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1. Meta‐analysis: risk of hepatitis C virus infection associated with hospital‐based invasive procedures

Author: Paul Henriot, Mathieu Castry, Liem Binh Luong Nguyen, Yusuke Shimakawa, Kévin Jean, Laura Temime, Laboratoire Modélisation, épidémiologie et surveillance des risques sanitaires (MESuRS), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CIC Cochin Pasteur (CIC 1417), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Cochin [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôtel-Dieu-Groupe hospitalier Broca-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les Hepatites Virales, Grant/Award Number: 12320 B115
Subjects: MESH: Humans, Hepatology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Gastroenterology, Hepacivirus, MESH: Hospitals, Hepatitis C, Hospitals, MESH: Odds Ratio, Risk Factors, MESH: Risk Factors, Odds Ratio, Prevalence, Humans, MESH: Hepacivirus, Pharmacology (medical), MESH: Prevalence
Abstract: International audience; BackgroundHealthcare settings, where invasive procedures are frequently performed, may play an important role in the transmission dynamics of blood-borne pathogens when compliance with infection control precautions is suboptimal.AimsTo understand and quantify the role of hospital-based invasive procedures on hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify recent studies reporting association measures of HCV infection risk that are linked to iatrogenic procedures. Based on expert opinion, invasive procedures were categorised into 10 groups for which pooled measures were calculated. Finally, the relationship between pooled measures and the country-level HCV prevalence or the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) index was assessed by meta-regression.ResultsWe included 71 studies in the analysis. The most frequently evaluated procedures were blood transfusion (66 measures) and surgery (43 measures). The pooled odds ratio (OR) of HCV infection varied widely, ranging from 1.46 (95% confidence interval: 1.14–1.88) for dental procedures to 3.22 (1.7–6.11) for transplantation. The OR for blood transfusion was higher for transfusions performed before 1998 (3.77, 2.42–5.88) than for those without a specified/recent date (2.20, 1.77–2.75). In procedure-specific analyses, the HCV infection risk was significantly negatively associated with the HAQ for endoscopy and positively associated with HCV prevalence for endoscopy and surgery.ConclusionsVarious invasive procedures were significantly associated with HCV infection. Our results provide a ranking of procedures in terms of HCV risk that may be used for prioritisation of infection control interventions, especially in high HCV prevalence settings.
Published: 2022

2. Elimination versus mitigation of SARS-CoV-2 in the presence of effective vaccines

Author: Agnes Binagwaho, Viola Priesemann, Gavin Yamey, Ayman El-Mohandes, Miquel Oliu-Barton, Bary S. R. Pradelski, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Michael G Baker, Andreas Peichl, Gregory J. Dore, Arnaud Fontanet, Guntram B. Wolff, Yann Algan, CEntre de REcherches en MAthématiques de la DEcision (CEREMADE), Université Paris Dauphine-PSL, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Performance analysis and optimization of LARge Infrastructures and Systems (POLARIS), Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble (LIG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales (HEC Paris), University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Biologie des ARN de Plasmodium - Plasmodium RNA Biology, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), City University of New York [New York] (CUNY), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Ludwig-Maximilians University [Munich] (LMU), Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Esade Centre for Economic Policy [Madrid] (EsadeEcPol), Duke University [Durham], and University of Barcelona
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, COVID-19 Vaccines, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Distribution (economics), Civil liberties, Politics, Viewpoint, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Development economics, Pandemic, medicine, Humans, Disease Eradication, Pandemics, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Public health, Vaccination, COVID-19, General Medicine, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Business, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, [SDV.IMM.VAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology
Abstract: International audience; There is increasing evidence that elimination strategies have resulted in better outcomes for public health, the economy, and civil liberties than have mitigation strategies throughout the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. With vaccines that offer high protection against severe forms of COVID-19, and increasing vaccination coverage, policy makers have had to reassess the trade-offs between different options. The desirability and feasibility of eliminating SARS-CoV-2 compared with other strategies should also be re-evaluated from the perspective of different fields, including epidemiology, public health, and economics. To end the pandemic as soon as possible-be it through elimination or reaching an acceptable endemic level-several key topics have emerged centring around coordination, both locally and internationally, and vaccine distribution. Without coordination it is difficult if not impossible to sustain elimination, which is particularly relevant in highly connected regions, such as Europe. Regarding vaccination, concerns remain with respect to equitable distribution, and the risk of the emergence of new variants of concern. Looking forward, it is crucial to overcome the dichotomy between elimination and mitigation, and to jointly define a long-term objective that can accommodate different political and societal realities.
Published: 2022

3. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Maternal Group B Streptococcus Colonization in Madagascar and Senegal

Author: Sophie Goyet, Zafitsara Zo Andrianirina, Abdoulaye Seck, Jean-Baptiste Diouf, Yu-Jin Jung, Fatoumata Diene Sarr, Perlinot Herindrainy, Elisabeth Delaroque-Astagneau, Jean-Marc Collard, Arnaud Firon, Patrick Trieu-Cuot, Bich-Tram Huynh, Raymond Bercion, Muriel Vray, Didier Guillemot, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Pharmacoépidémiologie et maladies infectieuses, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Centre Hospitalier de Soavinandriana (CENHOSOA), Biologie des Bactéries pathogènes à Gram-positif - Biology of Gram-Positive Pathogens, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), This study was supported by the Total Foundation,the African Center for Maternal and Child Health (Centre d’ExcellenceAfricainpour la Santée de la Mere et de l’Enfant),and by the Departmentof International Cooperation of the Principality of Monaco, We are grateful to all the mothers and their new-borns for their participation. We thank all physicians, laboratory staff,field interviewers, and community workers for their involvement inthis project. We thank all collaborators of the BIRDY program: Lau-rence Borand, Marguerite Diatta, Pape Samba Dieye, Joseph Faye,Beno^ıt Garin, Amy Gassama Sow (deceased), Alexandra Kerleguer,Elsa Kermorvant-Duchemin, Siyin Lach, Agathe de Lauzanne, BouyaNdao,AbibatouNdiaye,VeroniqueNgo,MichaelPadget,PatricePiola,Feno Manitra, Jacob Rakotoarimanana, Bodonirina Tanjona Raheliar-ivao, Frederique Randrianirina, Vincent Richard, Maud Seguy, BallaSy, Arnaud Tarantola, Sok Touch, Laurence Watier, and Abdou ArmyaYoussouf. We also thank Tania Crucitti for her precious advice on thecontent of the manuscript., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire (UMR6047), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, Mothers, Sociodemographic data, medicine.disease_cause, Article, Group B, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, Streptococcal Infections, Virology, Madagascar, Prevalence, medicine, Humans, Colonization, 030212 general & internal medicine, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Risk factor, reproductive and urinary physiology, Streptococcus, Obstetrics, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Senegal, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Maternal Exposure, Population Surveillance, Cohort, Obstetric history, Vaginal swabs, Female, Parasitology, Pregnant Women, business
Abstract: Maternal group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization is a major risk factor for neonatal GBS infection. However, data on GBS are scarce in low- and middle-income countries. Using sociodemographic data and vaginal swabs collected from an international cohort of mothers and newborns, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of GBS colonization among pregnant women in Madagascar (n = 1,603) and Senegal (n = 616). The prevalence was 5.0% (95% CI, 3.9–6.1) and 16.1% (95% CI, 13.1–19.0) in Madagascar and Senegal, respectively. No factors among sociodemographic characteristics, living conditions, and obstetric history were found to be associated independently with GBS colonization in both countries. This community-based study provides one of the first estimates of maternal GBS colonization among pregnant women from Madagascar and Senegal.
Published: 2021

4. Changes in presentation, treatment, and survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Damietta, Egypt, 2007-2019: a retrospective monocentric cohort study

