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Após a crise económica de 2008 Portugal e, particularmente, as cidades de Lisboa e do Porto, têm seguido estratégias de recuperação económica baseadas na projeção internacional. Visam, desta forma, atrair turistas e capitais estrangeiros, nomeadamente dirigidos ao mercado habitacional. Consequentemente, o turismo urbano experimentou um rápido e amplo crescimento, tendência também verificada no investimento em habitação para arrendamento de curta duração, contribuindo para a turistificação das áreas urbanas centrais. A pandemia da COVID-19 e a crise socioeconómica a ela associada vieram destacar as fraquezas e desigualdades causadas por este modelo económico. A partir da análise das políticas públicas de habitação diretamente relacionadas com o turismo, que foram desenvolvidas na última década em Portugal, pretendemos analisar se o contexto pandémico foi visto pelo poder público como uma oportunidade para estabelecer um maior equilíbrio entre o Alojamento Local (AL) e o arrendamento de longa duração. Questiona-se, em particular, se os programas Renda Segura e Porto com Sentido, lançados respetivamente pelas Câmaras Municipais de Lisboa e do Porto, tiveram a capacidade de desencadear uma mudança efetiva no mercado da habitação. Em particular, procura-se perceber se estes programas têm aumentado a oferta de habitação dirigida às famílias com rendimentos intermédios que, pelos preços do mercado da habitação, têm dificuldade em aceder ou manter uma habitação adequada, e se têm apoiado os proprietários de AL. publicada

An original experiment by Pongrácz et al. (2005) showed that Hungarian listeners were able to categorize recordings of dog barks recorded in various contexts above chance level and assessed the barking dogs’ emotional state in accordance with these contexts. The present study sought to replicate this experiment in a Portuguese sample. Similar to Hungarians, Portuguese dog owners and non-owners rated the barks in accordance with their specific social contexts (e.g., a dog left alone is most probably in fearful state instead of a playful one), and correctly categorized territorial and separation barks above chance level. Similar error patterns were observed across subjects from the two countries. The Portuguese participants, however, were less successful in categorizing barks than the Hungarians. Additionally, results showed both sex and dog ownership effects. Women from both countries tended to attribute higher levels of despair to all bark recordings. Moreover, within the Portuguese sample, dog-owners were generally more accurate in categorizing the recordings than non-owners. Overall, the results of our replication study, besides supporting the universality of vocal emotion recognition in mammals, calls attention to the possibility of country/culture- and also individual-specific effects on human perception and understanding of nonhuman vocalizations.

One of the most important tools to compare many consumers’ energy use intensity (EUI) is the specific consumption index. It is calculated by dividing the used energy by a factor that can explain energy variations. In Brazil, this index is often calculated by means of establishing the number of students as the responsible factor to explain the energy variation among schools. However, when their figures are compared, it can be verified that small schools have a high index. This occurs because either the construction of this index is as a whole based on one single factor or this factor is not sufficient or adequate to elucidate the energy variation. From the same data used at present, it is possible to improve the index by applying the methodology proposed in this article. Likewise, it is possible to enhance the index by using more factors that sufficiently explain the energy variations. Two different cases have been analysed and their results using the new methodology attested the benefits of its application. Even employing the same data, the new index has proven to be more complete and it is easy to apply.

In recent decades, much has been written about urban policies for culture and creativity. Little is known, however, about how public policies are shaped in practice at local level. To what extent are the different notions and forms of creativity activated and mobilized, and contribute to the development of urban policies for culture and creativity? Recent literature on urban studies drew attention to the creative activism practices contesting the instrumentalisation of culture and creativity by neo-liberal approaches to urban development. Recognizing the potential of creative activism as a creative practice of critical reflection and action, this paper focuses on an underexplored perspective so far – creative activism developed in dialogue and cooperation, and not as a practice of radical opposition, and oriented to have impacts beyond the temporality of the actions developed. Through the analysis of a case study – Manobras no Porto (Porto, Portugal), we explore how a creative activism project can be understood as a space for the experimentation of new spaces of governance. The results show not only that creative activism can play an important role in policy learning and urban place-making, but that policies and place (as context and content) can also have a decisive effect on the activation of creative activism practices.

