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1. The High-Redshift Clusters Occupied by Bent Radio AGN (COBRA) Survey: Follow-Up Optical Imaging

Author

Golden-Marx, Emmet, Blanton, E. L., Paterno-Mahler, R., Brodwin, M., Ashby, M. L. N., Lemaux, B. C., Lubin, L. M., Gal, R. R., and Tomczak, A. R.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

Here we present new red sequence overdensity measurements for 77 fields in the high-$z$ Clusters Occupied by Bent Radio AGN (COBRA) survey, based on $r$- and $i$-band imaging taken with Lowell Observatory's Discovery Channel Telescope. We observe 38 COBRA fields in $r$-band and 90 COBRA fields in $i$-band. By combining the $r$- and $i$-band photometry with our 3.6$\mu$m and 4.5$\mu$m $Spitzer$ IRAC observations, we identify 39 red sequence cluster candidates that host a strong overdensity of galaxies when measuring the excess of red sequence galaxies relative to a background field. We initially treat the radio host as the cluster center and then determine a new cluster center based on the surface density of red sequence sources. Using our color selection, we identify which COBRA cluster candidates have strong red sequence populations. By removing foreground and background contaminants, we more securely determine which fields include cluster candidates with a higher significance than our single-band observations. Additionally, of the 77 fields we analyze with a redshift estimate, 26 include newly estimated photometric redshifts., Comment: 53 pages, 25 figures, 9 tables. Accepted to ApJ on 10/23/19

Published
2019
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2. An X-ray Detection of Star Formation In a Highly Magnified Giant Arc

Author

Bayliss, M. B., McDonald, M., Sharon, K., Gladders, M. D., Florian, M., Chisholm, J., Dahle, H., Mahler, G., Paterno-Mahler, R., Rigby, J. R., Rivera-Thorsen, E., Whitaker, K. E., Allen, S., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Brodwin, M., Canning, R. E. A., Chiu, I., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Khullar, G., Reichardt, C., and Vieira, J. D.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

In the past decade, our understanding of how stars and galaxies formed during the first 5 billion years after the Big Bang has been revolutionized by observations that leverage gravitational lensing by intervening masses, which act as natural cosmic telescopes to magnify background sources. Previous studies have harnessed this effect to probe the distant universe at ultraviolet, optical, infrared and millimeter wavelengths. However, strong lensing studies of young, star-forming galaxies have never extended into X-ray wavelengths, which uniquely trace high-energy phenomena. Here we report an X-ray detection of star formation in a highly magnified, strongly lensed galaxy. This lensed galaxy, seen during the first third of the history of the Universe, is a low--mass, low--metallicity starburst with elevated X-ray emission, and is a likely analog to the first generation of galaxies. Our measurements yield insight into the role that X-ray emission from stellar populations in the first generation of galaxies may play in re-ionizing the Universe. This observation paves the way for future strong lensing-assisted X-ray studies of distant galaxies reaching orders of magnitude below the detection limits of current deep fields, and previews the depths that will be attainable with future X-ray observatories., Comment: Published in Nature Astronomy

Published
2019
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3. RelicS: Spectroscopy of gravitationally lensed z = 2 reionization-era analogues and implications for C III] detections at z > 6

Author

Mainali, R, Stark, DP, Tang, M, Chevallard, J, Charlot, S, Sharon, K, Coe, D, Salmon, B, Bradley, LD, Johnson, TL, Frye, B, Avila, RJ, Ogaz, S, Zitrin, A, Bradač, M, Lemaux, BC, Mahler, G, Paterno-Mahler, R, Strait, V, and Andrade-Santos, F

Subjects
galaxies: evolution, galaxies: high-redshift, galaxies: abundances, galaxies: formation, galaxies: ISM, galaxies: dwarf, astro-ph.GA, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract

Recent observations have revealed the presence of strong C III] emission (EWC III] > 20 Å) in z > 6 galaxies, the origin of which remains unclear. In an effort to understand the nature of these line emitters, we have initiated a survey targeting C III] emission in gravitationally lensed reionization-era analogues identified in Hubble Space Telescope imaging of clusters from the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey. Here, we report initial results on four galaxies selected to have low stellar masses (2-8 × 107 M☉) and J125-band flux excesses indicative of intense [O III] + H β emission (EW[O III]+H β = 500-2000 Å), similar to what has been observed at z > 6. We detect C III] emission in three of the four sources, with the C III] EW reaching values seen in the reionization era (EWC III] = 17-22 Å) in the two sources with the strongest optical line emission (EW[O III]+H β = 2000 Å). We have obtained a Magellan/FIRE (Folded-port InfraRed Echellette) near-infrared spectrum of the strongest C III] emitter in our sample, revealing gas that is both metal poor and highly ionized. Using photoionization models, we are able to simultaneously reproduce the intense C III] and optical line emission for extremely young (2-3 Myr) and metal-poor (0.06-0.08 Z☉) stellar populations, as would be expected after a substantial upturn in the star formation rate of a low-mass galaxy. The sources in this survey are among the first for which C III] has been used as the primary means of redshift confirmation. We suggest that it should be possible to extend this approach to z > 6 with current facilities, using C III] to measure redshifts of objects with IRAC excesses indicating EW[O III]+H β = 2000 Å, providing a method of spectroscopic confirmation independent of Ly α.