Author: Kévin Jean, Ahmed Tawheed, Liem Binh Luong Nguyen, Tarek Heikal, Usama Eldaly, Neveen Elhadidy, Ahmed Elghaieb, Ahmed Aboudonia, Laura Tondeur, Amélie Dublineau, Arnaud Fontanet, Mohamed El-Kassas, Laboratoire Modélisation, épidémiologie et surveillance des risques sanitaires (MESuRS), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University [Caire], Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Medical Oncology Department, Damietta Oncology Center, Damietta, Egypt., Pharmaceutical Services Department, Damietta Oncology Center, Damietta, Egypt., and Radiology Department, Damietta Oncology Center, Damietta, Egypt.
Subjects: liver cancer, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], staging system, Egypt, epidemiology, [SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, hepatocellular carcinoma, survival, Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Abstract: KÃ©vin Jean,1,2 Ahmed Tawheed,3 Liem Binh Luong Nguyen,4 Tarek Heikal,5 Usama Eldaly,5 Neveen Elhadidy,6 Ahmed Elghaieb,7 Ahmed Aboudonia,7 Laura Tondeur,1 AmÃ©lie Dublineau,4 Arnaud Fontanet,2,4 Mohamed El-Kassas3 1Laboratoire MESuRS, Conservatoire national des arts et mÃ©tiers, Paris, France; 2UnitÃ© PACRI, Institut Pasteur, Conservatoire national des arts et mÃ©tiers, Paris, France; 3Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt; 4Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, UniversitÃ© Paris-CitÃ©, Paris, France; 5Medical Oncology Department, Damietta Oncology Center, Damietta, Egypt; 6Pharmaceutical Services Department, Damietta Oncology Center, Damietta, Egypt; 7Radiology Department, Damietta Oncology Center, Damietta, EgyptCorrespondence: KÃ©vin Jean, Laboratoire MESuRS, Conservatoire national des arts et mÃ©tiers, 292 rue Saint Martin, Paris, 75003, France, Email kevin.jean@lecnam.netIntroduction: We aimed to assess temporal changes in the presentation and survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the northern Egypt region, one of the regions reporting the highest incidence of the disease globally.Methods: We conducted a monocentric retrospective study. Patients presenting at the Damietta Oncology referral center between 2007 and 2019 with a diagnosed HCC were eligible. Individual, clinical and tumor characteristics at HCC diagnosis, including the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging, were retrieved from medical files and patientsâ final vital status was ascertained by combining various data sources. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on diagnosis period: pre- and post-2014. Survival was analysed based on KaplanâMeier curves and differences in restricted mean survival time (RMST).Results: Data from 5097 patients (among 5210 eligible, 97.8%) were analyzed. We observed a significant trend toward HCC diagnosed at earlier stage in the post- vs pre-2014 period (BCLC stage 0/A or B: 37.2% vs 27.1%, p< 10â 3). Overall patientâs survival after the HCC diagnosis was poor, with a median of 8.1 months. The BCLC staging system performed well in predicting survival. Despite a trend toward HCC diagnosed at earlier stages, we did not observe a significant improvement in survival over time. Overall, treatments offered in this medical center were in line with international guidelines, and 16.1% of the patients who received a curative treatment had an improved survival (30.7 months in median). However, HCC recurrence was frequent among patients cured for HCC, with a median time to recurrence of 22 months.Discussion: Overall survival after HCC diagnosis in Egypt remains poor but is significantly improved by curative therapy. Despite a trend toward earlier diagnosis of HCC, we did not observe a general improvement in survival over time, which remains to be clearly understood.Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cancer, Egypt, staging system, survival, epidemiology
Published: 2022

