Birnbaum, Griffin P. Rodgers, Josephine P. Briggs, Lawrence A. Tabak, David M. Murray, Walter J. Koroshetz, Kathy Hudson, Roderic I. Pettigrew, Christopher P. Austin, James F. Battey, Paul A. Sieving, Martha J. Somerman, Eric D. Green, Richard Nakamura, Anthony S. Fauci, Douglas R. Lowy, Bruce N. Cuthbert, Roger I. Glass, Catherine Y. Spong, Stephen I. Katz, Andrea Norris, Betsy L. Humphreys, James M. Anderson, Jon R. Lorsch, William T. Riley, George F. Koob, Robert W Eisinger, Franziska B. Greider, Francis S. Collins, Richard J. Hodes, Gary H. Gibbons, Janine A. Clayton, Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable, Michael M. Gottesman, Patricia A. Gray, and Michael S. Lauer
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,geography ,Engineering ,Multidisciplinary ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Biomedical Research ,business.industry ,Bedrock ,Scientific discovery ,Library science ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Editorial ,National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ,Basic research ,Animals ,Humans ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Almost 4 years ago, one of us (F.S.C.) wrote an Editorial ([ 1 ][1]) affirming the continued importance of basic research to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) mission. The Editorial emphasized that basic scientific discovery is the engine that powers the biomedical enterprise, and NIH
- Published
- 2016
12. Molecular characterization of the cloacal microbiota of wild and captive parrots
- Author
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Jan S. Suchodolski, Ian Tizard, Panagiotis G. Xenoulis, Sharman Hoppes, Blake Palculict, Patricia L. Gray, Donald J. Brightsmith, and Jörg M. Steiner
- Subjects
DNA, Bacterial ,Firmicutes ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Animals, Wild ,Microbiology ,Macaw ,Parrots ,Cloaca ,RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ,Animals ,Bacterial phyla ,Ribosomal DNA ,Phylogeny ,Principal Component Analysis ,Bacteria ,General Veterinary ,biology ,Bacteroidetes ,Biodiversity ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,UniFrac ,Metagenome ,Proteobacteria - Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiota plays a fundamental role in health and disease. Only limited data are available about the composition of the intestinal microbiota of captive animals compared to those of wild animals. The aim of the present study was to characterize the cloacal microbiota of apparently healthy wild and captive parrots. A total of 16 parrots, 8 wild and 8 captive, belonging to 3 different species, were used in this study. Cloacal material was collected via cloacal swabbing. DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA genes were amplified using universal bacterial primers. Constructed 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were compared between groups. A total of 518 clones were analyzed, and 49 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified. The OTUs were classified in 4 bacterial phyla: Firmicutes (72.9%), Proteobacteria (14.9%), Actinobateria (12%), and Bacteroidetes (0.2%). Bacterial diversity was significantly lower in wild birds than in captive birds. Principal component analysis based on the Unifrac distance metric indicated that the cloacal microbiota differed between wild and captive parrots. Staphylococcus saprophyticus was significantly more abundant in wild birds, while Escherichia coli was significantly more abundant in captive birds. In conclusion, wild and captive parrots appear to have differences in the composition of their cloacal bacterial microbiota. The clinical significance of these differences remains to be determined.
- Published
- 2010
13. Parrot Rescue Organizations and Sanctuaries: A Growing Presence in 2010
- Author
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Sharman Hoppes and Patricia L. Gray
- Subjects
Veterinary medicine ,General Veterinary ,Creatures ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Internet privacy ,Hoarding ,Regret ,business ,Welfare ,media_common - Abstract
Parrots are amazing creatures. They are beautiful, intelligent, and entertaining. Many psittacine species have the ability to mimic speech and sound, thereby making them a desirable animal to own. People may obtain parrots, believing they are easy to care for because they live in a relatively small cage. In reality, these birds are loud, messy, destructive, live long lives, and need a great deal of attention. On occasion, new parrot owners quickly realize that a bird is not a good choice for a pet. This buyer regret may lead the bird owner to sell or give the bird away; consequently, these parrots may end up in the care of rescue or sanctuary organizations. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of rescue and sanctuary organizations and the need to establish guidelines for the welfare of parrots maintained at these facilities.
