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Traditional manual blood smear diagnosis methods are time-consuming and prone to errors, often relying heavily on the experience of clinical laboratory analysts for accuracy. As breakthroughs in key technologies such as neural networks and deep learning continue to drive digital transformation in the medical field, image recognition technology is increasingly being leveraged to enhance existing medical processes. In recent years, advancements in computer technology have led to improved efficiency in the identification of blood cells in blood smears through the use of image recognition technology. This paper provides a comprehensive summary of the methods and steps involved in utilizing image recognition algorithms for diagnosing diseases in blood smears, with a focus on malaria and leukemia. Furthermore, it offers a forward-looking research direction for the development of a comprehensive blood cell pathological detection system., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The initial enthusiasm about computational pathology (CP) and artificial intelligence (AI) was that they will replace pathologists entirely on the way to fully automated diagnostics. It is becoming clear that currently this is not the immediate model to pursue. On top of the legal and regulatory complexities surrounding its implementation, the majority of tested machine learning (ML)-based predictive algorithms do not display the exquisite performance needed to render them unequivocal, standalone decision makers for matters with direct implications to human health. We are thus moving into a different model of "computer-assisted diagnostics", where AI is there to provide support, rather than replacing, the pathologist. Herein we focus on the practical aspects of CP, from a pathologist perspective. There is a wide range of potential applications where CP can enhance precision of pathology diagnosis, tailor prognostic and predictive information, as well as save time. There are, however, a number of potential limitations for CP that currently hinder their wider adoption in the clinical setting. We address the key necessary steps towards clinical implementation of computational pathology, discuss the significant obstacles that hinders its adoption in the clinical context and summarize some proposed solutions. We conclude that the advancement of CP in the clinic is a promising resource-intensive endeavour that requires broad and inclusive collaborations between academia, industry, and regulatory bodies., (© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)

Context.—: Pathology education must evolve as medical knowledge expands and disruptive technologies emerge. The evolution in pathology teaching practices accelerated as traditional teaching modalities were suspended in March 2020 during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic., Objectives.—: To provide pathologists an overview of established teaching paradigms and practical examples of how these paradigms may be applied to pathology education, emphasizing differences in graduate and undergraduate medical education as well as the challenges and promises of remote learning, as revealed by the COVID-19 pandemic., Data Sources.—: Selected peer-reviewed publications representing the field of educational social science., Conclusions.—: Evidence-based methods described in education and social sciences can be effectively deployed in pathology education and especially remote learning, as necessitated by the current COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding established principles, such as cognitive load, competency-based learning, peer-assisted learning, and flipped classrooms may prove useful in developing effective, learner-centric content for pathology education.

Objective: Broad adoption of digital pathology (DP) is still lacking, and examples for DP connecting diagnostic, research, and educational use cases are missing. We blueprint a holistic DP solution at a large academic medical center ubiquitously integrated into clinical workflows; researchapplications including molecular, genetic, and tissue databases; and educational processes., Materials and Methods: We built a vendor-agnostic, integrated viewer for reviewing, annotating, sharing, and quality assurance of digital slides in a clinical or research context. It is the first homegrown viewer cleared by New York State provisional approval in 2020 for primary diagnosis and remote sign-out during the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic. We further introduce an interconnected Honest Broker for BioInformatics Technology (HoBBIT) to systematically compile and share large-scale DP research datasets including anonymized images, redacted pathology reports, and clinical data of patients with consent., Results: The solution has been operationally used over 3 years by 926 pathologists and researchers evaluating 288 903 digital slides. A total of 51% of these were reviewed within 1 month after scanning. Seamless integration of the viewer into 4 hospital systems clearly increases the adoption of DP. HoBBIT directly impacts the translation of knowledge in pathology into effective new health measures, including artificial intelligence-driven detection models for prostate cancer, basal cell carcinoma, and breast cancer metastases, developed and validated on thousands of cases., Conclusions: We highlight major challenges and lessons learned when going digital to provide orientation for other pathologists. Building interconnected solutions will not only increase adoption of DP, but also facilitate next-generation computational pathology at scale for enhanced cancer research., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Medical Informatics Association.)