Published
2020

4. The Magellan Evolution of Galaxies Spectroscopic and Ultraviolet Reference Atlas (MEGaSaURA) II: Stacked Spectra

Author

Rigby, J. R., Bayliss, M. B., Chisholm, J., Bordoloi, R., Sharon, K., Gladders, M. D., Johnson, T., Paterno-Mahler, R., Wuyts, E., Dahle, H., and Acharyya, A.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

We stack the rest-frame ultraviolet spectra of N=14 highly magnified gravitationally lensed galaxies at redshifts 1.6

Published
2017
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5. The Magellan Evolution of Galaxies Spectroscopic and Ultraviolet Reference Atlas (MEGaSaURA) I: The Sample and the Spectra

Author

Rigby, J. R., Bayliss, M. B., Sharon, K., Gladders, M. D., Chisholm, J., Dahle, H., Johnson, T., Paterno-Mahler, R., Wuyts, E., and Kelson, D. D.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

We introduce Project MEGaSaURA: The Magellan Evolution of Galaxies Spectroscopic and Ultraviolet Reference Atlas. MEGaSaURA comprises medium-resolution, rest-frame ultraviolet spectroscopy of N=15 bright gravitationally lensed galaxies at redshifts of 1.68$<$z$<$3.6, obtained with the MagE spectrograph on the Magellan telescopes. The spectra cover the observed-frame wavelength range $3200 < \lambda_o < 8280$ \AA ; the average spectral resolving power is R=3300. The median spectrum has a signal-to-noise ratio of $SNR=21$ per resolution element at 5000 \AA . As such, the MEGaSaURA spectra have superior signal-to-noise-ratio and wavelength coverage compared to what COS/HST provides for starburst galaxies in the local universe. This paper describes the sample, the observations, and the data reduction. We compare the measured redshifts for the stars, the ionized gas as traced by nebular lines, and the neutral gas as traced by absorption lines; we find the expected bulk outflow of the neutral gas, and no systemic offset between the redshifts measured from nebular lines and the redshifts measured from the stellar continuum. We provide the MEGaSaURA spectra to the astronomical community through a data release., Comment: Resubmitted to AAS Journals. Data release will accompany journal publication. v2 addresses minor comments from referee

Published
2017
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6. The High-Redshift Clusters Occupied by Bent Radio AGN (COBRA) Survey: The \spitzer Catalog

Author

Paterno-Mahler, R., Blanton, E. L., Brodwin, M., Ashby, M. L. N., Golden-Marx, E., Decker, B., Wing, J. D., and Anand, G.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

We present 190 galaxy cluster candidates (most at high redshift) based on galaxy overdensity measurements in the \spitzer/IRAC imaging of the fields surrounding 646 bent, double-lobed radio sources drawn from the Clusters Occupied by Bent Radio AGN (COBRA) Survey. The COBRA sources were chosen as objects in the VLA FIRST survey that lack optical counterparts in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to a limit of $m_r=22$, making them likely to lie at high redshift. This is confirmed by our observations: the redshift distribution of COBRA sources with estimated redshifts peaks near $z=1$, and extends out to $z\approx3$. Cluster candidates were identified by comparing our target fields to a background field and searching for statistically significant ($\ge2\sigma$) excesses in the galaxy number counts surrounding the radio sources; 190 fields satisfy the $\ge2\sigma$ limit. We find that 530 fields (82.0\%) have a net positive excess of galaxies surrounding the radio source. Many of the fields with positive excesses but below the $2\sigma$ cutoff are likely to be galaxy groups. Forty-one COBRA sources are quasars with known spectroscopic redshifts, which may be tracers of some of the most distant clusters known., Comment: 18 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables, ApJ accepted

Published
2016
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7. Deep Impact: Observations from a Worldwide Earth-Based Campaign

Author

Meech, K. J., Ageorges, N., Arpigny, C., Ates, A., Aycock, J., Bagnulo, S., Bailey, J., Barber, R., Barrera, L., Barrena, R., Bauer, J. M., Belton, M. J. S., Bensch, F., Bhattacharya, B., Biver, N., Blake, G., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Boehnhardt, H., Bonev, B. P., Bonev, T., Buie, M. W., Burton, M. G., Butner, H. M., Cabanac, R., Campbell, R., Campins, H., Capria, M. T., Carroll, T., Chaffee, F., Charnley, S. B., Cleis, R., Coates, A., Cochran, A., Colom, P., Conrad, A., Coulson, I. M., Crovisier, J., deBuizer, J., Dekany, R., de Léon, J., Russo, N. Dello, Delsanti, A., DiSanti, M., Drummond, J., Dundon, L., Etzel, P. B., Farnham, T. L., Feldman, P., Fernández, Y. R., Filipovic, M. D., Fisher, S., Fitzsimmons, A., Fong, D., Fugate, R., Fujiwara, H., Fujiyoshi, T., Furusho, R., Fuse, T., Gibb, E., Groussin, O., Gulkis, S., Gurwell, M., Hadamcik, E., Hainaut, O., Harker, D., Harrington, D., Harwit, M., Hasegawa, S., Hergenrother, C. W., Hirst, P., Hodapp, K., Honda, M., Howell, E. S., Hutsemékers, D., Iono, D., Jackson, W., Jehin, E., Jiang, Z. J., Jones, G. H., Jones, P. A., Kadono, T., Kamath, U. W., Käufl, H. U., Kasuga, T., Kawakita, H., Kelley, M. S., Kerber, F., Kidger, M., Kinoshita, D., Knight, M., Lara, L., Larson, S. M., Lederer, S., Levasseur-Regourd, A. C., Li, J. Y., Licandro, J., Lisse, C. M., LoCurto, G., Lovell, A. J., Lowry, S. C., Lyke, J., Lynch, D., Ma, J., Magee-Sauer, K., Maheswar, G., Manfroid, J., Marco, O., Martin, P., Melnick, G., Miller, S., Miyata, T., Moriarty-Schieven, G. H., Moskovitz, N., Mueller, B. E. A., Mumma, M. J., Muneer, S., Neufeld, D. A., Ootsubo, T., Osip, D., Pandea, S. K., Pantin, E., Paterno-Mahler, R., Patten, B., Penprase, B. E., Peck, A., Petitas, G., Pinilla-Alonso, N., Pittichova, J., Pompei, E., Prabhu, T. P., Qi, C., Rao, R., Rauer, H., Reitsema, H., Rodgers, S. D., Rodriguez, P., Ruane, R., Ruch, G., Rujopakarn, W., Sahu, D. K., Sako, S., Sakon, I., Samarasinha, N., Sarkissian, J. M., Saviane, I., Schirmer, M., Schultz, P., Schulz, R., Seitzer, P., Sekiguchi, T., Selman, F., Serra-Ricart, M., Sharp, R., Snell, R. L., Snodgrass, C., Stallard, T., Stecklein, G., Sterken, C., Stüwe, J. A., Sugita, S., Sumner, M., Suntzeff, N., Swaters, R., Takakuwa, S., Takato, N., Thomas-Osip, J., Thompson, E., Tokunaga, A. T., Tozzi, G. P., Tran, H., Troy, M., Trujillo, C., Van Cleve, J., Vasundhara, R., Vazquez, R., Vilas, F., Villanueva, G., von Braun, K., Vora, P., Wainscoat, R. J., Walsh, K., Watanabe, J., Weaver, H. A., Weaver, W., Weiler, M., Weissman, P. R., Welsh, W. F., Wilner, D., Wolk, S., Womack, M., Wooden, D., Woodney, L. M., Woodward, C., Yamashita, T., Yang, B., Yokogawa, S., Zook, A. C., Zauderer, A., Zhao, X., and Zhou, X.