- Published
- 2010
14. Humoral response to Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium in naturally infected ring-neck doves (Streptopelia risoria)
- Author
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Miguel D. Saggese, Patricia L. Gray, David N. Phalen, and Ian Tizard
- Subjects
Lesion type ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Blotting, Western ,Immunology ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Serology ,Granulomatous inflammation ,Lesion ,Western blot ,Predictive Value of Tests ,medicine ,Animals ,Columbidae ,Antigens, Bacterial ,General Veterinary ,biology ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Tuberculosis, Avian ,Streptopelia ,biology.organism_classification ,Antibodies, Bacterial ,Virology ,Antibody Formation ,Histopathology ,medicine.symptom ,Mycobacterium avium ,Mycobacterium - Abstract
Creation of a reliable and easy to use serologic test would greatly improve ante mortem diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and aid in the control of avian mycobacteriosis, particularly in captive birds. In order to determine whether serodiagnostics could be of value in testing ring-neck doves (Streptopelia risoria) for M. a. avium infection, Western blot analysis was used to assess the humoral response of ring-neck doves exposed to M. a. avium, and to evaluate whether an association could be made between the humoral response and necropsy findings, histopathology, culture, and PCR testing. Western blot results were examined for reactivity patterns associating humoral response with infection status, severity and type of lesions (diffuse vs. multifocal granulomatous inflammation) and phenotype (white vs. non-white). A sensitivity of 88.24% and a specificity of 100% were achieved utilizing Western blot analysis to detect M. a. avium infection in ring-neck doves, offering a negative predictive value of 93% and a positive predictive value of 100%. While Western blot analysis results did not reflect lesion severity, lesion type did partially correspond with the humoral response. The findings of the present study indicate that serologic testing can be used as a valuable ante mortem screening tool for identifying ring-neck doves infected with M. a. avium.
- Published
- 2008
15. Written into History
- Author
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Darlene Thornton, Susannah Macready, and Patricia Levitzke-Gray
- Published
- 2014
16. Total Hip Arthroplasty
- Author
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Edward Pratt and Patricia A. Gray
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Medicine ,business ,Total hip arthroplasty ,Surgery - Published
- 2013
17. Contributors
- Author
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Mayra Saborio Amiran, James R. Andrews, Danny Arora, Babak Barcohana, Mark T. Bastan, Clive E. Brewster, Andrew A. Brooks, Tom Burton, Adam Cabalo, James H. Calandruccio, Robert Cantu, Erin Carr, Diane Coker, Kyle Coker, Steven L. Cole, Benjamin Cornell, Curtis A. Crimmins, Linda de Haas, Rick B. Delamarter, Robert Donatelli, Daniel A. Farwell, Richard D. Ferkel, Morgan L. Fones, Jonathan E. Fow, Freddie H. Fu, Ralph A. Gambardella, Joshua Gerbert, Mark Ghilarducci, Eric Giza, Patricia A. Gray, Jane Gruber, Carlos A. Guanche, Will Hall, Karen Hambly, Timothy Hartshorn, George F. Rick Hatch, Eric S. Honbo, Chris Izu, Reza Jazayeri, Richard Joreitz, Kelly Akin Kaye, Paul D. Kim, Linda J. Klein, Graham Linck, Kristen G. Lowrance, Jim Magnusson, Bert R. Mandelbaum, Joel M. Matta, Lisa Maxey, Neil McKenna, Kai Mithoefer, Erica V. Pablo, David Pakozdi, Mark R. Phillips, Haideh V. Plock, Luga Podesta, Ben B. Pradhan, Edward Pratt, Christine Prelaz, Brian E. Prell, Michael M. Reinold, Michael D. Ries, Diane R. Schwab, Jessie Scott, Chris A Sebelski, Holly J. Silvers, Paul Slosar, Renee Songer, Jason A. Steffe, Derrick G. Sueki, Steven R. Tippett, Timothy F. Tyler, Kevin E. Wilk, Julie Wong, James Zachazewski, Boris A. Zelle, and Craig Zeman