Clinical workflows in oncology depend on predictive and prognostic biomarkers. However, the growing number of complex biomarkers contributes to costly and delayed decision-making in routine oncology care and treatment. As cancer is expected to rank as the leading cause of death and the single most important barrier to increasing life expectancy in the 21st century, there is a major emphasis on precision medicine, particularly individualisation of treatment through better prediction of patient outcome. Over the past few years, both surgical and pathology specialties have suffered cutbacks and a low uptake of pathology specialists means a solution is required to enable high-throughput screening and personalised treatment in this area to alleviate bottlenecks. Digital imaging in pathology has undergone an exponential period of growth. Deep-learning (DL) platforms for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) image analysis, with preliminary artificial intelligence (AI)-based grading capabilities of specimens, can evaluate image characteristics which may not be visually apparent to a pathologist and offer new possibilities for better modelling of disease appearance and possibly improve the prediction of disease stage and patient outcome. Although digital pathology and AI are still emerging areas, they are the critical components for advancing personalised medicine. Integration of transcriptomic analysis, clinical information and AI-based image analysis is yet an uncultivated field by which healthcare professionals can make improved treatment decisions in cancer. This short review describes the potential application of integrative AI in offering better detection, quantification, classification, prognosis and prediction of breast and prostate cancer and also highlights the utilisation of machine learning systems in biomarker evaluation., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Since 2007, we have gradually been building up infrastructure for digital pathology, starting with a whole slide scanner park to build up a digital archive to streamline doing multidisciplinary meetings, student teaching and research, culminating in a full digital diagnostic workflow where we are currently integrating artificial intelligence algorithms. In this paper, we highlight the different steps in this process towards digital diagnostics, which was at times a rocky road with definitely issues in implementation, but eventually an exciting new way to practice pathology in a more modern and efficient way where patient safety has clearly gone up., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Context.—: Endometrial serous carcinoma is an aggressive subtype of endometrial cancer with the highest rate of recurrence and mortality among all histotypes. A recent clinical trial showed prolonged progression-free survival in advanced-stage and recurrent human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive endometrial serous carcinoma when trastuzumab was added to the standard chemotherapy regimen. This targeted therapeutic approach was recently endorsed by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network clinical guidelines. There is a growing interest among clinicians to obtain HER2 testing in endometrial serous carcinoma, and pathologists need to be prepared to recognize the unique characteristics of HER2 protein expression and gene amplification in these tumors and apply specific HER2 scoring criteria., Objective.—: To provide a historical overview of targeted HER2 therapy in endometrial serous carcinoma and to summarize key findings from recent studies on the specific features of HER2 protein expression and gene amplification relative to other tumor types. Endometrial carcinoma-specific HER2 testing criteria are proposed based on evidence in the existing literature., Data Sources.—: Sources comprise review of the literature and personal experience of the author., Conclusions.—: HER2 protein overexpression and/or gene amplification is present in approximately 25% to 30% of endometrial serous carcinomas, providing an opportunity for targeted therapy. Pathologists play a key role in tumor HER2 testing and scoring to ensure appropriate patient selection and successful clinical outcome.

Context.—: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has resulted in worldwide disruption to the delivery of patient care. The Seattle, Washington metropolitan area was one of the first in the United States affected by the pandemic. As a result, the anatomic pathology services at the University of Washington experienced significant changes in operational volumes early in the pandemic., Objective.—: To assess the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 and both state and institutional policies implemented to mitigate viral transmission (including institutional policies on nonurgent procedures) on anatomic pathology volumes., Design.—: Accessioned specimens from January to June 2020 were evaluated as coronavirus disease 2019 and institutional policies changed. The data were considered in these contexts: subspecialty, billable Current Procedural Terminology codes, and intraoperative consultation. Comparable data were retrieved from 2019 as a historical control., Results.—: There was a significant reduction in overall accessioned volume (up to 79%) from prepandemic levels during bans on nonurgent procedures when compared with 2020 pre-coronavirus disease 2019 volumes and historical controls. The gastrointestinal and dermatopathology services were most impacted, and breast and combined head and neck/pulmonary services were least impacted. Current Procedural Terminology code 88305, for smaller/biopsy specimens, had a 63% reduction during nonurgent procedure bans. After all bans on procedures were lifted, the overall volume plateaued at 89% of prepandemic levels., Conclusions.—: A significant decrease in specimen volume was most strongly associated with bans on nonurgent procedures. Although all departmental areas had a decrease in volume, the extent of change varied across subspecialty and specimen types. Even with removal of all bans, service volume did not reach prepandemic levels., (© 2021 College of American Pathologists.)