5. Olfactory outcomes in Zika virus-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome

Author: Françoise, Lazarini, Annie, Lannuzel, André, Cabié, Vincent, Michel, Yoann, Madec, Hugo, Chaumont, Isabelle, Calmont, Mathilde, Favrat, Xavier, Montagutelli, Emmanuel, Roze, Pierre-Marie, Lledo, Marie-Noëlle, Ungeheuer, Perception et Mémoire / Perception and Memory, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane (CIC - Antilles Guyane), Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -CHU de Fort de France-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Institut du Cerveau = Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe], CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France], Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections (PCCEI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Etablissement français du don du sang [Montpellier]-Université de Montpellier (UM), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Génétique de la souris - Mouse Genetics, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), This study was funded and sponsored by CHU of Martinique (Zikasmell ancillary study of the CARBO cohort) and supported by the French Ministry of Health (Exceptional Support for Research and Innovation and Clinical Research Hospital Program, PHRC 2009 NCT01099852), REACTing (INSERM) and Institut Pasteur (GPF 2015 Microbes & Brain 'INFECSMELL')., Zikasmell working group: Françoise Lazarini, Annie Lannuzel, André Cabié, Isabelle Calmont, Sylvie Abel, Ornella Cabras, Athéna Marquise, Mathilde Pircher, Aïssatou Signate, Christelle Celeste, Hugo Chaumont, Angela Lackmy, Guillaume Lepage, Quentin Lobjois, Aimée Petit, Benoît Tressières, Natacha Teissier, Emmanuel Roze, Tan-Phuc Buivan, Laurine Conquet, Hélène Laude, Pierre-Marie Lledo, Yoann Madec, Estelle Mottez, Fabien Taieb, Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer., Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPC), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière = Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Etablissement français du don du sang [Montpellier], Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Cité (UPC), and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)
Subjects: olfactory threshold, Zika Virus Infection, hyposmia, COVID-19, Zika Virus, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Olfaction, Smell, Mice, Guillain Barré Syndrome, Zika, Neurology, Animals, Humans, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Neurology (clinical)
Abstract: International audience; Background: Zika Virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated with Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). Yet, little is known about the consequence of ZIKV infection on olfaction in humans. Methods: Just right before the COVID-19 outbreak, we prospectively investigated the olfacto-ry capacities of 19 patients with ZIKV-associated GBS from the French West Indies and com-pared them to 9 controls from the same population, with a GBS of similar severity but inde-pendent of Zika infection. To provide further evidence that ZIKV infection induces smell altera-tion, we investigated the consequences of ZIKV infection on olfactory abilities using a mouse model.Results: Patients with GBS-Zika+ had a poorer olfactory function than GBS-non-Zika, even one to two years after the acute phase. The proportion of patients with hyposmia was signifi-cantly higher in GBS-Zika+ than in GBS-non-Zika group (68.4% versus 22.2%, P=0.042). These deficits were characterized by lower threshold and identification scores and were inde-pendent from GBS severity. Additionally, ZIKV infection was found to impair olfaction in immu-nodeficient mice infected with ZIKV. High viral load was observed in their olfactory system and downstream brain structures. ZIKV promoted both cellular damages in the olfactory neuroepi-thelium and protracted inflammation of the olfactory bulb, likely accounting for smell alteration. Conclusions: Patients with ZIKV-related GBS had a poorer long-term olfactory function than patients with GBS-non-Zika and ZIKV-infected mice are hyposmic. These observations sug-gest that ZIKV belongs to the list of viruses affecting the olfactory system. Clinical evaluation of the olfactory system should be considered for ZIKV-infected patients.
Published: 2022

6. Impact of booster vaccination on the control of COVID-19 Delta wave in the context of waning immunity: application to France in the winter 2021/22

Author: Paolo Bosetti, Cécile Tran Kiem, Alessio Andronico, Juliette Paireau, Daniel Levy-Bruhl, Lise Alter, Arnaud Fontanet, Simon Cauchemez, Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université (SU), Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Haute Autorité de Santé [Saint-Denis La Plaine] (HAS), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), We acknowledge financial support from the Investissement d’Avenir program, the Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases program (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), HAS, Santé Publique France, the EMERGEN project (ANRS0151), the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant 101003589 (RECOVER) and 874735 (VEO), AXA and Groupama., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), European Project: 101003589, H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020,RECOVER(2020), European Project: 874735,H2020-SC1-2019-Single-Stage-RTD,VEO(2020), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), European Project: 874735,VEO, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPC), Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), and HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, COVID-19 Vaccines, SARS-CoV-2, Epidemiology, Vaccination, Immunization, Secondary, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, 3. Good health, modelling, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Virology, Humans, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, France, Seasons, 030212 general & internal medicine, Rapid Communication, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: Europe has experienced a large COVID-19 wave caused by the Delta variant in winter 2021/22. Using mathematical models applied to Metropolitan France, we find that boosters administered to ≥ 65, ≥ 50 or ≥ 18 year-olds may reduce the hospitalisation peak by 25%, 36% and 43% respectively, with a delay of 5 months between second and third dose. A 10% reduction in transmission rates might further reduce it by 41%, indicating that even small increases in protective behaviours may be critical to mitigate the wave.
Published: 2022