Published
2005

8. The Magellan Evolution of Galaxies Spectroscopic and Ultraviolet Reference Atlas (MegaSaura). I. the Sample and the Spectra

Author

Rigby, J. R, Bayliss, M. B, Sharon, K, Gladders, M. D, Chisholm, J, Dahle, H, Johnson, T, Paterno-Mahler, R, Wuyts, E, and Kelson, D. D

Subjects
General
Abstract

We introduce Project MEGaSaURA: the Magellan Evolution of Galaxies Spectroscopic and Ultraviolet Reference Atlas. MEGaSaURA comprises medium-resolution, rest-frame ultraviolet spectroscopy of N = 15 bright gravitationally lensed galaxies at redshifts of 1.68 less than z less than 3.6, obtained with the MagE spectrograph on the Magellan telescopes. The spectra cover the observed-frame wavelength range 3200 less than (lamda(sub o)) less than 8280 Angstroms; the average spectral resolving power is R = 3300. The median spectrum has a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) = 21 per resolution element at 5000 Angstroms. As such, the MEGaSaURA spectra have superior S/N and wavelength coverage compared to what COS/HST provides for starburst galaxies in the local universe. This paper describes the sample, the observations, and the data reduction. We compare the measured redshifts for the stars, the ionized gas as traced by nebular lines, and the neutral gas as traced by absorption lines; we find the expected bulk outflow of the neutral gas, and no systemic offset between the redshifts measured from nebular lines and the redshifts measured from the stellar continuum. We provide the MEGaSaURA spectra to the astronomical community through a data release.

Published
2018
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9. The Magellan Evolution of Galaxies Spectroscopic and Ultraviolet Reference Atlas (MegaSaura). II. Stacked Spectra

Author

Rigby, J. R, Bayliss, M. B, Chisholm, J, Bordoloi, R, Sharon, K, Gladders, M. D, Johnson, T, Paterno-Mahler, R, Wuyts, E, Dahle, H, and Acharyya, A

Subjects
Astrophysics
Abstract

We stack the rest-frame ultraviolet spectra of N = 14 highly magnified gravitationally lensed galaxies at redshifts 1.6 < z < 3.6. The resulting new composite spans 900 < lambda rest < 3000 Angstrom, with a peak signal-to-noise ratio of 103 per spectral resolution element (approximately 100 km s (exp -1)). It is the highest signalto-noise ratio, highest spectral resolution composite spectrum of z approximately 2-3 galaxies yet published. The composite reveals numerous weak nebular emission lines and stellar photospheric absorption lines that can serve as new physical diagnostics, particularly at high redshift with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). We report equivalent widths to aid in proposing for and interpreting JWST spectra. We examine the velocity profiles of strong absorption features in the composite, and in a matched composite of z approximately 0 COS/HST galaxy spectra. We find remarkable similarity in the velocity profiles at z approximately 0 and z approximately 2, suggesting that similar physical processes control the outflows across cosmic time. While the maximum outflow velocity depends strongly on ionization potential, the absorptionweighted mean velocity does not. As such, the bulk of the high-ionization absorption traces the low-ionization gas, with an additional blueshifted absorption tail extending to at least approximately 2000 km s (exp -1). We interpret this tail as arising from the stellar wind and photospheres of massive stars. Starburst99 models are able to replicate this high-velocity absorption tail. However, these theoretical models poorly reproduce several of the photospheric absorption features, indicating that improvements are needed to match observational constraints on the massive stellar content of star-forming galaxies at z approximately 2. We publicly release our composite spectra.

Published
2018
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10. An X-ray detection of star formation in a highly magnified giant arc

Author

MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Bayliss, Matthew B, McDonald, Michael A., Sharon, K, Gladders, MD, Florian, M, Chisholm, J, Dahle, H, Mahler, G, Paterno-Mahler, R, Rigby, JR, Rivera-Thorsen, E, Whitaker, KE, Allen, S, Benson, BA, Bleem, LE, Brodwin, M, Canning, REA, Chiu, I, Hlavacek-Larrondo, J, Khullar, G, Reichardt, C, Vieira, JD, MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Bayliss, Matthew B, McDonald, Michael A., Sharon, K, Gladders, MD, Florian, M, Chisholm, J, Dahle, H, Mahler, G, Paterno-Mahler, R, Rigby, JR, Rivera-Thorsen, E, Whitaker, KE, Allen, S, Benson, BA, Bleem, LE, Brodwin, M, Canning, REA, Chiu, I, Hlavacek-Larrondo, J, Khullar, G, Reichardt, C, and Vieira, JD

Abstract

© 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited. In the past decade, our understanding of how stars and galaxies formed during the first 5 billion years after the Big Bang has been revolutionized by observations that leverage gravitational lensing by intervening masses, which act as natural cosmic telescopes to magnify background sources. Previous studies have harnessed this effect to probe the distant Universe at ultraviolet, optical, infrared and millimetre wavelengths1–6. However, strong-lensing studies of young, star-forming galaxies have never extended into X-ray wavelengths, which uniquely trace high-energy phenomena. Here, we report an X-ray detection of star formation in a highly magnified, strongly lensed galaxy. This lensed galaxy, seen during the first third of the history of the Universe, is a low-mass, low-metallicity starburst with elevated X-ray emission, and is a likely analogue to the first generation of galaxies. Our measurements yield insight into the role that X-ray emission from stellar populations in the first generation of galaxies may play in reionizing the Universe. This observation paves the way for future strong-lensing-assisted X-ray studies of distant galaxies reaching orders of magnitude below the detection limits of current deep fields, and previews the depths that will be attainable with future X-ray observatories.