- Published
- 2013
18. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of the Hip
- Author
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Mayra Saborio Amiran, Edward Pratt, and Patricia A. Gray
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Medicine ,Internal fixation ,business ,Reduction (orthopedic surgery) ,Surgery - Published
- 2013
19. Complete genome sequence of avian bornavirus genotype 1 from a Macaw with proventricular dilatation disease
- Author
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Patricia L. Gray, Ian Tizard, Negin Mirhosseini, and Susan Payne
- Subjects
animal structures ,Genotype ,Immunology ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Gastric Dilatation ,Genome, Viral ,Microbiology ,Macaw ,Complete sequence ,Proventricular dilatation disease ,Parrots ,Virology ,Bornaviruses ,Animals ,Avian bornavirus ,Neurologic disease ,Whole genome sequencing ,Genetics ,biology ,Base Sequence ,Bird Diseases ,biology.organism_classification ,Genome Announcements ,Insect Science ,Bornaviridae ,Proventriculus - Abstract
Avian bornaviruses (ABV) were first detected and described in 2008. They are the etiologic agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), a frequently fatal neurologic disease of captive parrots. Seven ABV genogroups have been identified worldwide from a variety of sources, and that number may increase as surveillance for novel bornaviruses continues. Here, we report the first complete sequence of a genogroup 1 avian bornavirus (ABV1).
- Published
- 2012
20. Proventricular dilatation disease in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) after infection with a genotype 2 avian bornavirus
- Author
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Sharman Hoppes, Negin Mirhosseini, Ian Tizard, Patricia L. Gray, Susan Payne, and H. L. Shivaprasad
- Subjects
Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cockatiels ,Genotype ,Stomach Diseases ,Cockatoos ,Virus ,Lesion ,Proventricular dilatation disease ,medicine ,biology.domesticated_animal ,Animals ,Small Animals ,biology ,Adrenal gland ,Bird Diseases ,Brain ,Mononegavirales Infections ,Proventriculus ,General Medicine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Bornaviridae ,Nymphicus hollandicus ,Ganglia ,medicine.symptom - Abstract
An isolate of genotype 2 avian bornavirus (ABV) was recovered from a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) that was euthanatized for an unrelated lesion and showing no clinical evidence of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). On histopathologic examination, mild inflammatory lesions were present in the heart and brain, but gastrointestinal lesions characteristic of classic PDD were not observed. To investigate if this ABV2 isolate had reduced virulence, the virus was propagated in duck embryo fibroblasts and inoculated into 2 adult cockatiels by the oral and intramuscular routes. One bird developed clinical signs on day 33 and was euthanatized on day 36. The second challenged bird developed clinical signs on day 41 and was euthanatized on day 45. At necropsy, the proventriculus of both birds was slightly enlarged. Histopathologic examination showed lesions typical of PDD in the brain, spinal cord, heart, adrenal gland, and intestine. A control, uninoculated cockatiel was apparently healthy when euthanatized on day 50. These results show that ABV2 is now the second ABV genotype to be formally shown to cause PDD.