7. Screening and vaccination against COVID-19 to minimise school closure: a modelling study

Author: Elisabetta Colosi, Giulia Bassignana, Diego Andrés Contreras, Canelle Poirier, Pierre-Yves Boëlle, Simon Cauchemez, Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Bruno Lina, Arnaud Fontanet, Alain Barrat, Vittoria Colizza, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre de Physique Théorique - UMR 7332 (CPT), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CPT - E5 Physique statistique et systèmes complexes, Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Virology and human respiratory Pathologies - Virology and human respiratory Pathologies (VirPath), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo] (TITECH), EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020, Horizon Europe Framework Programme, Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANRS – Maladies infectieuses émergentes, ANR-20-COV1-0005,GravCOVID19Fr,Facteurs d'hospitalisation et de décès pour COVID-19 dans la population française(2020), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Bassignana, Giulia
Subjects: [SDV.MHEP.ME] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Schools, SARS-CoV-2, education, Vaccination, COVID-19, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, [SDV.IMM.VAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Humans, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [INFO.INFO-MO] Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, [SDV.IMM.VAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology, Child, Pandemics
Abstract: Background Schools were closed extensively in 2020–21 to counter SARS-CoV-2 spread, impacting students’ education and wellbeing. With highly contagious variants expanding in Europe, safe options to maintain schools open are urgently needed. By estimating school-specific transmissibility, our study evaluates costs and benefits of different protocols for SARS-CoV-2 control at school. Methods We developed an agent-based model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in schools. We used empirical contact data in a primary and a secondary school and data from pilot screenings in 683 schools during the alpha variant (B.1.1.7) wave in March–June, 2021, in France. We fitted the model to observed school prevalence to estimate the schoolspecific effective reproductive number for the alpha (Ralpha) and delta (B.1.617.2; Rdelta) variants and performed a cost– benefit analysis examining different intervention protocols. Findings We estimated Ralpha to be 1·40 (95% CI 1·35–1·45) in the primary school and 1·46 (1·41–1·51) in the secondary school during the spring wave, higher than the time-varying reproductive number estimated from community surveillance. Considering the delta variant and vaccination coverage in Europe as of mid-September, 2021, we estimated Rdelta to be 1·66 (1·60–1·71) in primary schools and 1·10 (1·06–1·14) in secondary schools. Under these conditions, weekly testing of 75% of unvaccinated students (PCR tests on saliva samples in primary schools and lateral flow tests in secondary schools), in addition to symptom-based testing, would reduce cases by 34% (95% CI 32–36) in primary schools and 36% (35–39) in secondary schools compared with symptom-based testing alone. Insufficient adherence was recorded in pilot screening (median ≤53%). Regular testing would also reduce studentdays lost up to 80% compared with reactive class closures. Moderate vaccination coverage in students would still benefit from regular testing for additional control—ie, weekly testing 75% of unvaccinated students would reduce cases compared with symptom-based testing only, by 23% in primary schools when 50% of children are vaccinated. Interpretation The COVID-19 pandemic will probably continue to pose a risk to the safe and normal functioning of schools. Extending vaccination coverage in students, complemented by regular testing with good adherence, are essential steps to keep schools open when highly transmissible variants are circulating.
Published: 2022

