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Modern toothpastes are complex formulations with various ingredients. The aim of this study was to analyze the improvement of toothpaste formulations from 1900 to 2023 focusing on active ingredients with remineralizing, antibacterial, or plaque-removing effects, and to discuss their influence on caries prevention. For this, worldwide patent applications were searched using the international database Espacenet from the European Patent Office. Additionally, toothpaste products were searched using the Mintel product database from 1996 to 2023. The searched ingredients were (in alphabetical order): calcium carbonate, calcium phosphates, hydrated silica, sodium fluoride, sodium lauryl sulfate, triclosan, xylitol, and zinc salts as they are known from the scientific literature to be remineralizing or antibacterial/antiplaque agents. It was shown that the number of patent applications containing these ingredients significantly increased since the 1970s. As these ingredients have remineralizing, antibacterial, or plaque-removing effects, they all can contribute to caries prevention. In conclusion, and within the limitations of this approach, this study shows that toothpaste formulations have greatly improved over the past decades by using various active anticaries ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the dynamics of scientific and technological innovation and cooperation in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area. It focuses on unraveling the intricate web of influences that steer patenting and transformation within 34 universities in this region. The study reveals the spatial spillover of university patent applications and delves into the nuanced choices universities make in transforming patents. The findings underscore the antecedents of university patent applications and reveal their propensity for spatial spillovers across the region. Key determinants, in particular the government funding and the economic prosperity of the region in which the university is located, do not positively affect university patent applications. Interestingly, institutional distance can assist colleges in the region in generating more patents. Moreover, the study delineates two central pathways for patent transformation within universities: one involves the strategic allocation of internal resources, while the other depends on collaborative ventures between universities and their respective regional ecosystems. This dual approach illuminates viable pathways for the evolution of university patents and provides insights into leveraging internal dynamics and fostering collaborative networks with the broader regional innovation milieu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review focuses on the promising technology of solid-state batteries (SSBs) that utilize lithium metal and solid electrolytes. SSBs offer significant advantages in terms of high energy density and enhanced safety. This review categorizes solid electrolytes into four classes: polymer, oxide, hybrid, and sulfide solid electrolytes. Each class has its own unique characteristics and benefits. By exploring these different classes, this review aims to shed light on the diversity of materials and their contributions to the advancement of SSB technology. In order to gain insights into the latest technological developments and identify potential avenues for accelerating the progress of SSBs, this review examines the intellectual property landscape related to solid electrolytes. Thus, this review focuses on the recent SSB technology patent filed by the main companies in this area, chosen based on their contribution and influence in the field of batteries. The analysis of the patent application was performed through the Espacenet database. The number of patents related to SSBs from Toyota, Samsung, and LG is very important; they represent more than 3400 patents, the equivalent of 2/3 of the world's patent production in the field of SSBs. In addition to focusing on these three famous companies, we also focused on 15 other companies by analyzing a hundred patents. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the strategies employed by various companies in the field of solid-state battery technologies, bridging the gap between applied and academic research. Some of the technologies presented in this review have already been commercialized and, certainly, an acceleration in SSB industrialization will be seen in the years to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to provide an overview of the pre-grant opposition against a patent application no 1219/DEL/2004 dated 30-06-2004 filed by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). The Pre-Grant Opposition was filed by M/s Hindustan Lever Limited by way of Representation u/s 25 (1) of Indian Patents Act, 1970. This resulted in the application being denied to CSIR, by the Assistant Controller of Patents & Design, Indian Patent Office (IPO), New Delhi. Subsequently, CSIR went on to file an appeal against the Order of Assistant Controller of Patents & Design at Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB), Chennai