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The reproductive efficiency in buffalo is highly influenced by seasonal variability. Angiogenesis in the reproductive cycle is important for optimal physiological functioning of uterus. Estrogen receptor‐α (ERα), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase diaphorase (NADPH‐d) are vital indicators for the uterine angiogenic process. This study was conducted to see the effect of season on the expression of different uterine angiogenic factors. Season wise (winter and summer) and phase wise (follicular and luteal), immune staining intensity of buffalo uterus was measured by calculating the optical density value (OD) for ERα and VEGF. Percentage of immuno‐positive cell count for ERα was done. Histoenzymic NADPH‐d expression was analysed. Expression of all these factors increased during follicular phase of oestrous cycle in order to support the angiogenesis; however, the expression was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) in term of OD value as well as percentage count of immuno‐positive cells during summer season indicating lower angiogenic activity that subsequently affected reproduction in buffalo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gross morphological examination of native caprine heart valves revealed distinctive structural characteristics of the caprine's cardiac anatomy. Four primary orifices were identified, each protected by thin, valve‐like structures. Atrioventricular orifices featured tricuspid and bicuspid valves, while the aorta and pulmonary arteries were guarded by semilunar valves. Within the atrioventricular apparatus, distinct features were observed including the tricuspid valve's three leaflets and the bicuspid valve's anterior and posterior leaflets. Ultrasonography provided insights into valve thickness and chordae tendineae lengths. Morphometric studies compared leaflets/cusps within individual native valves, showcasing significant variations in dimensions. Comparative analysis between native and decellularized valves highlighted the effects of decellularization on leaflet thickness and chordae tendineae lengths. Decellularized valves exhibited reduced dimensions compared to native valves, indicating successful removal of cellular components. While some dimensions remained unchanged post‐decellularization, significant reductions were observed in leaflet thicknesses and chordae tendineae lengths. Notably, semilunar valve cusps displayed varying responses to decellularization, with significant reductions in cusp lengths observed in the aortic valve, while the pulmonary valve exhibited more subtle changes. These findings underscore the importance of understanding structural alterations in heart valves post‐decellularization, providing valuable insights for tissue engineering applications and regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]