8. Conditionality of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in European countries

Author: Nastassia Tvardik, Nina Gobat, Sarah Tonkin-Crine, Leonardo W Heyerdahl, Tamara Giles-Vernick, Marta Wanat, Sibyl Anthierens, Benedetta Lana, Muriel Vray, Herman Goossens, Anthropologie et écologie de l’émergence des maladies - Anthropology and Ecology of Disease Emergence, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), University of Oxford, University of Antwerp (UA), This project is part of the output from RECOVER (Rapid European COVID-19 Emergency Research Response), which has received funding from the EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101003589, European Project: 101003589, H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020,RECOVER(2020), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Cité (UPC), Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), and University of Oxford [Oxford]
Subjects: Vaccine safety, Mixed methods, Honesty, MESH: COVID-19, Socioeconomics, media_common, MESH: Aged, Vaccines, MESH: Middle Aged, Vaccination, Middle Aged, Europe, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Young Adult, MESH: COVID-19 Vaccines, Molecular Medicine, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, COVID-19 Vaccines, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Adolescent, Short Communication, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), media_common.quotation_subject, Herd immunity, Competence (law), Young Adult, MESH: Cross-Sectional Studies, Political science, medicine, Humans, MESH: SARS-CoV-2, Vaccine hesitancy, Aged, MESH: Adolescent, MESH: Humans, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, SARS-CoV-2, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, MESH: Adult, Conditionality, MESH: Vaccination, MESH: Vaccines, Cross-Sectional Studies, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Human medicine, [SDV.IMM.VAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology
Abstract: The COVID-19 vaccine rollout in recent months offers a powerful preventive measure that may help control SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Nevertheless, long-standing public hesitation around vaccines has heightened public health concerns that vaccine coverage may not achieve desired public health impacts.This cross-sectional survey was conducted online in December 2020 among 7000 respondents (aged 18 to 65) in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Ukraine. The survey included open text boxes for fuller explanation of responses. Projected COVID-19 vaccine coverage varied and may not be sufficiently high among certain populations to achieve herd immunity. Overall, 56.9% would accept a COVID-19 vaccine, 19.0% would not, and 24.1% did not know or preferred not to say. By country, between 44% (France) and 66% (Italy) of respondents would accept a COVID-19 vaccine. Respondents expressed conditionality in open responses, voicing concerns about vaccine safety and mistrust of authorities. Public health campaigns must tackle these safety concerns.HighlightsMixed-method survey studied expected COVID vaccine uptake in 7 European countries.Projected COVID vaccine acceptance by country ranged from 44% to 66%.Explicit COVID vaccine acceptance or rejection was conditional.Study finds concerns about vaccine safety and authorities’ competence and honesty.Vaccine communications should address safety anxieties and target specific groups.
Published: 2022

9. Neutralising antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 omicron among elderly nursing home residents following a booster dose of BNT162b2 vaccine: A community-based, prospective, longitudinal cohort study