Aims: We performed an audit to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic-related delay in the diagnosis of major cancers at a Pathology Unit of a Secondary Care Hospital Network in Italy., Methods: A comparison was made among the number of first cellular pathological diagnoses of malignancy made from the 11th to the 20th week of the years 2018-2020., Results: Cancer diagnoses fell in 2020 by 39% compared with the average number recorded in 2018 and 2019. Prostate cancer (75%) bladder cancer (66%) and colorectal cancer (CRC; 62%) had the greatest decrease. CRC was identified as carrying a potentially important diagnostic delay., Conclusions: For CRC corrective procedures (continuing mass screening tests; patient triage by family physicians; diagnostic procedures alternative to colonoscopy; predictive evaluation on biopsy samples) were advised. Our simple audit model is widely applicable to avoid pandemic-related delay in clinical diagnosis of cancer., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: This study evaluated the consequences in Europe of the COVID-19 outbreak on pathology laboratories orientated toward the diagnosis of thoracic diseases., Materials and Methods: A survey was sent to 71 pathology laboratories from 21 European countries. The questionnaire requested information concerning the organization of biosafety, the clinical and molecular pathology, the biobanking, the workload, the associated research into COVID-19, and the organization of education and training during the COVID-19 crisis, from 15 March to 31 May 2020, compared with the same period in 2019., Results: Questionnaires were returned from 53/71 (75%) laboratories from 18 European countries. The biosafety procedures were heterogeneous. The workload in clinical and molecular pathology decreased dramatically by 31% (range, 3%-55%) and 26% (range, 7%-62%), respectively. According to the professional category, between 28% and 41% of the staff members were not present in the laboratories but did teleworking. A total of 70% of the laboratories developed virtual meetings for the training of residents and junior pathologists. During the period of study, none of the staff members with confirmed COVID-19 became infected as a result of handling samples., Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a strong impact on most of the European pathology laboratories included in this study. Urgent implementation of several changes to the organization of most of these laboratories, notably to better harmonize biosafety procedures, was noted at the onset of the pandemic and maintained in the event of a new wave of infection occurring in Europe., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors have declared no conflicts of interest. Data sharing Anonymized participant-level data are available for investigators. Ethical approval The study complied with the law of January 1978 (78-17) relating to computing, data, and freedom known as ‘computing and freedoms’ and with rules 2016/679 of the European Parliament (of 25 May 2018) concerning the general data protection regulation (GDPR; MR004). The study was registered by the Nice University Hospital (R04-39) and filed on the Health Data Hub website (7 July 2020) (www.health-data-hub.fr/depot)., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The historically constricted forensic pathology workforce pipeline is facing an existential crisis. Pathology residents are exposed to forensic pathology through the American Council of Graduate Medical Education autopsy requirement. In 1950, autopsies were conducted in one half of the patients dying in American hospitals and 90% in teaching hospitals, but they have dwindled to fewer than 5%. Elimination of funding for autopsies is a major contributor to the lack of support for autopsies in departments of pathology. Funding may require reclaiming the autopsy as the practice of medicine. Funding of autopsies would rekindle interest in hospital autopsies and strengthen the forensic pathology workforce pipeline.

Background: To the authors' knowledge, the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on cytopathology practices worldwide has not been investigated formally. In the current study, data from 41 respondents from 23 countries were reported., Methods: Data regarding the activity of each cytopathology laboratory during 4 weeks of COVID-19 lockdown were collected and compared with those obtained during the corresponding period in 2019. The overall number and percentage of exfoliative and fine-needle aspiration cytology samples from each anatomic site were recorded. Differences in the malignancy and suspicious rates between the 2 periods were analyzed using a meta-analytical approach., Results: Overall, the sample volume was lower compared with 2019 (104,319 samples vs 190,225 samples), with an average volume reduction of 45.3% (range, 0.1%-98.0%). The percentage of samples from the cervicovaginal tract, thyroid, and anorectal region was significantly reduced (P < .05). Conversely, the percentage of samples from the urinary tract, serous cavities, breast, lymph nodes, respiratory tract, salivary glands, central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, and biliary tract increased (P < .05). An overall increase of 5.56% (95% CI, 3.77%-7.35%) in the malignancy rate in nongynecological samples during the COVID-19 pandemic was observed. When the suspicious category was included, the overall increase was 6.95% (95% CI, 4.63%-9.27%)., Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a drastic reduction in the total number of cytology specimens regardless of anatomic site or specimen type. The rate of malignancy increased, reflecting the prioritization of patients with cancer who were considered to be at high risk. Prospective monitoring of the effect of delays in access to health services during the lockdown period is warranted., (© 2020 American Cancer Society.)