which ultimately resulted in the impingement of the decision of the Assistant Controller of Patents and Designs, IPO, New Delhi by the IPAB on 20-06-2013 and a direction to grant the Patent to CSIR was passed by IPAB, Chennai, and accordingly the Patent was granted to CSIR on 27-08-2015. This study provides an overview of the case, including comprehensive information on the Indian patent filing process, examination procedures, pregrant opposition, and strategies to address opposition. Furthermore, it presents a comparative analysis of similar cases, highlighting key legal interpretations, and offers suggestions for enhancing institutional IP due diligence processes and strengthening IP safeguards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the complex interplay among innovation, research and development (R&D), and entrepreneurship within the context of European nations. The focus of the study is also on the contributory role of tertiary educational institutions in nurturing entrepreneurial activities. To deepen the understanding of these multifaceted relationships and their subsequent impact on regional economies, the research introduces a novel metric termed the Innovation Readiness Environment (IRE) index. This index combines various indicators such as R&D expenditure, patenting rates, firm size, and educational levels, thereby providing a framework for evaluating the innovative capabilities and entrepreneurial success of firms in a given region. Utilization of this index offers policymakers and stakeholders a nuanced understanding of the regional innovation ecosystem, facilitating the identification of both strengths and deficiencies. This, in turn, enables the formulation of targeted policy interventions to enhance both innovation and entrepreneurship. One salient conclusion drawn from this study is the pivotal role of tertiary education in catalysing entrepreneurial ventures. The findings posit that higher levels of entrepreneurial education significantly supplement an individual's likelihood of entrepreneurial success by imparting the requisite skills and knowledge indispensable in a competitive business milieu. Higher education institutions, by fostering an environment conducive to innovation, emerge as critical agents in the cultivation of entrepreneurial acumen and the stimulation of economic expansion. The study further incorporates a spatial analytical framework to elucidate the regional specificities of innovation at the pan-European scale.

Modern toothpastes are complex formulations with various ingredients. The aim of this study was to analyze the improvement of toothpaste formulations from 1900 to 2023 focusing on active ingredients with remineralizing, antibacterial, or plaque-removing effects, and to discuss their influence on caries prevention. For this, worldwide patent applications were searched using the international database Espacenet from the European Patent Office. Additionally, toothpaste products were searched using the Mintel product database from 1996 to 2023. The searched ingredients were (in alphabetical order): calcium carbonate, calcium phosphates, hydrated silica, sodium fluoride, sodium lauryl sulfate, triclosan, xylitol, and zinc salts as they are known from the scientific literature to be remineralizing or antibacterial/antiplaque agents. It was shown that the number of patent applications containing these ingredients significantly increased since the 1970s. As these ingredients have remineralizing, antibacterial, or plaque-removing effects, they all can contribute to caries prevention. In conclusion, and within the limitations of this approach, this study shows that toothpaste formulations have greatly improved over the past decades by using various active anticaries ingredients.

This article examines the dynamics of scientific and technological innovation and cooperation in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area. It focuses on unraveling the intricate web of influences that steer patenting and transformation within 34 universities in this region. The study reveals the spatial spillover of university patent applications and delves into the nuanced choices universities make in transforming patents. The findings underscore the antecedents of university patent applications and reveal their propensity for spatial spillovers across the region. Key determinants, in particular the government funding and the economic prosperity of the region in which the university is located, do not positively affect university patent applications. Interestingly, institutional distance can assist colleges in the region in generating more patents. Moreover, the study delineates two central pathways for patent transformation within universities: one involves the strategic allocation of internal resources, while the other depends on collaborative ventures between universities and their respective regional ecosystems. This dual approach illuminates viable pathways for the evolution of university patents and provides insights into leveraging internal dynamics and fostering collaborative networks with the broader regional innovation milieu.