Author: Timothée Bruel, Laurie Pinaud, Laura Tondeur, Delphine Planas, Isabelle Staropoli, Françoise Porrot, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Mikaël Attia, Stéphane Pelleau, Tom Woudenberg, Cécile Duru, Aymar Davy Koffi, Sandrine Castelain, Sandrine Fernandes-Pellerin, Nathalie Jolly, Louise Perrin De Facci, Emmanuel Roux, Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer, Sylvie Van Der Werf, Michael White, Olivier Schwartz, Arnaud Fontanet, Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity (CNRS-UMR3569), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Vaccine Research Institute [Créteil, France] (VRI), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN - Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses (GMV-ARN (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_2)), Epidémiologie et Analyse des Maladies Infectieuses - Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Hôpital de Crépy-en-Valois, Agents infectieux, résistance et chimiothérapie - UR UPJV 4294 (AGIR ), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-CHU Amiens-Picardie, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Investigation Clinique et d’Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (Plate-forme) - Clinical Investigation and Access to BioResources (ICAReB), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Work in OS lab is funded by Institut Pasteur, Urgence COVID-19 Fundraising Campaign of Institut Pasteur, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM), the European Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA), ANRS-MIE, the Vaccine Research Institute (ANR-10-LABX-77), Labex IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), ANR/FRM Flash Covid PROTEO-SARS-CoV-2, ANR Coronamito, and IDISCOVR, 'TIMTAMDEN' ANR-14-CE14-0029, 'CHIKV-Viro- Immuno' ANR-14-CE14-0015-01 and the Gilead HIV cure program. AF lab is funded by the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005) and the Labex IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID). The COVID-Oise cohort is funded by 'Alliance Tous Unis contre le virus' Institut Pasteur, AP-HP and Fondation de France., ANR-10-LABX-0077,VRI,Initiative for the creation of a Vaccine Research Institute(2010), ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-20-COVI-0059,PROTEO-SARS-CoV-2,Protéomique du SARS-CoV-2(2020), ANR-14-CE14-0029,TIMTAMDEN,Rôle des récepteurs TIM et TAM dans l'infection des cellules cibles par le virus de la dengue(2014), ANR-14-CE14-0015,CHIKV-Viro-Immuno,Multiplication et Relation avec l'hôte du virus Chikungunya(2014), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, SARS-CoV-2, Omicron, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, [SDV.MHEP.GEG]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Geriatry and gerontology, Elderly individuals, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, General Medicine, [SDV.IMM.VAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology, Vaccine, Antibodies
Abstract: International audience; BACKGROUND: The protective immunity against omicron following a BNT162b2 Pfizer booster dose among elderly individuals (ie, those aged >65 years) is not well characterised.METHODS: In a community-based, prospective, longitudinal cohort study taking place in France in which 75 residents from three nursing homes were enrolled, we selected 38 residents who had received a two-dose regimen of mRNA vaccine and a booster dose of Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccine. We excluded individuals that did not receive three vaccine doses or did not have available sera samples. We measured anti-S IgG antibodies and neutralisation capacity in sera taken 56 (28-68) and 55 (48-64) days (median (range)) after the 2(nd) and 3(rd) vaccine doses, respectively. Antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein were measured with the S-Flow assay as binding antibody units per milliliter (BAU/mL). Neutralising activities in sera were measured as effective dilution 50% (ED50) with the S-Fuse assay using authentic isolates of delta and omicron BA.1.FINDINGS: Among the 38 elderly individuals recruited to the cohort study between November 23(rd), 2020 and April 29(th), 2021, with median age of 88 (range 72-101) years, 30 (78.95%) had been previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. After three vaccine doses, serum neutralising activity was lower against omicron BA.1 (median ED50 of 774.5, range 15.0-34660.0) than the delta variant (median ED50 of 4972.0, range 213.7-66340.0), and higher among previously infected (ie, convalescent; median ED50 against omicron: 1088.0, range 32.6-34660.0) compared with infection-naive residents (median ED50 against omicron: 188.4, range 15.0-8918.0). During the French omicron wave in December 2021-January 2022, 75% (6/8) of naive residents were infected, compared to 25% (7/30) of convalescent residents (P=0.0114). Anti-Spike antibody levels and neutralising activity against omicron BA.1 after a third BNT162b2 booster dose were lower in those with breakthrough BA.1 infection (n=13) compared with those without (n=25), with a median of 1429.9 (range 670.9-3818.3) BAU/mL vs 2528.3 (range 695.4-8832.0) BAU/mL (P=0.029) and a median ED50 of 281.1 (range 15.0-2136.0) vs 1376.0 (range 32.6-34660.0) (P=0.0013), respectively.INTERPRETATION: This study shows that elderly individuals who received three vaccine doses elicit neutralising antibodies against the omicron BA.1 variant of SARS-CoV-2. Elderly individuals who had also been previously infected showed higher neutralising activity compared with naive individuals. Yet, breakthrough infections with omicron occurred. Individuals with breakthrough infections had significantly lower neutralising titers compared to individuals without breakthrough infection. Thus, a fourth dose of vaccine may be useful in the elderly population to increase the level of neutralising antibodies and compensate for waning immunity.
Published: 2022

10. Impact of booster vaccination on the control of COVID-19 in the context of waning immunity: Application to France in the autumn-winter 2021-2022