- Published
- 2012
21. Unusual and severe lesions of proventricular dilatation disease in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) acting as healthy carriers of avian bornavirus (ABV) and subsequently infected with a virulent strain of ABV
- Author
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Herbert Weissenböck, Ian Tizard, Negin Mirhosseini, H. L. Shivaprasad, Sharman Hoppes, Susan Payne, and Patricia L. Gray
- Subjects
Male ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cockatiels ,Cockatoos ,Spleen ,Ovary ,Feces ,Proventricular dilatation disease ,Food Animals ,Species Specificity ,medicine ,biology.domesticated_animal ,Animals ,Viral shedding ,Gastrointestinal tract ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,biology ,Virulence ,Bird Diseases ,Virus Shedding ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Bornaviridae ,Carrier State ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Nymphicus hollandicus ,Female ,Proventriculus ,Flock ,Dilatation, Pathologic - Abstract
A flock of 14 apparently healthy cockatiels, purchased from a single aviary, was tested for the presence of avian bornavirus (ABV). Twelve birds were found to be intermittently shedding ABV, predominantly genotype 4. Four of the cockatiels known to be shedding ABV4 were subsequently challenged with the tissue culture derived, virulent M24 strain of ABV4. The challenged birds remained in apparent good health until day 92 when one was found dead. The remaining three birds began to exhibit severe neurologic signs, ataxia and convulsions on day 110 and were euthanized. On necropsy, all four birds showed mild proventricular enlargement. In contrast, histopathological examination showed unusually severe and widespread tissue lesions. These included massive lymphocytic infiltration and lymphoid nodule formation within and around the ganglia throughout the gastrointestinal tract. There were similar lesions in the medullary cords of the adrenal gland, heart, spleen, liver, kidney, lungs, pancreas, testes and ovary. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated ABV P antigen not only in the cells of the central and autonomic nervous systems, but also within the mononuclear cells infiltrating the various organs. Two healthy cockatiels, one of which was a known ABV carrier, were inoculated with uninfected tissue culture cells and euthanized on day 150. These birds showed no gross lesions of proventricular dilatation disease but had a mild lymphocytic infiltration in their liver, spleen, and kidneys. Prior infection with ABV did not therefore confer significant immunity on these birds, and may have resulted in increased disease severity following challenge.
- Published
- 2011
22. The Music of Nature and the Nature of Music
- Author
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Jelle Atema, Carol L. Krumhansl, Luis F. Baptista, Roger Payne, Bernie Krause, and Patricia M. Gray
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,Aesthetics ,Sociology ,Gray (horse) - Abstract
What is it that drives humans, whales, birds, and many other animals to make music? In a fascinating Perspective, Gray and her colleagues compare the ways that birds, whales, and humans make music and ask the provocative question: Is music universal?
- Published
- 2001
23. The isolation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, transmission, and control of avian bornavirus and proventricular dilatation disease
- Author
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Susan Payne, Sharman Hoppes, Ian Tizard, Patricia L. Gray, and H. L. Shivaprasad
- Subjects
Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,animal structures ,Disease ,Biology ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Article ,Serology ,Pathogenesis ,Proventricular dilatation disease ,Epidemiology ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Animals ,Parrot ,Small Animals ,Transmission (medicine) ,Bird Diseases ,Mononegavirales Infections ,Proventriculus ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Bornavirus ,nervous system diseases ,Bornaviridae ,Encephalitis ,Female ,Dilatation, Pathologic - Abstract
Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a common infectious neurologic disease of birds comprising a dilatation of the proventriculus by ingested food as a result of defects in intestinal motility, which affects more than 50 species of psittacines, and is also known as Macaw wasting disease, neuropathic ganglioneuritis, or lymphoplasmacytic ganglioneuritis. Definitive diagnosis of PDD has been problematic due to the inconsistent distribution of lesions. Since its discovery, avian bornavirus (ABV) has been successfully cultured from the brains of psittacines diagnosed with PDD, providing a source of antigen for serologic assays and nucleic acid for molecular assays. This article provides evidence that ABV is the etiologic agent of PDD. Recent findings on the transmission, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control of ABV infection and PDD are also reviewed.