Published
2022

11. An X-ray detection of star formation in a highly magnified giant arc

Author

Bayliss, MB, McDonald, M, Sharon, K, Gladders, MD, Florian, M, Chisholm, J, Dahle, H, Mahler, G, Paterno-Mahler, R, Rigby, JR, Rivera-Thorsen, E, Whitaker, KE, Allen, S, Benson, BA, Bleem, LE, Brodwin, M, Canning, REA, Chiu, I, Hlavacek-Larrondo, J, Khullar, G, Reichardt, C, Vieira, JD, Bayliss, MB, McDonald, M, Sharon, K, Gladders, MD, Florian, M, Chisholm, J, Dahle, H, Mahler, G, Paterno-Mahler, R, Rigby, JR, Rivera-Thorsen, E, Whitaker, KE, Allen, S, Benson, BA, Bleem, LE, Brodwin, M, Canning, REA, Chiu, I, Hlavacek-Larrondo, J, Khullar, G, Reichardt, C, and Vieira, JD

Abstract

© 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited. In the past decade, our understanding of how stars and galaxies formed during the first 5 billion years after the Big Bang has been revolutionized by observations that leverage gravitational lensing by intervening masses, which act as natural cosmic telescopes to magnify background sources. Previous studies have harnessed this effect to probe the distant Universe at ultraviolet, optical, infrared and millimetre wavelengths1–6. However, strong-lensing studies of young, star-forming galaxies have never extended into X-ray wavelengths, which uniquely trace high-energy phenomena. Here, we report an X-ray detection of star formation in a highly magnified, strongly lensed galaxy. This lensed galaxy, seen during the first third of the history of the Universe, is a low-mass, low-metallicity starburst with elevated X-ray emission, and is a likely analogue to the first generation of galaxies. Our measurements yield insight into the role that X-ray emission from stellar populations in the first generation of galaxies may play in reionizing the Universe. This observation paves the way for future strong-lensing-assisted X-ray studies of distant galaxies reaching orders of magnitude below the detection limits of current deep fields, and previews the depths that will be attainable with future X-ray observatories.

Published
2021

12. RELICS: spectroscopy of gravitationally lensed z ≃ 2 reionization-era analogues and implications for C iii ] detections at z > 6

Author

Mainali, R, Stark, DP, Tang, M, Chevallard, J, Charlot, S, Sharon, K, Coe, D, Salmon, B, Bradley, LD, Johnson, TL, Frye, B, Avila, RJ, Ogaz, S, Zitrin, A, Bradač, M, Lemaux, BC, Mahler, G, Paterno-Mahler, R, Strait, V, and Andrade-Santos, F

Subjects
formation [galaxies], ISM [galaxies], dwarf [galaxies], astro-ph.GA, abundances [galaxies], Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, evolution [galaxies], high-redshift [galaxies], Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract

Recent observations have revealed the presence of strong C III] emission (EWC III] > 20 Å) in z > 6 galaxies, the origin of which remains unclear. In an effort to understand the nature of these line emitters, we have initiated a survey targeting C III] emission in gravitationally lensed reionization-era analogues identified in Hubble Space Telescope imaging of clusters from the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey. Here, we report initial results on four galaxies selected to have low stellar masses (2-8 × 107 M☉) and J125-band flux excesses indicative of intense [O III] + H β emission (EW[O III]+H β = 500-2000 Å), similar to what has been observed at z > 6. We detect C III] emission in three of the four sources, with the C III] EW reaching values seen in the reionization era (EWC III] = 17-22 Å) in the two sources with the strongest optical line emission (EW[O III]+H β = 2000 Å). We have obtained a Magellan/FIRE (Folded-port InfraRed Echellette) near-infrared spectrum of the strongest C III] emitter in our sample, revealing gas that is both metal poor and highly ionized. Using photoionization models, we are able to simultaneously reproduce the intense C III] and optical line emission for extremely young (2-3 Myr) and metal-poor (0.06-0.08 Z☉) stellar populations, as would be expected after a substantial upturn in the star formation rate of a low-mass galaxy. The sources in this survey are among the first for which C III] has been used as the primary means of redshift confirmation. We suggest that it should be possible to extend this approach to z > 6 with current facilities, using C III] to measure redshifts of objects with IRAC excesses indicating EW[O III]+H β = 2000 Å, providing a method of spectroscopic confirmation independent of Ly α.

