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Semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) can function as efficient gain materials with chemical versatility because of their surface ligands. Because the properties of NCs in solution are sensitive to ligand–environment interactions, local chemical changes can result in changes in the optical response. However, amplification of the optical response is technically challenging because of colloidal instability at NC concentrations needed for sufficient gain to overcome losses. This paper demonstrates liquid lasing from plasmonic lattice cavities integrated with ligand-engineered CdZnS/ZnS NCs dispersed in toluene and water. By taking advantage of calcium ion-induced aggregation of NCs in aqueous solutions, we show how lasing threshold can be used as a transduction signal for ion detection. Our work highlights how NC solutions and plasmonic lattices with open cavity architectures can serve as a biosensing platform for lab-on-chip devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, thin films of ruthenium-doped and cerium-doped yttrium iron garnet were deposited on silicon using solgel chemistry. Doped YIG could be produced in phase pure form up to a precursor stoichiometry of Y3Ru0.1Fe4.9O12 and Ce0.7Y2.3Fe5O12. Both dopants significantly increase the coercivity and anisotropy field of the materials either due to domain wall pinning or increased spin–orbit coupling from the dopant. To delineate these two effects, the dynamic magnetic properties were studied using strip line ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). The FMR linewidth was separated into intrinsic loss and inhomogeneous line broadening. Inhomogeneous line broadening was found to dominate the magnetic losses in all the films likely due to magnon scattering off grain boundaries, but the Gilbert damping remained fairly low. By comparing the two dopants, it was found that Gilbert damping increased more in Ce:YIG films than in Ru:YIG films. This finding was corroborated by changes in the anisotropy field of the films, indicating a larger contribution from spin–orbit coupling from cerium than from ruthenium. Surprisingly, while magnetic loss globally increased with higher substitution, adding a small amount of dopant actually reduced the inhomogeneous line broadening in both sets of films. This was corroborated by crystallite size. The damping in Ru:YIG also decreased with a small amount of the dopant, which has been predicted by Kittel for doped garnets. Thus, it follows that there is an ideal doping regime where solgel YIG can be doped at low levels without increasing magnetic loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, multiferroic thin-film nanocomposites were synthesized by coating the inside of mesoporous, cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4 or CFO) with varying thicknesses of piezoelectric bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3 or BFO) grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Since ALD allows for precise control of the BFO layer thickness, the amount of residual porosity inside the pores can be controlled. Upon electrical poling, the piezoelectric BFO strains to be under out-of-plane tension, and since BFO is covalently bound to CFO, this tensile stress is transferred from BFO to CFO. CFO is a negative magnetostrictive material, meaning its magnetization should decrease in the direction of tension. This decrease in magnetization was observed in out-of-plane magnetometry experiments. Interestingly, the magnetization changes were found to be largest in the samples with the most residual porosity, despite the fact that they contained the smallest volume of BFO. Indeed, while the fully filled samples had a similar magnetoelectric coefficient to other dense nanostructured BFO-CFO composites reported in the literature, composites with the most residual porosity showed an exceptionally large converse magnetoelectric coefficient of 1.2 × 10–6 s m–1, an order of magnitude higher than dense composites. Strain transfer was confirmed using high-resolution X-ray diffraction. Samples with more residual porosity showed larger strain changes, corroborating the magnetization data. This suggests that magnetoelectric coupling can be optimized by engineering residual porosity into multiferroic composites. Such systems have profound effects for a broad range of switchable magnetic devices, particularly in the microwave and spintronic space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript examines the mechanism of strain-coupling in a multiferroic composite of mesoporous cobalt ferrite (CFO), conformally filled with lead zirconate titanate (PZT). We find that when the composites are electrically poled, remanent strain from the piezoelectric PZT layer can be transferred to the magnetostrictive CFO layer. X-ray diffraction shows that this strain transfer is greatest in the most porous samples, in agreement with magnetometry measurements, which show the greatest change in sample saturation magnetization in the most porous samples. Strain analysis shows that porosity both accommodates greater lattice strain and mitigates the effects of substrate clamping in thin film strain-coupled composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirolactam rhodamines are fluorescent photoswitches that are useful for single molecule localization microscopy, volumetric 3D digital light photoactivatable dye displays, and other applications. Measurement of the photophysical properties, particularly photoswitching kinetics and quantum yields, is challenging and a comprehensive understanding of how molecular structure affects these parameters remains incomplete. In this study, we have synthesized a series of N‐aryl spirolactam rhodamine photoswitches with fluorescent emissions at 585 nm and 518 nm. Extinction coefficients and fluorescence quantum yields of the fluorescent form of the photoswitch have been measured using excess trifluoroacetic acid to drive the equilibrium to the open form. A method to determine photoswitching kinetics and quantum yields was developed by monitoring the kinetics to reach equilibrium between the on‐state and off‐state and fitting this data to a rate equation for a reaction in equilibrium. Trends based on the electronic and steric properties of the aryl substituents were evaluated. Using this information, a proof‐of‐principle demonstration of 3D voxel formation was accomplished using a green (518 nm) emitting photoswitch, setting the foundation for a multi‐colour volumetric 3D display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript examines the mechanism of strain-coupling in a multiferroic composite of mesoporous cobalt ferrite (CFO), conformally filled with lead zirconate titanate (PZT). We find that when the composites are electrically poled, remanent strain from the piezoelectric PZT layer can be transferred to the magnetostrictive CFO layer. X-ray diffraction shows that this strain transfer is greatest in the most porous samples, in agreement with magnetometry measurements, which show the greatest change in sample saturation magnetization in the most porous samples. Strain analysis shows that porosity both accommodates greater lattice strain and mitigates the effects of substrate clamping in thin film strain-coupled composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing applications for voltage-controlled magnetism, the need to more fully understand magnetoelectric coupling and strain transfer in nanostructured multiferroic composites has also increased. Here, multiferroic nanocomposites were synthesized using block copolymer templating to create mesoporous cobalt ferrite (CFO), followed by partly filling the pores with ferroelectric zirconium-substituted hafnia (HZO) using atomic layer deposition (ALD) to produce a porous multiferroic composite with enhanced mechanical flexibility. Upon electrical poling of the nanocomposite, we observed large changes in the magnetization. These changes partly relaxed upon removing the electric field, suggesting a strain-mediated mechanism. Both the anisotropic strain transfer from HZO to CFO and the strain relaxation after the field was removed were confirmed using high-resolution X-ray diffraction measurements collected during in-situ poling. The in-situ observation of both anisotropic strain transfer and large magnetization changes allows us to directly characterize the strong multiferroic coupling that can occur in flexible, nanostructured composites.