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs) contain two primary subtypes with distinct molecular features and associated clinical outcomes: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). PanNENs are a group of clinically heterogeneous tumors, whose diagnosis is based on tumor morphologic features and proliferation indices. However, these standards incompletely meet clinical needs by failing to adequately assess the likelihood of tumor recurrence and the potential for therapeutic response. We therefore focused on discussing molecular advances that facilitate the understanding of heterogeneity and exploration of reliable recurrence/treatment predictors. Taking advantage of high-throughput technologies, emerging methods of molecular subtyping in PanNETs include classifications based on co-existing multi-gene mutations, a large-scale loss of heterozygosity or copy number variation, and islet cell type-specific signatures. PanNEC molecular updates were discussed as well. This review aims to help the field classify PanNEN molecular subtypes, gain insights to aid in the solving of clinical, pathological unmet needs, and detect challenges and concerns of genetically-driven trials., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Quantitative biomarkers are key prognostic and predictive factors in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In the clinical laboratory, the majority of biomarker quantitation is still performed manually, but digital image analysis (DIA) methods have been steadily growing and account for around 25% of all quantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing performed today. Quantitative DIA is primarily employed in the analysis of breast cancer IHC biomarkers, including estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/neu; more recently clinical applications have expanded to include human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/neu in gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas and Ki-67 in both breast cancer and gastrointestinal and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Evidence in the literature suggests that DIA has significant benefits over manual quantitation of IHC biomarkers, such as increased objectivity, accuracy, and reproducibility. Despite this fact, a number of barriers to the adoption of DIA in the clinical laboratory persist. These include difficulties in integrating DIA into clinical workflows, lack of standards for integrating DIA software with laboratory information systems and digital pathology systems, costs of implementing DIA, inadequate reimbursement relative to those costs, and other factors. These barriers to adoption may be overcome with international standards such as Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM), increased adoption of routine digital pathology workflows, the application of artificial intelligence to DIA, and the emergence of new clinical applications for DIA.

The Act and the regulations. How long they might last. The suspension of the renewals. Enforcement and the role of the police. Protection of whistleblowers. The trial scene. The ultimate impact.

Pathology has benefited from advanced innovation with novel technology to implement a digital solution. Whole slide imaging is a disruptive technology where glass slides are scanned to produce digital images. There have been significant advances in whole slide scanning hardware and software that have allowed for ready access of whole slide images. The digital images, or whole slide images, can be viewed comparable to glass slides in a microscope, as digital files. Whole slide imaging has increased in adoption among pathologists, pathology departments, and scientists for clinical, educational, and research initiatives. Worldwide usage of whole slide imaging has grown significantly. Pathology regulatory organizations (ie, College of American Pathologists) have put forth guidelines for clinical validation, and the US Food and Drug Administration have also approved whole slide imaging for primary diagnosis. This article will review the digital pathology ecosystem and discuss clinical and nonclinical applications of its use.

Context.—: Disagreement exists within the pathology community about the status of the job market for pathologists. Although many agree that jobs in pathology were harder to come by earlier this decade, recent evidence suggests improvement is occurring., Objective.—: To assess the state of the job market for pathologists., Design.—: We analyzed data from the 2018 College of American Pathologists Practice Leader Survey. This survey contains data from 253 practice leaders on practices' hiring (and retrenchments) in 2017, the skills and level of experience being sought, success in filling those positions, and expectations for hiring in the next 3 years., Results.—: Among the surveyed practice leaders, 115 (45.5%) sought to hire at least 1 pathologist in 2017, and together tried to fill 246 full-time equivalent positions that year, of which 93.5 full-time equivalents (38%) were newly created. This hiring was not limited to larger, academic-based practices, but also occurred among smaller practices and practices based in nonacademic hospitals, independent laboratories, and other settings. Although some practices retrenched (60 full-time equivalents in 2017), the net increase was a healthy 187 full-time equivalents. Practices most frequently sought pathologists who had at least 2 years of experience, but the level of experience identified with the "optimal" candidate varied by desired areas of subspecialty expertise. Practice leaders also reported expected growth in hiring, with the number of positions they hope to fill in the next 3 years exceeding those vacated by retirement., Conclusions.—: Our findings support the proposition that the demand for pathologists is strong, at least at the current time.

