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1. Identifying 'Useful' Fitness Models: Balancing the Benefits of Added Complexity with Realistic Data Requirements in Models of Individual Plant Fitness

Author

Martyn, TE, Stouffer, DB, Godoy, O, Bartomeus, I, Pastore, AI, Mayfield, MM, Martyn, TE, Stouffer, DB, Godoy, O, Bartomeus, I, Pastore, AI, and Mayfield, MM

Abstract

Direct species interactions are commonly included in individual fitness models used for coexistence and local diversity modeling. Though widely considered important for such models, direct interactions alone are often insufficient for accurately predicting fitness, coexistence, or diversity outcomes. Incorporating higher-order interactions (HOIs) can lead to more accurate individual fitness models but also adds many model terms, which can quickly result in model overfitting. We explore approaches for balancing the trade-off between tractability and model accuracy that occurs when HOIs are added to individual fitness models. To do this, we compare models parameterized with data from annual plant communities in Australia and Spain, varying in the extent of information included about the focal and neighbor species. The best-performing models for both data sets were those that grouped neighbors based on origin status and life form, a grouping approach that reduced the number of model parameters substantially while retaining important ecological information about direct interactions and HOIs. Results suggest that the specific identity of focal or neighbor species is not necessary for building well-performing fitness models that include HOIs. In fact, grouping neighbors by even basic functional information seems sufficient to maximize model accuracy, an important outcome for the practical use of HOI-inclusive fitness models.