Copyright of Industrial Minerals & Processing / Huagong Kuangwu yu Jiagong is the property of Industrial Minerals & Processing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: As a result of the COVID-19 global pandemic, many intellectual property (IP) owners have signed on to the “Open COVID Pledge”, an agreement that makes corporate and university IP available free of charge for the purpose of facilitating the development of technologies that will end the pandemic and minimize the impact of disease. Joining this pledge is relatively straightforward for already-disclosed IPs. However, few, if any, has considered how to encourage owners of “non-disclosed patent applications” and “trade secrets” to sign on to this meaningful pledge. In other words, so far there is no proposal to extend the Open COVID Pledge for confidential pending patents and trade secrets. Methods: We propose an innovative and flexible framework to cover both non-disclosed patent applications and trade secrets to mobilize inventors to participate in the Open COVID Pledge. Results: By focusing on immediate publication of the patent-applying technology and extending provisional right to such applications which is subject to the Open Pledge during this pandemic, our recommendations are workable for inventors who would like to pledge their non-disclosed technologies for the detection, prevention and treatment of the COVID-19, in the meantime preserving their IP rights for the post-pledge period. Conclusion: This paper offers a way forward to guide pledgers and implementers who are interested in supporting the effort by addressing some of the issues associated with the free sharing of non-disclosed patent applications and trade secrets in the fight against COVID-19.

Background: As a result of the COVID-19 global pandemic, many intellectual property (IP) owners have signed on to the "Open COVID Pledge", an agreement that makes corporate and university IP available free of charge for the purpose of facilitating the development of technologies that will end the pandemic and minimize the impact of disease. Joining this pledge is relatively straightforward for already-disclosed IPs. However, few, if any, has considered how to encourage owners of "non-disclosed patent applications" and "trade secrets" to sign on to this meaningful pledge. In other words, so far there is no proposal to extend the Open COVID Pledge for confidential pending patents and trade secrets.Methods: We propose an innovative and flexible framework to cover both non-disclosed patent applications and trade secrets to mobilize inventors to participate in the Open COVID Pledge.Results: By focusing on immediate publication of the patent-applying technology and extending provisional right to such applications which is subject to the Open Pledge during this pandemic, our recommendations are workable for inventors who would like to pledge their non-disclosed technologies for the detection, prevention and treatment of the COVID-19, in the meantime preserving their IP rights for the post-pledge period.Conclusion: This paper offers a way forward to guide pledgers and implementers who are interested in supporting the effort by addressing some of the issues associated with the free sharing of non-disclosed patent applications and trade secrets in the fight against COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional patent statistics cannot accurately reflect the real development level of technology. In order to overcome this deficiency, this study adopts quantitative research methods to conduct empirical research on global artificial intelligence technology-related patent applications, and on this basis, provides suggestions for the government and enterprises on how to improve my country's innovation capabilities in the field of artificial intelligence. First, this paper analyzes patent application trends, technology application areas and innovation trends using the incoPat patent search database and information visualization tools. On this basis, the Herfindahl-Hirschman index is further used to measure and analyze the patent concentration of artificial intelligence technology patent applicants in various regions of my country. The analysis results show that my country has the largest number of patent applications in the area of artificial intelligence technology, but the proportion of high-value patents is relatively low, which needs to be further improved. Patents in the eastern region are relatively scattered, while patents in the western region are relatively concentrated. The government should introduce policies according to local conditions to avoid excessive concentration and dispersion of patents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using World Bank Enterprise Survey data on bribery and patent applications, we try to study the causal linkage between firm level innovation and corruption in India. Specifically, we try to understand if corruption impacts innovation at the firm level. Since we find that innovation and corruption are jointly determined, we propose instrumental variables regression approach to identify this causal effect. We instrument bribery by exogenously determined external audit parameter and then use a recursive bivariate probit model combined with industry-fixed effects to reach our results. Our findings suggest that bribery has an adverse impact on innovation. The results of our study are much in contrast to the existing literature, which largely supports a positive relationship between innovation and corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Impacts