Segmentation of large AC systems through DC links introduces a new concept that utilizes the advantages of direct current transmission to improve network reliability and increase power transfer capacity. Technical literature argues that the segmentation of the AC network and the introduction of DC links at these systems connection points bring benefits to system operation, once contingencies generated on one side of the DC connection point would not be reflected on the other side of DC connection, thereby reducing the likelihood of cascading shutdowns and blackouts due to load restraint on transmission lines and transformers. Amidst this scenario, this paper presents a study of the main topics regarding the use of this new network segmentation philosophy, bringing a practical point of view for the use of this concept at the electrical power system planning. The effect of DC segmentation before a contingency that would initiate major outages in an adapted electrical system model IEEE-14 bus is studied and simulations have been performed with test HVAC systems and segmented by HVDC link. The results have been compared, principally in relation to the voltage bus, reactive power generation, system losses and power flow at the lines, and demonstrated that this new concept improved the grid reliability.

Photovoltaic modules (PV) are tested in the industry in standard conditions and their characteristics are given in the datasheet. After installation on the site, its performance is not evaluated separately of the other parts of the PV generator. Nevertheless some discrepancies of the expected generation and the measured ones are verified. To deal with these discrepancies it is worth characterizing the module on the site and acquire data in an easy and inexpensive way. This paper presents a proposed characterization system as well as its application. A module test was performed on a site located in Brazil. At these latitudes it is common to have high amount of ultraviolet components. The characterization system measures separately the ultraviolet component, as well as the visible and global irradiations. The results obtained are analyzed and the effect of the UV variation is observed, proving the importance of doing this characterization on site after implementation of the PV system.

The Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) is a technique that aims to achieve the decrease of power consumption as a result of voltage reduction. The customer is supplied with the lowest possible voltage level compatible with the stipulated level by the regulatory agency. International Standards ANSI C84.1-2006 and IEEE std 1250-1995 specify the range of supply voltage to electronics equipment from 0.9 to 1.05 pu of nominal voltage. To analyse the CVR effect in distribution systems with different load characteristics (residential, commercial, industrial or a combination of these), mathematical load models are used. Typically, these equipment/load models are used to analyse load aggregation without any consideration of its nonlinearity characteristics. Aiming to analyse the nonlinear characteristics and its consequences, this paper presents a discussion of the neglected variables as well as the results of a set of measurements of nonlinear loads. Different mathematical models are applied to obtain them for each load. Using these models the load aggregation is evaluated. It is presented that although the models show adequate results for individual loads, the same does not occur for aggregated models if the harmonic contribution is not considered. Consequently, to apply the load model in CVR it is necessary to consider the harmonics presence and the model has to be done using only the fundamental frequency data. The discussion about the causes is done and the models are compared with the measurements.

The total harmonic distortion (THD) of current in a feeder cannot be calculated using THD of each load. Each harmonic order of current can range from cancellation to addition depending on its phase angle. In this paper, a method for prediction of current distortions of nonlinear loads operating together is proposed. This method uses a model able to predict the magnitude spectrum and the phase spectrum of current in nonlinear loads. This paper uses experimental data in a simplified practical approach that is carried out in frequency domain. The model is based on harmonically coupled admittance matrix. These matrices are used to analyze harmonics in static converters. Studies in this paper are based on load tests in LED lamps and compact fluorescent lamps operating together. The model prediction results are compared with measured data.

Building energy management systems has become very significant to monitor and control loads, mainly due to the tariff and demand side management programs. This technology allows the performance of key energy management functions such as organizing energy use data, identifying energy consumption anomalies, managing energy costs, and automating demand response strategies. Load management techniques allow the energy manager to reshape the building load curve and reduce the peak demand. The synthesis of load shapes is one of the most critical steps in evaluating load management programs. The energy manager should be able to recognize the typical shape of the daily load curve in order to manage the energy use. This paper presents a methodology to perform the synthesis of load shapes. On that purpose, it is essential to identify typical daily load curves as well as the best way to find their representative model. By getting to know the typical load curves of a building, an energy manager may predict load and peak demands. Results have shown the efficiency of clustering technology in the analysis of time series data such as load curves. Using historical data, the total accumulated energy in the end of the day as well as the maximum peak demand of the day may be predicted.

doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i4.12160 Taking care of a family member with malignant neoplasia is becoming a reality for a lot of families. The diagnosis of a disease of such severity affects as much the sick individuals as the rest of their family, imposing several changes in peoples' life. In that context, the objective of this study was to understand how taking care of a person with cancer affects the daily life of the family caretaker. For that, we opted for a study of qualitative approach based in Heidegger existential phenomenology. Interviews were accomplished with ten caretakers in their homes, in the period from March to June of 2010, in a city located in the Northwest of Parana State. The interviewees were inquired with the following subject: "What does taking care of a relative with cancer means to you, and how such cares affect your daily life?" From the analysis two ontological themes emerged: Being-with-the-other during the treatment, and Cancer affecting the caretaker's quality of life. We believe that a nurse should get acquainted about the experiences not only of the patient, but also of the relative caretaker, and to understand the problems faced by him, so that it makes possible to organize interventions in a systemic context, appreciating all of the instances - physical, emotional, social, cultural, spiritual and ethic. Descriptors: Caregiving; Medical Oncology; Family Relations; Quality of Life.

Since the 1980s, rural tourism has witnessed a significant and generalised growth among the European Union members. However, from the perspective of business management, rural tourism suffers from several obstacles that complicates its competitiveness as a tourism product. By focusing on the Valle del Jerte (Extremadura, Spain) case study, this study analyses a rural tourism business network, from the social network analysis perspective, to critically discuss its potential as a structure that enhances competitiveness and innovation. The results demonstrate that these networking structures contribute towards the creation of a cohesive destination, whereby the sharing of resources enables innovative local responses to the global market challenges.

The paper presents a methodology for the detection of high impedance faults in radial distribution feeders. The technique consists of making comparative analysis of the responses of the feeder to pulses injected at the feeder inlet for different configurations. The responses to normal configurations constitute the set, hereafter called ‘standard responses’, of the feeder under test. An artificial neuron set, composed of ‘neo-fuzzy’ neurons, is trained to recognize the standard responses. After the training period, the neuron-set becomes the decision core of the supervisory system. Subsequently, the supervisory system is used to monitor the feeder in real time. The feeder responses are periodically analysed by the neuron-set, which classifies them according to the ‘pre-defined’ standard responses. In this way, non-standard configurations are not classified. Simulation and experimental studies have shown that the proposed system is capable of recognizing passive high impedance faults even when they occur close to a switch (used to change configuration). In order to corroborate the efficiency of the proposed methodology, experimental tests have been accomplished in a real feeder. They have shown satisfactory results.

The determination of the polarization spectrum in the low frequency region of the dissipation factor, commonly has been used in practice to diagnose insulation conditions. The recovery voltage method (RVM) is one of the methods used to estimate the polarization spectrum. Nevertheless, current analysis of the RVM tests do not use all the information available from the test. In this paper, a mathematical model of the polarization spectrum is proposed. It is shown that, from the derived model, some of the hidden RVM peaks can be identified. Since the difficulty to derive a model from RVM data increases with the number of the peaks to be identified, a simpler model is always preferable. A scheme for determining the parameters of an equivalent circuit is also given, The composite oil/paper insulation is considered which is extensively used in cables and transformers. Cellulose paper, such as the Manila-Kraft type, which is used as insulation, exerts a major influence on the life of the equipment because of its hygroscopic nature. The importance of detecting and eliminating moisture from paper is crucial in oil-impregnated HV insulation. Analysis of the polarization spectrum has been used by several utilities to determine moisture in the paper. Recently, some test results indicated that the polarization spectrum may not clearly show important peaks corresponding to local moisture ingress and thus can mislead experts in the field, The developed model has been validated using RVM data of real power transformers.

In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in the development of a class of artificial intelligent systems. This growing new class of technology has been applied successfully to a wide variety of applications. It is now becoming increasingly evident that in many cases best results can be obtained through the use of combination of such intelligent systems. In this paper, a class of hybrid intelligent systems has been applied in diagnosing a variety of faults in a range of electric power system equipments. The nature of the faults are diverse and no single intelligent algorithm is able to classify the faults. However, it is shown, in this paper, that a combinatorial intelligent system based on neuro-fuzzy, neuro-expert and fuzzy-expert algorithms can be successfully applied in the detection of a number of faults in a range of equipments. Test results using measurements on in-service power transformers in the Australian state of New South Wales and on a distribution feeder belonging to CEMIG, Brazil have been used to show the effectiveness of the proposed class of hybrid intelligent systems in equipment fault diagnosis.