- Published
- 2010
24. Use of avian bornavirus isolates to induce proventricular dilatation disease in conures
- Author
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Negin Mirhosseini, Sanjay M. Reddy, Sharman Hoppes, H. L. Shivaprasad, Itamar Villanueva, Ian Tizard, Paulette F. Suchodolski, Thomas Briese, Patricia L. Gray, Susan Payne, and Kirsi S. Honkavuori
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,animal structures ,proventriculus ,Epidemiology ,viruses ,viral encephalitis ,lcsh:Medicine ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Pathogenesis ,Duck embryo ,Tissue culture ,Proventricular dilatation disease ,Avian bornavirus ,Virology ,medicine ,Animals ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Cells, Cultured ,research ,biology ,Bird Diseases ,Viral encephalitis ,lcsh:R ,virus diseases ,Proventriculus ,Fibroblasts ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,humanities ,Ducks ,Infectious Diseases ,Bornaviridae ,Conure ,parrots ,Dilatation, Pathologic - Abstract
The fulfillment of Koch’s postulates shows that the virus causes proventricular dilatation disease in parrots., Avian bornavirus (ABV) is a newly discovered member of the family Bornaviridae that has been associated with the development of a lethal neurologic syndrome in birds, termed proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). We successfully isolated and characterized ABV from the brains of 8 birds with confirmed PDD. One isolate was passed 6 times in duck embryo fibroblasts, and the infected cells were then injected intramuscularly into 2 healthy Patagonian conures (Cyanoliseus patagonis). Clinical PDD developed in both birds by 66 days postinfection. PDD was confirmed by necropsy and histopathologic examination. Reverse transcription–PCR showed that the inoculated ABV was in the brains of the 2 infected birds. A control bird that received uninfected tissue culture cells remained healthy until it was euthanized at 77 days. Necropsy and histopathologic examinations showed no abnormalities; PCR did not indicate ABV in its brain tissues.
- Published
- 2010
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25. Histopathology and the detection of avian bornavirus in the nervous system of birds diagnosed with proventricular dilatation disease
- Author
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W Wigle, Itamar Villanueva, Negin Mirhosseini, R Storts, N Ouyang, Patricia L. Gray, Yanan Tian, Susan Payne, and Ian Tizard
- Subjects
Nervous system ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,animal structures ,Stomach Diseases ,Antibodies, Viral ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Psittaciformes ,Viral Proteins ,Proventricular dilatation disease ,Food Animals ,Cerebellum ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Animals ,Avian bornavirus ,Diagnostic laboratory ,Cerebrum ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,biology ,Bird Diseases ,Mononegavirales Infections ,biology.organism_classification ,Spinal cord ,nervous system diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Nucleoproteins ,Spinal Cord ,Bornaviridae ,Etiology ,Immunohistochemistry ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Histopathology ,Proventriculus - Abstract
Avian bornavirus (ABV) is currently considered a probable etiologic agent of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) of psittacines. We tested 24 stored avian brain samples, processed for histopathology and retained following their submission for necropsy or histopathology to the Schubot Exotic Bird Center diagnostic laboratory in 1992. Thirteen of these samples were from birds diagnosed at that time as suffering from PDD. The remaining 11 samples were diagnosed as suffering from diseases other than PDD. Immunohistochemistry was performed using an antiserum directed against the ABV nucleoprotein (N-protein). Stained slides were read by an investigator unaware of their prior histopathology results. Cells containing ABV N-protein were present in the nervous tissues of all 13 PDD cases. One bird not previously diagnosed with PDD also had ABV N-protein in its brain. A review of this bird's necropsy report indicated that it was, most probably, also suffering from PDD. The remaining 10 non-PDD birds had no detectable N-protein in their brains. The N-protein was present in the cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord. These findings support other studies that indicate that ABV is an etiological agent of PDD.