Published
2021

2. The OPERA experiment in the CERN to Gran Sasso neutrino beam

Author

Acquafredda, R., A, Adam, 1 T., Agafonova, b. N., Alvarez Sanchez, c. P., Ambrosio, d. M., Anokhina, a. A., Aoki, e. S., Ariga, f. A., Ariga, g. T., Arrabito, h. L., Aufranc, i. C., Autiero, i. D., Badertscher, i. A., Bagulya, j. A., Baussan, k. E., Bergnoli, b. A., L, Bersani Greggio, 2 F., Bertolin, m. A., Besnier, l. M., N, Biar ´e, 3 D., Bick, n. D., Blin, o. S., Borer, p. K., Boucrot, g. J., Boutigny, p. D., Boyarkin, 4 V., Bozza, c. C., Brugi `ere, q. T., Brugnera, i. R., R, Brunetti, l. G., S, Buontempo, t. S., Campagne, a. J. E., Carlus, p. B., Carrara, i. E., R, L, Cazes, 5 A., Chaussard, u. L., Chernyavsky, i. M., Chiarella, k. V., Chon Sen, u. N., Chukanov, b. A., Ciesielski, a. R., Consiglio, l. L., Cozzi, t. M., D’Amato, s. G., Dal Corso, q. F., D’Ambrosio, l. N., Damet, v. J., de La Taille, 6 C., De Lellis, p. G., W, A, D´eclais, 7 Y., Descombes, i. T., I, De Serio, 8 M., Di Capua, x. F., Di Ferdinando, a. D., Di Giovanni, t. A., Di Marco, y. N., Di Troia, y. C., Dick, u. N., Dmitrievski, b. S., Dominjon, z. A., Dracos, i. M., Duchesneau, b. D., Dulach, n. B., Dusini, u. S., Ebert, l. J., Efthymiopoulos, o. I., Egorov, d. O., Elsener, aa K., Enikeev, d. R., Ereditato, c. A., Esposito, g. L. S., Fanin, v. C., Favier, l. J., Felici, n. G., Ferber, u. T., Fini, o. R., Fournier, x. L., Franceschi, n. A., Frekers, u. D., Fukuda, ab T., Fukushima, h. C., Galkin, ac V. I., Galkin, e. V. A., Gallet, ad R., Gardien, n. S., Garfagnini, i. A., Gaudiot, l. G., Giacomelli, b. G., Giorgini, t. M., Girerd, t. C., Goellnitz, i. C., Goeltzenlichter, o. T., Goldberg, b. J., Golubkov, ae D., Gornushkin, aa Y., Grapton, z. J. N., Grella, b. G., Grianti, q. F., Gschwendtner, m. E., Guerin, d. C., Guler, i. M., Gustavino, a. f. C., Guyonnet, v. J. L., Hagner, b. C., Hamane, o. T., Hara, 9 T., Hauger, f. M., Hess, g. M., Hierholzer, g. M., Hoshino, ag K., Ieva, h. M., Incurvati, x. M., Jakovcic, u. K., Janicsko Csathy, ah J., Janutta, g. B., Jollet, o. C., Juget, b. F., Kazuyama, g. M., Kim, h. S. H., Khovansky, 10 N., Kimura, z. M., Klicek, ac B., Knuesel, ah J., Kodama, g. K., Kolev, a. j. D., Komatsu, M., Kose, h. U., a. f., Krasnoperov, 11 A., Kreslo, z. I., Krumstein, g. Z., Kutsenov, z. V. V., Kuznetsov, c. V. A., Laktineh, c. I., Lavy, i. M., Lazzaro, 12 C., j. T. D., Le, Le Flour, b. T., Lenkeit, n. J., Lewis, o. J., Lieunard, d. S., Ljubicic, n. A., Longhin, ah A., Lutter, r. G., Malgin, g. A., Manai, c. K., Mandrioli, i. G., Marotta, t. A., Marteau, a. J., Martin Chassard, i. G., Matveev, p. V., Mauri, c. N., Meddahi, t. M., Meisel, d. F., Meregaglia, g. A., Meschini, b. A., Messina, v. M., Migliozzi, g. P., Monacelli, a. P., Monteiro, y. I., Moreau, n. F., Morishima, 13 K., Moser, h. U., Muciaccia, g. M. T., Mugnier, x. P., Naganawa, n. N., Nakamura, h. M., Nakano, h. T., Napolitano, h. T., Nikitina, u. V., Niwa, e. K., Nonoyama, h. Y., Nozdrin, h. A., Ogawa, z. S., Olchevski, ac A., Orlandi, z. D., Orlova, v. G., Osedlo, k. V., Ossetski, e. D., Paniccia, ad M., Paoloni, u. A., Park, u. B. D., Park, h. I. G., Pastore, ai A., Patrizii, x. L., Pellegrino, t. L., Pennacchio, u. E., Pessard, i. H., Pilipenko, n. V., Pistillo, ab C., Polukhina, g. N., Pozzato, k. M., Pretzl, t. K., Publichenko, g. P., Pupilli, e. F., Raux, y. L., Repellin, p. J. P., Rescigno, p. R., Rizhikov, q. D., Roganova, ad T., Romano, e. G., Rosa, q. G., Rostovtseva, am I., Rubbia, aa A., Russo, j. A., W, Ryasny, a. V., Ryazhskaya, c. O., Sadovski, c. A., Sanelli, z. C., Sato, u. O., Sato, h. Y., Saveliev, an V., Sazhina, ad G., Schembri, e. A., Schmidt Parzefall, am W., Schroeder, o. H., Sch¨utz, ag H. U., Schuler, g. J., Scotto Lavina, b. L., Serrano, a. J., Shibuya, d. H., Simone, ac S., Sioli, x. M., Sirignano, Chiara, Sirri, q. G., Song, t. J. S., Spinetti, ai M., Stanco, u. L., Starkov, r. N., Stipcevic, k. M., Strauss, ah T., Strolin, j. P., Sugonyaev, a. V., Takahashi, 14 S., Talochkin, h. V., Tenti, c. M., Tereschenko, t. V., Terranova, z. F., U, Tezuka, 15 I., Tioukov, an V., Tolun, a. P., Tsarev, a. f. V., Tsenov, k. R., Tufanli, ak S., Ugolino, a. f. U., Ushida, a. N., Van