International Standards ANSI C84.1-2006 and IEEE std 1250-1995 specify the range of supply voltage to electronics equipment from 0.9 to 1.05 per-unit (pu) of nominal voltage. From this information, it is possible to feed electronics equipment with a voltage level below of nominal voltage without failures. The Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) is a technique that aims to achieve the reduction of power consumption by reducing the level of supply voltage, giving at the customer location a lowest possible level of voltage compatible with both nominal values of equipment and the levels stipulated by the regulatory agency. It is essential obtaining a good model that describes the behavior of the loads connected to grid to evaluate the effectiveness of the CVR application. This paper presents an evaluation of three static load model techniques, being two ZIP load models and an exponential model. The model parameters were estimated for samples obtained from measurements performed on residential/commercial loads, through the variation of supply voltage within the operational acceptable range. The data collection was performed at three different periods of times to mitigate the grid's influence on the results. The load models are obtained through an optimization algorithm based on the collected data. The ellipsoidal optimization algorithm was applied to estimate the parameters of each model, searching for the best feasible solution. Some papers in the literature exhibit mathematical solutions for load models without physical meaning. Unlike that, this algorithm is not limited only to find a mathematical solution but also a physical one.

Cooling systems are widely used for the preservation of food products, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, blood derivatives and in many other industrial applications. To avoid spoilage, products must always be kept in a suitable temperature range, with the lowest possible temperature fluctuation. As these devices have to be kept constantly energized, its share of contribution to the total energy consumption is generally very significant. An effective control of temperature variations for each cooling unit by means of a continuous monitoring system, in real time, turns possible the tracing of the temperature at which each product was actually submitted and thereby ensure that the quality of the product has been maintained (or not). A feedback control system, duly designed and tuned, implies reduction of temperature variations and consumed energy besides improving the cooling condition and the product quality. This paper presents the results of a system capable of providing the monitoring and control of industrial refrigeration equipment using a dedicated platform in which measurements of the electrical current and of the internal and external temperatures are continuously taken. From these measurements, dynamic models, correlating the internal temperature of the chamber and the electric current, were established and an automatic control system implemented. Results of the application of this management system to the Blood Centre of the State of Minas Gerais (Hemominas) are presented. The use of energy is more intense in air-conditioned environments in the spaces used for collection and processing of blood and in cold chambers for storage of products. It has been observed that changes in inventories and in the external temperature have substantial impact on these loads. In order to check which variables or conditions affect the thermal and energy profile, special computer routines have been used to establish the existing correlations among the energy consumption, the air temperature and the thermal load, to which the refrigeration chamber is subjected.

doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i4.12160Taking care of a family member with malignant neoplasia is becoming a reality for a lot of families. The diagnosis of a disease of such severity affects as much the sick individuals as the rest of their family, imposing several changes in peoples' life. In that context, the objective of this study was to understand how taking care of a person with cancer affects the daily life of the family caretaker. For that, we opted for a study of qualitative approach based in Heidegger existential phenomenology. Interviews were accomplished with ten caretakers in their homes, in the period from March to June of 2010, in a city located in the Northwest of Paraná State. The interviewees were inquired with the following subject: "What does taking care of a relative with cancer means to you, and how such cares affect your daily life?" From the analysis two ontological themes emerged: Being-with-the-other during the treatment, and Cancer affecting the caretaker's quality of life. We believe that a nurse should get acquainted about the experiences not only of the patient, but also of the relative caretaker, and to understand the problems faced by him, so that it makes possible to organize interventions in a systemic context, appreciating all of the instances - physical, emotional, social, cultural, spiritual and ethic. Descriptors: Caregiving; Medical Oncology; Family Relations; Quality of Life. doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i4.12160Cuidar de un ente querido con neoplasia maligna viene tornándose una realidad para muchas familias. El diagnóstico de una enfermedad de tamaña gravedad afecta tanto al sujeto enfermo como al seno familiar, imponiendo variados cambios en la vida de esas personas. En ese contexto, el objetivo de este estudio fue comprender cómo el cuidar de una persona con cáncer afecta el cotidiano del cuidador familiar. Para tanto, optamos por un estudio de abordaje cualitativo fundamentado en la fenomenología existencial heideggeriana. Fueron realizadas entrevistas con diez cuidadores en sus domicilios, en el período de marzo a junio de 2010, en una ciudad ubicada en el Noroeste del Estado de Paraná. Los entrevistados fueron inquiridos con la siguiente pregunta: "¿Qué significa para usted cuidar de un familiar con cáncer y cómo esos cuidados afectan su cotidiano de vida?" Del análisis emergieron dos temáticas ontológicas: Estando-con-el-otro durante el tratamiento y El cáncer afectando la calidad de vida del cuidador. Creemos que el enfermero debe enterarse de las vivencias no sólo del paciente, pero también del familiar cuidador, y comprender los problemas enfrentados por él, de modo que pueda organizar intervenciones en un contexto sistémico, valorizando todas las instancias - físicas, emocionales, sociales, culturales, espirituales y éticas. Descriptores: Cuidadores; Oncología Médica; Relaciones Familiares; Calidad de Vida. doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i4.12160Cuidar de um ente querido com neoplasia maligna vem tornando-se uma realidade para muitas famílias. O diagnóstico de uma doença de tamanha gravidade afeta tanto o sujeito enfermo como o seio familiar, impondo variadas mudanças na vida dessas pessoas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi compreender como o cuidar de uma pessoa com câncer afeta o cotidiano do cuidador familiar. Para tanto, optamos por um estudo de abordagem qualitativa fundamentado na fenomenologia existencial heideggeriana. Foram realizadas entrevistas com dez cuidadores em seus domicílios, no período de março a junho de 2010, em uma cidade situada no Noroeste do Estado do Paraná. Os entrevistados foram inquiridos com a seguinte questão: "O que significa para você cuidar de um familiar com câncer e como esses cuidados afetam o seu cotidiano de vida?" Da análise emergiram duas temáticas ontológicas: Estando-com-o-outro durante o tratamento e O câncer afetando a qualidade de vida do cuidador. Acreditamos que o enfermeiro deve inteirar-se das vivências não só do paciente, mas também do familiar cuidador, e compreender os problemas enfrentados por ele, de modo que possa organizar intervenções num contexto sistêmico, valorizando todas as instâncias - físicas, emocionais, sociais, culturais, espirituais e éticas. Descritores: Cuidadores; Oncologia; Relações Familiares; Qualidade de Vida.

This article focuses on cultural mapping projects as a strategy for urban development. In particular, it analyzes how one of the most important cultural mapping matrices – its participatory mission – can be operationalized. Moving away from other projects where participation is merely rhetoric or is interpreted with little depth (for example, exchange of information, consultation), the public project Manobras no Porto serves to analyze: 1) how a broad and deep concept of participation can be implemented in practice (and under what circumstances can it be successful) and 2) what kind of results can be achieved. In addition to the potential practical interest, the article also aims to contribute to deepening the debate on cultural mapping. The analysis clearly shows that participation involves a large and complex set of motivations and abilities, and that understanding how cultural mapping projects are developed (and their impact on the territory) requires that they be understood as exercises of negotiation between the agents involved., Cet article discute de l’importance de la cartographie culturelle en tant que stratégie de développement urbain. En particulier, cet article analyse en quoi la mission participative de la cartographie culturelle peut être opérationnalisée. De plus, cet article prend une distance vis-à-vis des projets où la participation revêt un caractère strictement rhétorique ou symbolique se limitant à l’échange d’information ou à la consultation et ce, afin d’aborder des expériences où la participation s’exprime de manière plus complète. Afin d’élaborer sur la question, le propos s’appuie sur le projet de Manobras no Porto afin d’analyser : 1) la portée et la profondeur des méthodes de participatives ainsi que les circonstances qui participent à leur succès; 2) le type de résultants auquel l’on peut s’attendre. En plus des enjeux pratiques soulevés par cette étude, cet article vise à contribuer à l’approfondissement théorique de la question de la cartographie culturelle. L’analyse met clairement en évidence la diversité des aptitudes et motivations découlant de la participation à la cartographie culturelle. Il devient alors essentiel que le sens et les enjeux de la cartographie culturelle soient négociés par les acteurs concernés.