Published
2020

13. RELICS: The Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey and the Brightest High-z Galaxies

Author

Salmon, B, Coe, D, Bradley, L, Bouwens, R, Bradac, M, Huang, K-H, Oesch, PA, Stark, D, Sharon, K, Trenti, M, Avila, RJ, Ogaz, S, Andrade-Santos, F, Carrasco, D, Cerny, C, Dawson, W, Frye, BL, Hoag, A, Johnson, TL, Jones, C, Lam, D, Lovisari, L, Mainali, R, Past, M, Paterno-Mahler, R, Peterson, A, Riess, AA, Rodney, SA, Ryan, RE, Sendra-Server, I, Strait, V, Strolger, L-G, Umetsu, K, Vulcani, B, Zitrin, A, Salmon, B, Coe, D, Bradley, L, Bouwens, R, Bradac, M, Huang, K-H, Oesch, PA, Stark, D, Sharon, K, Trenti, M, Avila, RJ, Ogaz, S, Andrade-Santos, F, Carrasco, D, Cerny, C, Dawson, W, Frye, BL, Hoag, A, Johnson, TL, Jones, C, Lam, D, Lovisari, L, Mainali, R, Past, M, Paterno-Mahler, R, Peterson, A, Riess, AA, Rodney, SA, Ryan, RE, Sendra-Server, I, Strait, V, Strolger, L-G, Umetsu, K, Vulcani, B, and Zitrin, A

Abstract

Massive foreground galaxy clusters magnify and distort the light of objects behind them, permitting a view into both the extremely distant and intrinsically faint galaxy populations. We present here the candidate high-redshift galaxies from the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey (RELICS), a Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescope survey of 41 massive galaxy clusters spanning an area of ≈200 arcmin2. These clusters were selected to be excellent lenses, and we find similar high-redshift sample sizes and magnitude distributions as the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH). We discover 257, 57, and eight candidate galaxies at z ∼ 6, 7, and 8 respectively, (322 in total). The observed (lensed) magnitudes of the z ∼ 6 candidates are as bright as AB mag ∼23, making them among the brightest known at these redshifts, comparable with discoveries from much wider, blank-field surveys. RELICS demonstrates the efficiency of using strong gravitational lenses to produce high-redshift samples in the epoch of reionization. These brightly observed galaxies are excellent targets for follow-up study with current and future observatories, including the James Webb Space Telescope.

Published
2020

14. An X-ray detection of star formation in a highly magnified giant arc

Author

Bayliss, M. B., McDonald, M., Sharon, K., Gladders, M. D., Florian, M., Chisholm, J., Dahle, H., Mahler, G., Paterno-Mahler, R., Rigby, J. R., Rivera-Thorsen, E., Whitaker, K. E., Allen, S., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Brodwin, M., Canning, R. E. A., Chiu, I., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Khullar, G., Reichardt, C., Vieira, J. D., Bayliss, M. B., McDonald, M., Sharon, K., Gladders, M. D., Florian, M., Chisholm, J., Dahle, H., Mahler, G., Paterno-Mahler, R., Rigby, J. R., Rivera-Thorsen, E., Whitaker, K. E., Allen, S., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Brodwin, M., Canning, R. E. A., Chiu, I., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Khullar, G., Reichardt, C., and Vieira, J. D.

Abstract

A highly magnified, strongly lensed star-forming galaxy is detected in X-rays. It is a low-mass, low-metallicity starburst that is a likely analogue to the first generation of galaxies, which may have played a role in reionizing the Universe.In the past decade, our understanding of how stars and galaxies formed during the first 5 billion years after the Big Bang has been revolutionized by observations that leverage gravitational lensing by intervening masses, which act as natural cosmic telescopes to magnify background sources. Previous studies have harnessed this effect to probe the distant Universe at ultraviolet, optical, infrared and millimetre wavelengths(1-6). However, strong-lensing studies of young, star-forming galaxies have never extended into X-ray wavelengths, which uniquely trace high-energy phenomena. Here, we report an X-ray detection of star formation in a highly magnified, strongly lensed galaxy. This lensed galaxy, seen during the first third of the history of the Universe, is a low-mass, low-metallicity starburst with elevated X-ray emission, and is a likely analogue to the first generation of galaxies. Our measurements yield insight into the role that X-ray emission from stellar populations in the first generation of galaxies may play in reionizing the Universe. This observation paves the way for future strong-lensing-assisted X-ray studies of distant galaxies reaching orders of magnitude below the detection limits of current deep fields, and previews the depths that will be attainable with future X-ray observatories.

Published
2020

17. An X-ray detection of star formation in a highly magnified giant arc

Author

Bayliss, MB, McDonald, M, Sharon, K, Gladders, MD, Florian, M, Chisholm, J, Dahle, H, Mahler, G, Paterno-Mahler, R, Rigby, JR, Rivera-Thorsen, E, Whitaker, KE, Allen, S, Benson, BA, Bleem, LE, Brodwin, M, Canning, REA, Chiu, I, Hlavacek-Larrondo, J, Khullar, G, Reichardt, C, Vieira, JD, Bayliss, MB, McDonald, M, Sharon, K, Gladders, MD, Florian, M, Chisholm, J, Dahle, H, Mahler, G, Paterno-Mahler, R, Rigby, JR, Rivera-Thorsen, E, Whitaker, KE, Allen, S, Benson, BA, Bleem, LE, Brodwin, M, Canning, REA, Chiu, I, Hlavacek-Larrondo, J, Khullar, G, Reichardt, C, and Vieira, JD

Abstract

In the past decade, our understanding of how stars and galaxies formed during the first 5 billion years after the Big Bang has been revolutionized by observations that leverage gravitational lensing by intervening masses, which act as natural cosmic telescopes to magnify background sources. Previous studies have harnessed this effect to probe the distant Universe at ultraviolet, optical, infrared and millimetre wavelengths1–6. However, strong-lensing studies of young, star-forming galaxies have never extended into X-ray wavelengths, which uniquely trace high-energy phenomena. Here, we report an X-ray detection of star formation in a highly magnified, strongly lensed galaxy. This lensed galaxy, seen during the first third of the history of the Universe, is a low-mass, low-metallicity starburst with elevated X-ray emission, and is a likely analogue to the first generation of galaxies. Our measurements yield insight into the role that X-ray emission from stellar populations in the first generation of galaxies may play in reionizing the Universe. This observation paves the way for future strong-lensing-assisted X-ray studies of distant galaxies reaching orders of magnitude below the detection limits of current deep fields, and previews the depths that will be attainable with future X-ray observatories.