Beek, a. j. G., Verguilov, ao V., Viant, ak T., Vilain, j. P., Vladimirov, ao M., Votano, k. L., Vuilleumier, u. J. L., Waelchli, g. T., Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Département Recherches Subatomiques (DRS-IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), OPERA, Acquafredda, R, Adam, T, Agafonova, N, Sanchez, P, Ambrosio, M, Anokhina, A, Aoki, S, Ariga, A, Ariga, T, Arrabito, L, Aufranc, C, Autiero, D, Badertscher, A, Bagulya, A, Baussan, E, Bergnoli, A, Greggio, F, Bertolin, A, Besnier, M, Biaré, D, Bick, D, Blin, S, Borer, K, Boucrot, J, Boutigny, D, Boyarkin, V, Bozza, C, Brugière, T, Brugnera, R, Brunetti, G, Buontempo, S, Campagne, J, Carlus, B, Carrara, E, Cazes, A, Chaussard, L, Chernyavsky, M, Chiarella, V, Chon Sen, N, Chukanov, A, Ciesielski, R, Consiglio, L, Cozzi, M, D'Amato, G, Corso, F, D'Ambrosio, N, Damet, J, Taille, C, Lellis, G, Déclais, Y, Descombes, T, Serio, M, Capua, F, Ferdinando, D, Giovanni, A, Marco, N, Troia, C, Dick, N, Dmitrievski, S, Dominjon, A, Dracos, M, Duchesneau, D, Dulach, B, Dusini, S, Ebert, J, Efthymiopoulos, I, Egorov, O, Elsener, K, Enikeev, R, Ereditato, A, Esposito, L, Fanin, C, Favier, J, Felici, G, Ferber, T, Fini, R, Fournier, L, Franceschi, A, Frekers, D, Fukuda, T, Fukushima, C, Galkin, V, Gallet, R, Gardien, S, Garfagnini, A, Gaudiot, G, Giacomelli, G, Giorgini, M, Girerd, C, Goellnitz, C, Goeltzenlichter, T, Goldberg, J, Golubkov, D, Gornushkin, Y, Grapton, J, Grella, G, Grianti, F, Gschwendtner, E, Guerin, C, Guler, M, Gustavino, C, Guyonnet, J, Hagner, C, Hamane, T, Hara, T, Hauger, M, Hess, M, Hierholzer, M, Hoshino, K, Ieva, M, Incurvati, M, Jakovcic, K, Csathy, J, Janutta, B, Jollet, C, Juget, F, Kazuyama, M, Kim, S, Khovansky, N, Kimura, M, Klicek, B, Knuesel, J, Kodama, K, Kolev, D, Komatsu, M, Kose, U, Krasnoperov, A, Kreslo, I, Krumstein, Z, Kutsenov, V, Kuznetsov, V, Laktineh, I, Lavy, M, Lazzaro, C, Le, T, Flour, T, Lenkeit, J, Lewis, J, Lieunard, S, Ljubicic, A, Longhin, A, Lutter, G, Malgin, A, Manai, K, Mandrioli, G, Marotta, A, Marteau, J, Martin Chassard, G, Matveev, V, Mauri, N, Meddahi, M, Meisel, F, Meregaglia, A, Meschini, A, Messina, M, Migliozzi, P, Monacelli, P, Monteiro, I, Moreau, F, Morishima, K, Moser, U, Muciaccia, M, Mugnier, P, Naganawa, N, Nakamura, M, Nakano, T, Napolitano, T, Nikitina, V, Niwa, K, Nonoyama, Y, Nozdrin, A, Ogawa, S, Olchevski, A, Orlandi, D, Orlova, G, Osedlo, V, Ossetski, D, Paniccia, M, Paoloni, A, Park, B, Park, I, Pastore, A, Patrizii, L, Pellegrino, L, Pennacchio, E, Pessard, H, Pilipenko, V, Pistillo, C, Polukhina, N, Pozzato, M, Pretzl, K, Publichenko, P, Pupilli, F, Raux, L, Repellin, J, Rescigno, R, Rizhikov, D, Roganova, T, Romano, G, Rosa, G, Rostovtseva, I, Rubbia, A, Russo, A, Ryasny, V, Ryazhskaya, O, Sadovski, A, Sanelli, C, Sato, O, Sato, Y, Saveliev, V, Sazhina, G, Schembri, A, Parzefall, W, Schroeder, H, Schütz, H, Schuler, J, Lavina, L, Serrano, J, Shibuya, H, Simone, S, Sioli, M, Sirignano, C, Sirri, G, Song, J, Spinetti, M, Stanco, L, Starkov, N, Stipcevic, M, Strauss, T, Strolin, P, Sugonyaev, V, Takahashi, S, Talochkin, V, Tenti, M, Tereschenko, V, Terranova, F, Tezuka, I, Tioukov, V, Tolun, P, Tsarev, V, Tsenov, R, Tufanli, S, Ugolino, U, Ushida, N, Beek, G, Verguilov, V, Viant, T, Vilain, P, Vladimirov, M, Votano, L, Vuilleumier, J, Waelchli, T, Weber, M, Wilquet, G, Wonsak, B, Wurtz, J, Yakushev, V, Yoon, C, Zaitsev, Y, Zghiche, A, Zimmermann, R, Sanchez, P. Alvarez, Greggio, F. Bersani, Campagne, J. E, Corso, F. Dal, Taille, C. de La, Lellis, G. De, Serio, M. De, DI CAPUA, Francesco, Ferdinando, D. Di, Giovanni, A. Di, Marco, N. Di, Troia, C. Di, Esposito, L. S, Galkin, V. I, Galkin, V. A, Grapton, J. N, Guyonnet, J. L, Csathy, J. Janicsko, Kim, S. H, Kutsenov, V. V, Kuznetsov, V. A, Le, T. D, Flour, T. Le, Muciaccia, M. T, Park, B. D, Park, I. G, Repellin, J. P, Parzefall, W. Schmidt, Schütz, H. U, Lavina, L. Scotto, Song, J. S, Beek, G. Van, Vuilleumier, J. L, Yoon, C. S, Zimmermann, R., R. ACQUAFREDDA, T. ADAM, N. AGAFONOVA, P. ALVAREZ SANCHEZ, M. AMBROSIO, A. ANOKHINA, S. AOKI, A. ARIGA, T. ARIGA, L. ARRABITO, C. AUFRANC, D. AUTIERO, A. BADERTSCHER, A. BAGULYA, E. BAUSSAN, A. BERGNOLI, F. BERSANI