of high-speed rail (HSR) on knowledge economy were analyzed in Japan. • The study used difference-in-differences specification with multiple timeframes. • HSR development had a significant positive effect on regional innovation. • Propensity score matching and instrumental variable analysis results are robust. • The innovation effect of HSR is larger in small town/villages than in large cities. This study investigates the impact of high-speed rail (HSR) on regional innovation through an empirical analysis that uses municipal-level panel data covering all 1,741 municipalities in Japan, and spanning the period from 1976 to 2016. The study assumes that the number of patent applications serves as a proxy for regional innovation and follows a negative binomial distribution. A difference-in-differences specification with multiple timeframes is employed for the empirical analysis. The results reveal that HSR development has had a significant positive effect on regional innovation, supporting the companion innovation hypothesis. Robustness checks, such as through combining propensity score matching and the instrumental variable methods with difference-in-differences analysis, are also conducted. The results suggest that the effect of HSR on regional innovation in small towns and villages is larger than that in large cities. This implies that inter-regional communication opportunities for employees could play a key role in fostering innovation in small rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates how the business cycle affects firm innovation performance by examining patent data for China's listed companies from 2003 to 2017. The empirical results show that firms apply for more patents and receive more patent authorizations during economic recessions than during expansions. We uncover the mechanism underlying the countercyclical pattern of firm innovation performance by examining how the business cycle affects it through the moderating role of firm leverage while higher market concentration increases its sensitivity to the dynamics of the business cycle. We also find the more pronounced effect in state-owned firms and the positive effect of policy support on patent authorization performance, thus providing alternative explanations for the rise of firm innovation in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patent is an important embodiment of innovation. Before patent application, many people will check a patent application process on the Internet to understand the steps of a patent application. In fact, these people’s search is also a means to understand whether innovative enterprises or individuals imply the importance of innovation. It has become a new crucial problem to obtain more information about time-series data. Research has found that the concept of VG can provide deeper information in time-series data so that it can understand the information of patent applications more comprehensively. After analyzing the data from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2018, we find: i) there are very few peaks and valleys, and 80% of searches are in the normal range. ii) according to the central value of the ranking, it can be found that the peaks of the annual patent application search times time series occurred in December last year, after January, February of this year or after August-October, and iii) after clustering the time series data, we find that the attention of people shows noticeable segmentation effect.

目的 回顾我国4 家主要肿瘤专科医院2000-2020 年的专利授权情况, 为提升医院知识产权管理和转化能 力提供参考。方法 收集整理4 家医院2000-2020 年专利授权数据, 对专利授权的数量及技术领域、申请人、管理 水平等进行分析。结果 2000-2020年4 家医院专利授权总量呈上升趋势, 授权率差异具有统计学意义（χ2=22.788, P<0.001）;专利授权的技术领域各有侧重;大部分专利为医院独立申请;3 家医院的大多数专利法律状态良好; 3 家医院曾发生专利转让授权。结论 我国主要肿瘤医院的专利数量和质量有待提升, 在估值方式和转化渠道方面存 在障碍。建议从政策、团队、收益分配等多个方面厘顺医院知识产权转化路径, 提升专利转化水平. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental degradation has become an important issue for countries worldwide due to increase in carbon emission in recent years. It is an important concern for countries to achieve environmental sustainability; however, the debate on the role of innovation and institutions in environmental sustainability is still not adequate. There is a lack of understanding as to how countries can achieve higher economic growth as well to protect the quality of environment. Innovation is considered as effective tools as it enhances energy efficiency and cleaner production, which in turn lowers carbon emission. Quality institutions have also been considered as it enhances the quality of environment. Consequently, this study investigates trade openness, innovation and quality institutions in environmental sustainability in 176 countries of the world. By employing OLS regression, fixed effect and generalized method of moments, the results show that trade openness, renewable energy consumption and foreign direct investment are negatively associated with carbon emission, whereas most of institutional quality indicators significantly contribute to environmental sustainability; however, it is still below the desired level to enhance the quality of environment. Innovation positively and innovation square negatively affect carbon emission. Our analysis also confirms the existence of environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis and pollution halo hypothesis. The findings suggest policy makers on further improvement of trade policies, innovations, promotions of political and legal institutions and promotion of renewable energy sources to cope with environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)