Published
2019

18. RELICS:Strong Lensing Analysis of MACS J0417.5-1154 and Predictions for Observing the Magnified High-Redshift Universe with JWST

Author

Mahler, G., Sharon, K., Fox, C., Coe, D., Jauzac, M., Strait, V., Edge, A., Acebron, A., Andrade-Santos, F., Avila, R.~J., Bradav c, M., Bradley, L.~D., Carrasco, D., Cerny, C., Cibirka, N., Czakon, N.~G., Dawson, W.~A., Frye, B.~L., Hoag, A.~T., Huang, K.-H., Johnson, T.~L., Jones, C., Kikuchihara, S., Lam, 1.~D., Livermore, R., Lovisari, L., Mainali, R., Ogaz, S., Ouchi, M., Paterno-Mahler, R., Roederer, I.~U., Ryan, R.~E., Salmon, B., Sendra-Server, I., Stark, D.~P., Toft, S., Trenti, M., Umetsu, K., Vulcani, B., Zitrin, A., Mahler, G., Sharon, K., Fox, C., Coe, D., Jauzac, M., Strait, V., Edge, A., Acebron, A., Andrade-Santos, F., Avila, R.~J., Bradav c, M., Bradley, L.~D., Carrasco, D., Cerny, C., Cibirka, N., Czakon, N.~G., Dawson, W.~A., Frye, B.~L., Hoag, A.~T., Huang, K.-H., Johnson, T.~L., Jones, C., Kikuchihara, S., Lam, 1.~D., Livermore, R., Lovisari, L., Mainali, R., Ogaz, S., Ouchi, M., Paterno-Mahler, R., Roederer, I.~U., Ryan, R.~E., Salmon, B., Sendra-Server, I., Stark, D.~P., Toft, S., Trenti, M., Umetsu, K., Vulcani, B., and Zitrin, A.

Published
2019

19. An X-ray detection of star formation in a highly magnified giant arc

Author

Bayliss, M. B., primary, McDonald, M., additional, Sharon, K., additional, Gladders, M. D., additional, Florian, M., additional, Chisholm, J., additional, Dahle, H., additional, Mahler, G., additional, Paterno-Mahler, R., additional, Rigby, J. R., additional, Rivera-Thorsen, E., additional, Whitaker, K. E., additional, Allen, S., additional, Benson, B. A., additional, Bleem, L. E., additional, Brodwin, M., additional, Canning, R. E. A., additional, Chiu, I., additional, Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., additional, Khullar, G., additional, Reichardt, C., additional, and Vieira, J. D., additional

Published
2019
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20. RELICS:Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey - Discovering Brightly Lensed Distant Galaxies for JWST

Author

Coe, D., Bradley, L., Salmon, B., Avila, R.~J., Ogaz, S., Bradac, M., Huang, K.-H., Strait, V., Hoag, A., Sharon, K.~q., Cerny, C., Paterno-Mahler, R., Johnson, T.~L., Mahler, G., Zitrin, A., Sendra Server, I., Acebron, A., Cibirka, N., Rodney, S., Strolger, L., Riess, A., Dawson, W., Jones, C., Andrade-Santos, F., Lovisari, L., Czakon, N., Umetsu, K., Trenti, M., Vulcani, B., Carrasco, D., Livermore, R., Stark, D.~P., Mainali, R., Frye, B., Oesch, P., Lam, D., Toft, S., Ryan, R., Peterson, A., Past, M., Kikuchihara, S., Ouchi, M., Oguri, M., Coe, D., Bradley, L., Salmon, B., Avila, R.~J., Ogaz, S., Bradac, M., Huang, K.-H., Strait, V., Hoag, A., Sharon, K.~q., Cerny, C., Paterno-Mahler, R., Johnson, T.~L., Mahler, G., Zitrin, A., Sendra Server, I., Acebron, A., Cibirka, N., Rodney, S., Strolger, L., Riess, A., Dawson, W., Jones, C., Andrade-Santos, F., Lovisari, L., Czakon, N., Umetsu, K., Trenti, M., Vulcani, B., Carrasco, D., Livermore, R., Stark, D.~P., Mainali, R., Frye, B., Oesch, P., Lam, D., Toft, S., Ryan, R., Peterson, A., Past, M., Kikuchihara, S., Ouchi, M., and Oguri, M.

Published
2018

24. ATel 8170: RELICS: Discovery of a Probable SN in Galaxy Cluster MACSJ0949.8+1708

Author

Rodney, S, Bradley, L, Coe, D., Strolger, L, Avila, R., Ogaz, S., Riess, A., Hjorth, J., Selsing, J., Christensen, L., Graham, M., Kelly, P., Molino, A., Jha, S., Foley, R, Wang, X., Zitrin, A., Sendra, I., Sharon, K., Johnson, T., Paterno-Mahler, R., Bradac, M., Hoag, A., Jones, C., Andrade-Santos, F., Umetsu, K., Czakon, N., Stark, D., Mainali, R., Trenti, M., Nunez, D. Carrasco, Dawson, W., Vulcani, Benedetta, and Ebeling, H.

Abstract

We report the discovery of a likely supernova (SN) at approximately 1 arcminute from the center of the galaxy cluster MACSJ0949.8+1708 (a.k.a. RXC J0949.8+1707, ZwCl 0947.2+1723).