GREGGIO, A. BERTOLIN, M. BESNIER, D. BIARÉ, D. BICK, S. BLIN, K. BORER, J. BOUCROT, D. BOUTIGNY, V. BOYARKIN, C. BOZZA, T. BRUGIÈRE, R. BRUGNERA, G. BRUNETTI, S. BUONTEMPO, J.E. CAMPAGNE, B. CARLUS, E. CARRARA, A. CAZES, L. CHAUSSARD, M. CHERNYAVSKY, V. CHIARELLA, N. CHON-SEN, A. CHUKANOV, R. CIESIELSKI, L. CONSIGLIO, M. COZZI, G. D’AMATO, F. DAL CORSO, N. D’AMBROSIO, J. DAMET, C. DE LA TAILLE, G. DE LELLIS, Y. D´ECLAIS, T. DESCOMBES, M. DE SERIO, F. DI CAPUA, D. DI FERDINANDO, A. DI GIOVANNI, N. DI MARCO, C. DI TROIA, N. DICK, S. DMITRIEVSKI, A. DOMINJON, M. DRACOS, D. DUCHESNEAU, B. DULACH, S. DUSINI, J. EBERT, I. EFTHYMIOPOULOS, O. EGOROV, K. ELSENER, R. ENIKEEV, A. EREDITATO, L. S. ESPOSITO, C. FANIN, J. FAVIER, G. FELICI, T. FERBER, R. FINI, L. FOURNIER, A. FRANCESCHI, D. FREKERS, T. FUKUDA, C. FUKUSHIMA, V.I. GALKIN, V.A. GALKIN, R. GALLET, S. GARDIEN, A. GARFAGNINI, G. GAUDIOT, G. GIACOMELLI, M. GIORGINI, C. GIRERD, C. GOELLNITZ, T. GOELTZENLICHTER, J. GOLDBERG, D. GOLUBKOV, Y. GORNUSHKIN, J.-N. GRAPTON, G. GRELLA, F. GRIANTI, E. GSCHWENDTNER, C. GUERIN, M. GULER, C. GUSTAVINO, J.-L. GUYONNET, C. HAGNER, T. HAMANE, T. HARA, M. HAUGER, M. HESS, M. HIERHOLZER, K. HOSHINO, M. IEVA, M. INCURVATI, K. JAKOVCIC, J. JANICSKO CSATHY, B. JANUTTA, C. JOLLET, F. JUGET, M. KAZUYAMA, S.H. KIM, N. KHOVANSKY, M. KIMURA, B. KLICEK, J. KNUESEL, K. KODAMA, D. KOLEV, M. KOMATSU, U. KOSE, A. KRASNOPEROV, I. KRESLO, Z. KRUMSTEIN, V.V. KUTSENOV, V.A. KUZNETSOV, I. LAKTINEH, M. LAVY, C. LAZZARO, T.D. LE, T. LE FLOUR, J. LENKEIT, J. LEWIS, S. LIEUNARD, A. LJUBICIC, A. LONGHIN, G. LUTTER, A. MALGIN, K. MANAI, G. MANDRIOLI, A. MAROTTA, J. MARTEAU, G. MARTIN-CHASSARD, V. MATVEEV, N. MAURI, M. MEDDAHI, F. MEISEL, A. MEREGAGLIA, A. MESCHINI, M. MESSINA, P. MIGLIOZZI, P. MONACELLI, I. MONTEIRO, F. MOREAU, K. MORISHIMA, U. MOSER, M.T. MUCIACCIA, P. MUGNIER, N. NAGANAWA, M. NAKAMURA, T. NAKANO, T. NAPOLITANO, V. NIKITINA, K. NIWA, Y. NONOYAMA, A. NOZDRIN, S. OGAWA, A. OLCHEVSKI, D. ORLANDI, G. ORLOVA, V. OSEDLO, D. OSSETSKI, M. PANICCIA, A. PAOLONI, B. D PARK, I.G. PARK, A. PASTORE, L. PATRIZII, L. PELLEGRINO, E. PENNACCHIO, H. PESSARD, V. PILIPENKO, C. PISTILLO, N. POLUKHINA, M. POZZATO, K. PRETZL, P. PUBLICHENKO, F. PUPILLI, L. RAUX, J.P. REPELLIN, R. RESCIGNO, D. RIZHIKOV, T. ROGANOVA, G. ROMANO, G. ROSA, I. ROSTOVTSEVA, A. RUBBIA, J A. RUSSO, V. RYASNY, O. RYAZHSKAYA, A. SADOVSKI, C. SANELLI, O. SATO, Y. SATO, V. SAVELIEV, G. SAZHINA, A. SCHEMBRI, W. SCHMIDT PARZEFALL, H. SCHROEDER, H.U. SCH¨UTZ, J. SCHULER, L. SCOTTO LAVINA, J. SERRANO, H. SHIBUYA, S. SIMONE, M. SIOLI, C. SIRIGNANO, G. SIRRI, J.S. SONG, M. SPINETTI, L. STANCO, N. STARKOV, M. STIPCEVIC, T. STRAUSS, P. STROLIN, V. SUGONYAEV, S. TAKAHASHI, V. TALOCHKIN, M. TENTI, V. TERESCHENKO, F. TERRANOVA, I. TEZUKA, V. TIOUKOV, P. TOLUN, V. TSAREV, R. TSENOV, S. TUFANLI, U. UGOLINO, N. USHIDA, G. VAN BEEK, V. VERGUILOV, T. VIANT, P. VILAIN, M. VLADIMIROV, L. VOTANO, J.L. VUILLEUMIER, T. WAELCHLI, M. WEBER, G. WILQUET, B. WONSAK, J. WURTZ, V. YAKUSHEV, C.S. YOON, Y. ZAITSEV, A. ZGHICHEN, R. ZIMMERMANN, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP/Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Particle physics, [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS, FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, neutrino, Particle tracking detectors, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear emulsion, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, 010306 general physics, Neutrino oscillation, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, ICARUS, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Spectrometers, Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Hybrid detector, [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Detector, Hybrid detectors, NEUTRINO DETECTORS, Particle tracking detector, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physic, Physique des particules élémentaires, PARTICLE PHYSICS, High Energy Physics::Experiment, hybrid detectors, particle tracking detectors, large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics, spectrometers, Supermodule, Neutrino, Lepton
Abstract

