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For the first time proteins are described, reliably increasing and decreasing in urine with age in the range of 20 to 60 years. The combinations of proteins associated with changes in immune processes, violation of blood reology, including the risk of coagulopathy, anticancer defense mechanisms, insulin signaling pathway, changes in cell characteristics are characterized division and quality of the newly formed fabric. Thus, the age dynamics of the main processes triggers a cascade of reactions manifested in the closure of «pathological biochemical circles» that form the prerequisites for the development of diseases and, over time, clinical manifestations.

We investigated changes in the urine protein composition of healthy volunteers in controlled conditions during 105-day isolation (Mars-500 program) at different levels of salt consumption. We used newest proteomic techniques based on chromatography-mass spectrometry and various methods of bioinformatics including opoSOM. The period of observation can be divided into three intervals with different dynamics of protein excretion: early (week 1-6), intermediate (week 7-11) and late interval (week 12-15). We identified about 10 different groups of co-detected proteins, which are directly affected by periods with different-levels of salt consumption. We also determined the biological functions of these proteins, tissue specificity and signaling pathways that involve them.

There are several difficulties that impede medical support of space missions. We can assume that the long-term space missions will be accompanied by functional changes in the organism. These changes will be a natural reaction to the factors of space flight. Complex action of factors can lead to the development of both non-specific changes (general adaptation syndrome), and specific changes. We analyzed the physiological changes after long space flights and carried out the correlation of these changes with previously identified proteins in the urine. It is possible to determine the mechanisms of adaptation of the human organism to the conditions of life on Earth after a long stay in Earth orbit.

We analyzed the urine proteome in 14 healthy volunteers who underwent a 5-day dry immersion using proteomic analysis methods and bioinformatics approach. We identified 9 proteins related to cardiovascular system. It was shown that 5-day dry immersion modifies urine proteomic profile indicating renal, endocrine, circulatory and metabolic changes. Most of these changes are characterized by both a very rapid onset and very rapid restoration within return to normal conditions.