Published
2015

25. MERGER SIGNATURES IN THE GALAXY CLUSTER A98

Author

Paterno-Mahler, R., primary, Randall, S. W., additional, Bulbul, E., additional, Andrade-Santos, F., additional, Blanton, E. L., additional, Jones, C., additional, Murray, S., additional, and Johnson, R. E., additional

Published
2014
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27. Deep Impact: Observation from a worldwide earth-based campaign

Author

Meech, K.J., Ageorges, N., A'Hearn, M.F., Arpigny, C., Ates, A., Aycock, J., Bagnulo, S., Bailey, J., Barber, R., Barrera, L., Barrena, R., Bauer, J.M., Belton, M.J.S., Bensch, F., Bhattacharya, B., Biver, N., Blake, G., Bockelee-Morvan, D., Boehnhardt, H., Bonev, B.P., Bonev, T., Buie, M.W., Burton, M.G., Butner, H.M., Cabanac, R., Campbell, R., Campins, H., Capria, M.T., Carroll, T., Chaffee, F., Charnley, S.B., Cleis, R., Coates, A., Cochran, A., Colom, P., Conrad, A., Coulson, I.M., Crovisier, J., DeBuizer, J., Dekany, R., De Leon, J., Dello Russo, N., Delsanti, A., DiSanti, M., Drummond, J., Dundon, L., Etzel, P.B., Farnham, T.L., Feldman, P., Fernandez, Y.R., Filipovic, M.D., Fisher, S., Fitzsimmons, A., Fong, D., Fugate, R., Fujiwara, H., Fujiyoshi, T., Furusho, R., Fuse, T., Gibb, E., Groussin, O., Gulkis, S., Gurwell, M., Hadamcik, E., Hainaut, O., Harker, D., Harrington, D., Harwit, M., Hasegawa, S., Hergenrother, C.W., Hirst, P., Hodapp, K., Honda, M., Howell, E.S., Hutsemekers, D., Iono, O., Ip, W.-H., Jackson, W., Jehin, E., Jiang, Z.J., Jones, G.H., Jones, P.A., Kadono, T., Kamath, U.W., Kaufl, H.U., Kasuga, T., Kawakita, H., Kelley, M.S., Kerber, F., Kidger, M., Kinoshita, D., Knight, M., Lara, L., Larson, S.M., Lederer, S., Lee, C.-F., Levasseur-Regourd, A.C., Li, J.Y., Li, Q.-S., Licandro, J., Lin, Z.-Y., Lisse, C.M., LoCurto, G., Lovell, A.J., Lowry, S.C., Lyke, J., Lynch, D., Ma, J., Magee-Sauer, K., Maheswar, G., Manfroid, J., Marco, O., Martin, P., Melnick, G., Miller, S., Miyata, T., Moriarty-Schieven, G.H., Moskovitz, N., Mueller, B.E.A., Mumma, M.J., Muneer, S., Neufeld, D.A., Ootsubo, T., Osip, D., Pandea, S.K., Pantin, E., Paterno-Mahler, R., Patten, B., Penprase, B.E., Peck, A., Petitas, G., Pinilla-Alonso, N., Pittichova, J., Pompei, E., Prabhu, T.P., Qi, C., Rao, R., Rauer, H., Reitsema, H., Rodgers, S.D., Rodriguez, P., Ruane, R., Ruch, G., Rujopakarn, W., Sahu, D.K., Sako, S., Sakon, I., Samarasinha, N., Sarkissian, J.M., Saviane, I., Schirmer, M., Schultz, P., Schulz, R., Seitzer, P., Sekiguchi, T., Selman, F., Serra-Ricart, M., Sharp, R., Snell, R.L., Snodgrass, C., Stallard, T., Stecklein, G., Sterken, C., Stuwe, J.A., Sugita, S., Sumner, M., Suntzeff, N., Swaters, R., Takakuwa, S., Takato, N., Thomas-Osip, J., Thompson, E., Tokunaga, A.T., Tozzi, G.P., Tran, H., Troy, M., Trujillo, C., Van Cleve, J., Vasundhara, R., Vazquez, R., Vilas, F., Villanueva, G., Von Braun, K., Vora, P., Wainscoat, R.J., Walsh, K., Watanabe, J., Weaver, H.A., Weaver, W., Weiler, M., Weissman, P.R., Welsh, W.F., Wilner, D., Wolk, S., Womack, M., Wooden, D., Woodney, L.M., Woodward, C., Wu, Z.-Y., Wu, J.-H., Yamashita, T., Yang, B., Yang, Y.-B., Yokogawa, S., Zook, A.C., Zauderer, A., Zhao, X., Zhou, X., Zucconi, J.-M., Meech, K.J., Ageorges, N., A'Hearn, M.F., Arpigny, C., Ates, A., Aycock, J., Bagnulo, S., Bailey, J., Barber, R., Barrera, L., Barrena, R., Bauer, J.M., Belton, M.J.S., Bensch, F., Bhattacharya, B., Biver, N., Blake, G., Bockelee-Morvan, D., Boehnhardt, H., Bonev, B.P., Bonev, T., Buie, M.W., Burton, M.G., Butner, H.M., Cabanac, R., Campbell, R., Campins, H., Capria, M.T., Carroll, T., Chaffee, F., Charnley, S.B., Cleis, R., Coates, A., Cochran, A., Colom, P., Conrad, A., Coulson, I.M., Crovisier, J., DeBuizer, J., Dekany, R., De Leon, J., Dello Russo, N., Delsanti, A., DiSanti, M., Drummond, J., Dundon, L., Etzel, P.B., Farnham, T.L., Feldman, P., Fernandez, Y.R., Filipovic, M.D., Fisher, S., Fitzsimmons, A., Fong, D., Fugate, R., Fujiwara, H., Fujiyoshi, T., Furusho, R., Fuse, T., Gibb, E., Groussin, O., Gulkis, S., Gurwell, M., Hadamcik, E., Hainaut, O., Harker, D., Harrington, D., Harwit, M., Hasegawa, S., Hergenrother, C.W., Hirst, P., Hodapp, K., Honda, M., Howell, E.S., Hutsemekers, D., Iono, O., Ip, W.-H., Jackson, W., Jehin, E., Jiang, Z.J., Jones, G.H., Jones, P.A., Kadono, T., Kamath, U.W., Kaufl, H.U., Kasuga, T., Kawakita, H., Kelley, M.S., Kerber, F., Kidger, M., Kinoshita, D., Knight, M., Lara, L., Larson, S.M., Lederer, S., Lee, C.-F., Levasseur-Regourd, A.C., Li, J.Y., Li, Q.-S., Licandro, J., Lin, Z.-Y., Lisse, C.M., LoCurto, G., Lovell, A.J., Lowry, S.C., Lyke, J., Lynch, D., Ma, J., Magee-Sauer, K., Maheswar, G., Manfroid, J., Marco, O., Martin, P., Melnick, G., Miller, S., Miyata, T., Moriarty-Schieven, G.H., Moskovitz, N., Mueller, B.E.A., Mumma, M.J., Muneer, S., Neufeld, D.A., Ootsubo, T., Osip, D., Pandea, S.K., Pantin, E., Paterno-Mahler, R., Patten, B., Penprase, B.E., Peck, A., Petitas, G., Pinilla-Alonso, N., Pittichova, J., Pompei, E., Prabhu, T.P., Qi, C., Rao, R., Rauer, H., Reitsema, H., Rodgers, S.D., Rodriguez, P., Ruane, R., Ruch, G., Rujopakarn, W., Sahu, D.K., Sako, S., Sakon, I., Samarasinha, N., Sarkissian, J.M., Saviane, I., Schirmer, M., Schultz, P., Schulz, R., Seitzer, P., Sekiguchi, T., Selman, F., Serra-Ricart, M., Sharp, R., Snell, R.L., Snodgrass, C., Stallard, T., Stecklein, G., Sterken, C., Stuwe, J.A., Sugita, S., Sumner, M., Suntzeff, N., Swaters, R., Takakuwa, S., Takato, N., Thomas-Osip, J., Thompson, E., Tokunaga, A.T., Tozzi, G.P., Tran, H., Troy, M., Trujillo, C., Van Cleve, J., Vasundhara, R., Vazquez, R., Vilas, F., Villanueva, G., Von Braun, K., Vora, P., Wainscoat, R.J., Walsh, K., Watanabe, J., Weaver, H.A., Weaver, W., Weiler, M., Weissman, P.R., Welsh, W.F., Wilner, D., Wolk, S., Womack, M., Wooden, D., Woodney, L.M., Woodward, C., Wu, Z.-Y., Wu, J.-H., Yamashita, T., Yang, B., Yang, Y.-B., Yokogawa, S., Zook, A.C., Zauderer, A., Zhao, X., Zhou, X., and Zucconi, J.-M.