Context.—: There is an ongoing perception that the pathology job market is poor, which may be discouraging medical students from pursuing the specialty. Academic pathologists believe that jobs are available but relocation may be necessary., Objective.—: To identify trends regarding the geographic relocation of pathologists taking their first job after training., Design.—: The College of American Pathologists (CAP) Graduate Medical Education Committee has sent an annual job search survey from 2012-2016 to CAP junior members and fellows in practice for 3 years or less and seeking their first job. Data were analyzed across demographics and geographic domains consisting of the following: stayed at same institution/city, relocated within the same region, or relocated to a different region. Standard statistical methods were used., Results.—: Of 501 respondents, 421 reported completing combined anatomic pathology (AP)/clinical pathology (CP) training, while 80 reported AP- or CP-only training. Of the 421 AP/CP respondents, 109 (26%) stayed at the same institution or city, while of the 80 AP- or CP-only respondents, 36 (45%) stayed at the same institution or city. One hundred ninety-nine respondents completed surgical pathology fellowships with 124 (62%) general/oncologic surgical pathology and 75 (38%) subspecialty surgical pathology trainees. Job seekers who completed general surgical pathology/surgical oncologic pathology fellowship accounted for 34 of 52 (65%) of those remaining at the same institution or city, while those with subspecialty training accounted for 40 of 77 (52%) of those relocating to a different region. Relocation did not demonstrate any significant trends in regard to other demographics studied., Conclusions.—: The pathology job market appears stable with no precedent for geographic hardship.

• The Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine was first published in 1926 as a specialty journal of the American Medical Association. It became the official journal of the College of American Pathologists in 1995. Under the dynamic leadership of its most recent editor-in-chief, Philip T. Cagle, MD, the Archives has dramatically increased its impact factor and become the most widely read general pathology journal. Dr. Cagle has consistently added leading pathologists to the editorial board, and the collective expertise of these individuals is clearly evident in new, cutting-edge journal masthead sections. The Archives has featured innovative content in the field of digital pathology, including articles on the utilization of smart phones in pathology and the incorporation of whole-slide images and videos into the content of articles. During the current editorial board's tenure, special sections were introduced and have proven immensely popular with the journal's readership. As the Archives celebrates its 94th anniversary, its editorial board remains committed to providing insightful and relevant medical knowledge. The journal's open access Web site ( www.archivesofpathology.org ) allows the dissemination of this information to every corner of the globe at no expense to those who wish to expand their knowledge or improve their medical practice. Dr. Cagle, with support from the editorial board and journal staff, has worked tirelessly during his tenure as Archives editor-in-chief to greatly enhance the content of the journal and its stature within pathology and laboratory medicine.

Over the last 10 years, exotic animal clinical pathology has been evolving, improving health assessment in avian, mammal, fish, reptile, and amphibian patients. These advances are reviewed in this article. Species-specific reference intervals for blood parameters are becoming more available (eg, for ionized calcium, endocrine panels, and vitamin D plasmatic concentrations). In addition, new technologies are being developed to facilitate targeted metabolite detection and result acquisition by veterinarians. Novel techniques, biomarkers, and clinical changes related to disease have been described in avian, mammal, fish, reptile and amphibian species. The use of mobile applications may also be helpful., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The past decade has witnessed exponential growth in the generation of high-throughput human data across almost all known dimensions of biological systems. The discipline of network medicine has rapidly evolved in parallel, providing an unbiased, comprehensive biological framework through which to interrogate and integrate systematically these large-scale, multi-omic data to enhance our understanding of disease mechanisms and to design drugs that reflect a deep knowledge of molecular pathobiology. In this review, we discuss the key principles of network medicine and the human disease network and explore the latest applications of network medicine in this multi-omic era. We also highlight the current conceptual and technological challenges, which serve as exciting opportunities by which to improve and expand the network-based applications beyond the artificial boundaries of the current state of human pathobiology., (Copyright © 2019 American Society for Investigative Pathology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Diagnostic histopathology departments are experiencing unprecedented economic and service pressures, and many institutions are now considering digital pathology as part of the solution. In this document, a follow on to our case for adoption report, we provide information and advice to help departments create their own clear, succinct, individualised business case for the clinical deployment of digital pathology., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2019. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