- Published
- 2009
26. Interpreting Down Under
- Author
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KAREN BONTEMPO and PATRICIA LEVITZKE-GRAY
- Published
- 2009
27. The diagnosis of proventricular dilatation disease: use of a Western blot assay to detect antibodies against avian Borna virus
- Author
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Sharman Hoppes, Ian Tizard, Thomas Briese, Kirsi S. Honkavuori, Susan Payne, Itamar Villanueva, Debra Turner, Patricia L. Gray, and Negin Mirhosseini
- Subjects
Blotting, Western ,Biology ,Antibodies, Viral ,Microbiology ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Psittaciformes ,Serology ,law.invention ,Proventricular dilatation disease ,Antigen ,Western blot ,law ,medicine ,Animals ,Serologic Tests ,Borna disease virus ,Feces ,Polymerase chain reaction ,General Veterinary ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Bird Diseases ,General Medicine ,Virology ,Blot ,Borna Disease ,biology.protein ,Antibody - Abstract
Avian Borna virus (ABV) has recently been shown to be the causal agent of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) a lethal neurologic disease of captive psittacines and other birds. An immunoblot assay was used to detect the presence of antibodies against avian Borna virus in the serum of affected birds. A lysate from ABV-infected duck embryo fibroblasts served as a source of antigen. The assay was used to test for the presence of antibodies to ABV in 117 birds. Thirty of these birds had biopsy or necropsy-confirmed proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), while the remaining 87 birds were apparently healthy or were suffering from diseases other than PDD. Sera from 27 of the 30 PDD cases (90%) contained antibodies to ABV. Seventy-three (84%) of the apparently ''healthy'' birds were seronegative. Additionally, sera from seven macaws and one parrot trapped in the Peruvian Amazon were seronegative. Positive sera recognized the bornaviral nucleopro- tein (N-protein). While the presence of antibodies to ABV largely corresponded with the development of clinical PDD, 14 apparently healthy normal birds possessed detectable antibodies to ABV. The existence of a carrier state was confirmed when 13 of 15 apparently healthy cockatiels were shown by PCR to have detectable ABV RNA in their feces. Western blot assays may be of significant assistance in diagnosing proventricular dilatation disease. Many apparently healthy birds may however be seronegative while, at the same time, shedding ABV in their feces.
- Published
- 2009
28. Detection of an antigen specific for proventricular dilation disease in psitticine birds
- Author
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Itamar Villanueva, Patricia L. Gray, and Ian Tizard
- Subjects
Central Nervous System ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,animal structures ,Blotting, Western ,Biology ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Psittaciformes ,Antigen specific ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Paralysis ,Animals ,False Positive Reactions ,Antigens ,False Negative Reactions ,General Veterinary ,Bird Diseases ,Proventriculus ,General Medicine ,Blotting western ,Proventricular dilation disease ,nervous system diseases ,Gastrointestinal Tract ,Dilation (morphology) ,medicine.symptom - Abstract
PROVENTRICULAR dilation disease (pdd) affects many species of birds, especially large psittacines such as macaws ([Gregory 1994][1]). The classical presenting sign is paralysis and dilation of the proventriculus secondary to nerve damage. pdd is believed to be caused by a virus. [Grund and others (
- Published
- 2008
29. Principles of the Constitutional Order: The Ratification Debates
- Author
-
Donald S. Lutz, Robert L. Utley, and Patricia B. Gray
- Subjects
History ,History and Philosophy of Science - Published
- 1990
30. Bakery on the Rise.
- Author
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Detroit, Patricia B. Gray
- Subjects
BUSINESS expansion ,BAKED products ,BAKERIES ,BUSINESS planning - Abstract
The article discusses the expansion plans of partners Jackie Victor and Ann Perrault for their business, Avalon International Breads in Detroit, Michigan. Some 500 customers a day line up to buy Avalon's breads, scones, muffins, and coffee. Avalon also supplies top local restaurants and specialty shops with breads and pastries. Under the expansion plans, they will move the bakery to a building that would triple capacity. They also plan menu add-ons such as soups and sandwiches. The partners are borrowing $1.5 million to fund the expansion.
- Published
- 2008
31. The Berger Report: Its Impact on Northern Pipelines and Decision Making in Northern Development
- Author
-
John A. Gray and Patricia J. Gray
- Subjects
Entrepreneurship ,Public Administration ,Sociology and Political Science ,Economies of agglomeration ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Production function ,Function (mathematics) ,Pipeline transport ,Variable (computer science) ,Capital (economics) ,Econometrics ,Economics ,Quality (business) ,media_common - Abstract
Where W is the wage rate paid to labour; Px is the net price received for the output; A is the neutral efficiency coefficient for any particular industry and may be a function of such factors as agglomeration economies, quality of entrepreneurship, or the price and quality of other inputs not directly specified in the production function; C is the efficiency coefficient of capital; B is the labour quality variable; and k is the capital/labour ratio. From the equilibrium condition for capital, it can be shown that F rP . 1 (2) k = .aPxACB-mj
- Published
- 1977
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