Abstract

On 4 July 2005, many observatories around the world and in space observed the collision of Deep Impact with comet 9P/Tempel 1 or its aftermath. This was an unprecedented coordinated observational campaign. These data show that (i) there was new material after impact that was compositionally different from that seen before impact; (ii) the ratio of dust mass to gas mass in the ejecta was much larger than before impact; (iii) the new activity did not last more than a few days, and by 9 July the comet's behavior was indistinguishable from its pre-impact behavior; and (iv) there were interesting transient phenomena that may be correlated with cratering physics.

Published
2005

28. DEEP CHANDRA OBSERVATIONS OF THE EXTENDED GAS SLOSHING SPIRAL IN A2029.

Author

PATERNO-MAHLER, R., BLANTON, E. L., RANDALL, S. W., and CLARKE, T. E.

Subjects
*GALAXY clusters, *X-rays, *GALACTIC magnitudes, *TEMPERATURE, *HEATING, *COOLING
Abstract

Recent X-ray observations of galaxy clusters have shown that there is substructure present in the intraclustermedium (ICM), even in clusters that are seemingly relaxed. This substructure is sometimes a result of sloshing of the ICM, which occurs in cool core clusters that have been disturbed by an off-axis merger with a sub-cluster or group. We present deep Chandra observations of the cool core cluster Abell 2029, which has a sloshing spiral extending radially outward from the center of the cluster to approximately 400 kpc at its fullest extent—the largest continuous spiral observed to date. We find a surface brightness excess, a temperature decrement, a density enhancement, an elemental abundance enhancement, and a smooth pressure profile in the area of the spiral. The sloshing gas seems to be interacting with the southern lobe of the central radio galaxy, causing it to bend and giving the radio source a wide-angle tail (WAT) morphology. This shows that WATs can be produced in clusters that are relatively relaxed on large scales. We explore the interaction between heating and cooling in the central region of the cluster. Energy injection from the active galactic nucleus is likely insufficient to offset the cooling, and sloshing may be an important additional mechanism in preventing large amounts of gas from cooling to very low temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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29. RELICS Discovery of a Probable Lens-magnified SN behind Galaxy Cluster Abell 1763

Author

Rodney, S., Coe, D., Bradley, L., Strolger, L., Brammer, G., Avila, R., Ryan, R., Ogaz, S., Riess, A., Sharon, K., Johnson, T., Paterno-Mahler, R., Molino, A., Graham, M., Kelly, P., Filippenko, A., Frye, B., Foley, R., Schmidt, K., Umetsu, K., Czakon, N., Weiner, B., Stark, D., Mainali, R., Zitrin, A., Sendra, I., Graur, O., Grillo, C., Hjorth, J., Jonatan Selsing, Christensen, L., Rosati, P., Nonino, M., Balestra, I., Vulcani, B., Mccully, C., Dawson, W., Bouwens, R., Lam, D., Trenti, M., Nunez, D. Carrasco, Matheson, T., Merten, J., Jha, S., Jones, C., Andrade-Santos, F., Salmon, B., Bradac, M., Hoag, A., Huang, K., Wang, X., and Oesch, P.

30. RELICS: Discovery of a Probable SN in Galaxy Cluster MACSJ0949.8+1708

Author

Rodney, S., Bradley, L., Coe, D., Strolger, L., Avila, R., Ogaz, S., Riess, A., Hjorth, J., Jonatan Selsing, Christensen, L., Graham, M., Kelly, P., Molino, A., Jha, S., Foley, R., Wang, X., Zitrin, A., Sendra, I., Sharon, K., Johnson, T., Paterno-Mahler, R., Bradac, M., Hoag, A., Jones, C., Andrade-Santos, F., Umetsu, K., Czakon, N., Stark, D., Mainali, R., Trenti, M., Nunez, D. Carrasco, Dawson, W., Vulcani, B., and Ebeling, H.

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