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The present study aimed to assess the breeding practices, trait preferences, and selection criteria among farmers, rearing three Indigenous Cattle (IC) breeds, i.e. Amritmahal, Hallikar, and Malnad Gidda in Karnataka. Data were gathered from 360 cattle owners across six districts which were the breeding tract of breeds using a semi-structured questionnaire. The findings revealed that oestrous detection is primarily identified through bellowing (95.83%) and mounting (81.39%). Breeding practices vary, with 59.72% of farmers relying exclusively on natural service (NS), while 21.67% use artificial insemination (AI). Malnad Gidda rearing farmers exclusively use NS, reflecting the breed’s recent recognition and the limited availability of AI services. Farmers prioritise traits such as high adaptability, multi-utility, and easy maintenance, with variations specific to each breed. Amritmahal is valued for its multi-utility and traction power; Hallikar for its traction power and religious/cultural significance, and Malnad Gidda for its adaptability and easy maintenance. Selection of cows is heavily based on conformation traits, with udder size and pelvic width being the most critical across all breeds. The study highlights farmers’ diverse preferences and practices, shaped by the distinct characteristics and utilities of each IC breed. These insights can guide breeding programs and policy decisions focussed on preserving and enhancing indigenous cattle breeds.

Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) is promoted as an alternative farming method to achieve sustainability and build a climate-resilient agricultural system. The perception of farmers towards ZBNF determines its adoption. For the study was conducted in 2020 two districts of Northern Karnataka were chosen and respondents were categorised into adopters, planners, and non-adopters. From each group, 50 respondents were selected. The Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to test the significant difference followed by the post hoc Dunn-Bonferroni test. Significant differences were found in 13 out of 15 statements, particularly concerning the necessity of indigenous cattle (H = 16.71, p < 0.001), labour intensity (H = 17.59, p < 0.001), and the reduction in yield during the first year of ZBNF (H = 32.16, p < 0.01). Planners and adopters differed significantly on statements such as ZBNF's labour-intensive nature (p = 0.006) and its independence from heavy machinery (p = 0.003). The Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc test highlighted differences across three groups on statements like all types of crops can be cultivated in ZBNF and there is no pesticidal residual effect of ZBNF products on human health. These distinct perceptions highlight the need for targeted outreach strategies based on farmers' perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 4-month-old boy presented with an apparently spontaneous uniocular hyphema as the initial manifestation of Christmas disease (hemophilia B). Although it is uncommon for patients with hemophilia to experience major bleeds in infancy, and the ocular involvement is usually limited to periocular hemorrhages, we recommend that a coagulation profile be obtained in all patients with intraocular hemorrhage to rule out this disease.

Hundred patients of open angle glaucoma (OAG) who were on any one of the three drugs pilocarpine, timolol and epinephrine--for an average period of 3.3 years were chosen. Proforma regarding socio-economic status and the patients' reaction to long-term medication were recorded. Though the objective and subjective effects of long term medication were negligible the financial constraints were considerable. More than 70% patient would prefer laser's and surgery because of the cumbersome schedule and financial burden. The visit to the clinic was a time consuming process suggesting a lack of adequate glaucoma follow-up at the peripheral level. The study reflects a need for reorientation of glaucoma management.

A rare case of leiomyoma located anteroinferiorly in the orbit of a 39-year-old male patient is reported. The histopathogenesis and management is discussed.

10 patients of congenital simple ptosis having 3 to 5 mm of ptosis with variable levator action were operated. All the patients showed a good response of lid lift after instillation of phenyl ephrine drops showing the activity of Muller's muscle. With this technique the lagophthalmos was minimal and good lid folds were formed in all cases. The skin muscle lamina was not excised and was utilized for formation of lid folds which were equal in depth and dynamic in nature. However, the lid lag which is an unavoidable complication of any ptosis surgery was present in the present technique also.

Milk samples from 54 well-nourished urban mothers between the age of 18-36 years were studied. The birth weight of infants ranged between 2.5 to 3.9 kg at full term. The mean (g or Cal/100 ml) lactose (6.51), protein (1.08), fat (4.48) and energy contents (74.83) of milk was on par with the well-nourished mothers of developed countries. The milk fat content observed was higher than that reported in under nourished mothers from developing countries.