The OPERA neutrino oscillation experiment has been designed to prove the appearance of ντ in a nearly pure νμ beam (CNGS) produced at CERN and detected in the underground Hall C of the Gran Sasso Laboratory, 730 km away from the source. In OPERA, τ leptons resulting from the interaction of ντ are produced in target units called bricks made of nuclear emulsion films interleaved with lead plates. The OPERA target contains 150000 of such bricks, for a total mass of 1.25 kton, arranged into walls interleaved with plastic scintillator strips. The detector is split into two identical supermodules, each supermodule containing a target section followed by a magnetic spectrometer for momentum and charge measurement of penetrating particles. Real time information from the scintillators and the spectrometers provide the identification of the bricks where the neutrino interactions occurred. The candidate bricks are extracted from the walls and, after X-ray marking and an exposure to cosmic rays for alignment, their emulsion films are developed and sent to the emulsion scanning laboratories to perform the accurate scan of the event. In this paper, we review the design and construction of the detector and of its related infrastructures, and report on some technical performances of the various components. The construction of the detector started in 2003 and it was completed in Summer 2008. The experiment is presently in the data taking phase. The whole sequence of operations has proven to be successful, from triggering to brick selection, development, scanning and event analysis. © 2009 IOP Publishing Ltd and SISSA., 0, P04018, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2009
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