Placental pathology is a key modality for determining placental health during pregnancy, especially in the event of adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, issues with standardization in placental diagnosis, reporting practices and clinical translation prevent this modality from being used to its full potential. This article will highlight these standardization issues and summarize ongoing work in this field to overcome them. Additionally, we propose a synoptic reporting framework for placental pathology based on current consensus guidelines, aimed at enhancing the comprehensiveness and quality of reporting placental findings. We believe this approach will improve our understanding of the placenta in adverse pregnancy outcomes and, importantly, offer the opportunity to increase knowledge translation to key stakeholder groups including patients., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Mass spectrometric (MS) techniques are applied in various areas of medical diagnostics. For the detection of microbiological germs and genetic mutations, MS is a method used in routine. Since MS also allows the analysis of proteins and peptides, it seems an ideal candidate to supplement histopatholological diagnostics. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight Imaging MS links molecular analysis of numerous analytes with morphological information about their spatial distribution in cells or tissues. Herein, we review principle MS techniques as well as potential applications in pathology and discuss our vision for a future workflow., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

There are few abbreviations in surgical pathology that are associated with as much immediate recognition, frustration, and confusion as DALM (dysplasia-associated lesion or mass). DALM is used to describe endoscopically visible dysplastic lesions in the surveillance of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. However, the diagnosis of DALM has been complicated by the inconsistent criteria and use of terminology for describing dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease, and a tendency to relate DALM with the need for colectomy. Fortunately, advancements in both endoscopic visualization and local excision capability have allowed for a more defined management of dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. In 2015, the Surveillance for Colorectal Endoscopic Neoplasia Detection and Management in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients International Consensus Recommendations (SCENIC) Development Panel, a panel of predominantly expert gastroenterologists and endoscopists in surveillance of inflammatory bowel disease, published a consensus statement. One recommendation was to abandon DALM-related terminology in favor of endoscopic descriptors modified from the Paris endoscopic classification. Recommendations on surveillance and management of dysplastic lesions were also provided. Nevertheless, interval carcinomas and metachronous neoplasia remain persistent issues. This review aims to provide an update on the post-DALM terminology and management recommendations for inflammatory bowel disease-associated dysplasia necessary for a meaningful communication between pathologists and clinicians.

The increasing recognition of pituitary disorders and their impact on quality of life and longevity has made understanding of this small gland a subject of paramount importance. Pituitary pathology has seen many significant studies that indicate progress in identification and classification of pituitary lesions, as well as improved management strategies for patients. In this review, we outline six major areas of advances: (i) changes in terminology from 'adenoma' to 'pituitary neuroendocrine tumour'; (ii) reclassification of hormone-negative tumours based on transcription factor expression that defines lineage; (iii) updates in new pathogenetic mechanisms, including those that underlie rare lesions such as X-LAG and pituitary blastoma; (iv) clarification of hypophysitis due to immunotherapy, xanthomatous hypophysitis due to rupture of a Rathke's cleft cyst and IgG4 disease as the cause of inflammatory pseudotumour; (v) the consolidation of pituicytoma variants, including spindle cell oncocytoma and granular cell tumour based on thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) reactivity; and (vi) the pathogenetic mechanisms that distinguish papillary from adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma. The remaining challenge is clarification of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the development of many of these disorders., (© 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This document clarifies the strategic context of digital pathology adoption, defines the different use cases a healthcare provider may wish to consider as part of a digital adoption and summarises existing reasons for digital adoption and its potential benefits. The reader is provided with references to the relevant literature, and illustrative case studies. The authors hope this report will be of interest to healthcare providers, pathology managers, departmental heads, pathologists and biomedical scientists that are considering digital pathology, deployments or preparing business cases for digital pathology adoption in clinical settings. The information contained in this document can be shared and used in any documentation the reader wishes to present for their own institutional case for adoption report or business case., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

This article reviews the histologic and molecular characterization of gliomas, including the new "integrated diagnoses" of the World Health Organization Classification, 2016 edition. The entities reviewed within include diffuse gliomas (astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, glioblastoma), as well as circumscribed and low-grade gliomas (angiocentric glioma, pilocytic astrocytoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, pilomyxoid astrocytoma, ependymoma, myxopapillary ependymoma, and subependymoma). Diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers are discussed for each entity. We review how molecular testing for IDH1 and ATRX and detection of chromosome 1p/19q codeletion can be used to categorize glioblastomas as IDH-wildtype or IDH-mutant, and lower grade diffuse gliomas into three molecular groups that correlate better with patient outcomes than histologic subtyping. Pediatric diffuse gliomas are highlighted, including diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M-mutant, and inherited germline mutations that predispose to pediatric gliomas. The utility of genomic profiling of certain gliomas is discussed, including identifying candidates for experimental therapies. This review is meant to be a concise summary of glioma characterization for the practicing pathologist.