Author: Bosetti, Paolo, Tran Kiem, Cécile, Andronico, Alessio, Paireau, Juliette, Levy-Bruhl, Daniel, ALTER, Lise, Fontanet, Arnaud, Cauchemez, Simon, Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Collège doctoral [Sorbonne universités], Sorbonne Université (SU), Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Haute Autorité de Santé [Saint-Denis La Plaine] (HAS), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), We acknowledge financial support from the Investissement d’Avenir program, the Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases program (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), HAS, Santé Publique France, the EMERGEN project (ANRS0151), the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant 101003589 (RECOVER) and 874735 (VEO), AXA and Groupama., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), European Project: 101003589, H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020,RECOVER(2020), European Project: 874735,VEO, Noel, Anne-Laure, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs - - INCEPTION2016 - ANR-16-CONV-0005 - CONV - VALID, Rapid European COVID-19 Emergency Response research - RECOVER - - H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-20202020-02-14 - 2022-02-13 - 101003589 - VALID, Versatile Emerging infectious disease Observatory - VEO - - H2020-SC1-2019-Single-Stage-RTD2020-01-01 - 2024-12-31 - 874735 - VALID, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Collège Doctoral, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), and European Project: 874735,H2020-SC1-2019-Single-Stage-RTD,VEO(2020)
Subjects: [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]
Abstract: Europe is confronted with a large COVID-19 wave caused by the Delta variant in autumnwinter 2021-2022. Using a mathematical model applied to Metropolitan France, we find that the hospitalisation peak might be reduced by 25%, 36% and 43% if boosters are administered to those aged 65+, 50+ or 18+, respectively, with a delay of 5 months between the second and third dose. Ten percent reduction in transmission rates might further reduce peak size by 41%, indicating that even small increases in protective behaviours may play a critical role to mitigate the wave.Most European countries have experienced an important rise in SARS-CoV-2 infections and hospitalisations in the Autumn 2021. In response to this resurgence and to the reported partial decay of immunity, countries have started administering vaccine booster doses, relying on different eligibility criteria. Here, we present modelling analyses assessing different administration strategies for booster doses that informed the recommendations of the French National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (Haute Autorité de Santé) in the context of Metropolitan France.
Published: 2021

11. Bacterial vaginosis and other infections in pregnant women in Senegal

Author: Bonneton, Marion, Huynh, Bich-Tram, Seck, Abdoulaye, Bercion, Raymond, Sarr, Fatoumata Diene, Delarocque-Astagneau, Elisabeth, Vray, Muriel, Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Epidémiologie et modélisation de la résistance aux antimicrobiens - Epidemiology and modelling of bacterial escape to antimicrobials (EMAE), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale [Dakar, Sénégal], Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD), Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale [Dakar, Sénégal], Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), This study was financially supported by the Total Foundation, the African Center for Maternal and Child Health (Centre d’Excellence Africain pour la Santé de la Mère et de l’Enfant – CEA-SAMEF) and by the Department of International Cooperation of the Principality of Monaco., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), and Bich-Tram, Huynh
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Vaginal microbiome, MESH: Vaginosis, Bacterial, MESH: Pregnancy, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, MESH: Risk Factors, MESH: Senegal, Humans, MESH: Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, MESH: Humans, Pregnant women, MESH: Infant, Newborn, Infant, Newborn, Vaginosis, Bacterial, Bacterial vaginosis, Senegal, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], MESH: Vagina, Vagina, Female, MESH: Pregnant Women, MESH: Female, Research Article
Abstract: International audience; BackgroundBacterial vaginosis (BV) is associated with a higher risk of preterm delivery and spontaneous abortion. Yet little data on BV prevalence exist for sub-Saharan countries. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Senegal.MethodsFrom October 2013 to December 2018, pregnant women in their third trimester were recruited in two primary health centers (one suburban, one rural) in Senegal. Healthcare workers interviewed women and collected a lower vaginal swab and a blood sample. Vaginal flora were classified into four categories using vaginal smear microscopic examination and Gram’s coloration. In our study, BV was defined as vaginal flora with no Lactobacillus spp. Variables associated with BV were analyzed using STATA® through univariate and multivariate analysis.ResultsA total of 457 women provided a vaginal sample for analysis. Overall, BV prevalence was 18.6% (85/457) [95% CI 15.4–22.6]) and was similar in suburban and rural areas (18.9% versus 18.1%, p = 0.843). Multivariate analysis showed that primigravidity was the only factor independently associated with a lower risk of BV (aOR 0.35 [95% CI 0.17–0.72]).ConclusionsOur study showed significant BV prevalence among pregnant women in Senegal. Although the literature has underscored the potential consequences of BV for obstetric outcomes, data are scarce on BV prevalence in sub-Saharan African countries. Before authorities consider systematic BV screening for pregnant women, a larger study would be useful in documenting prevalence, risk factors and the impact of BV on pregnancy outcomes.
Published: 2021

12. HBV continuum of care using community- and hospital-based screening interventions in Senegal: Results from the PROLIFICA programme

Author: Amina Sow, Maud Lemoine, Papa Souleymane Toure, Madoky Diop, Gora Lo, Jean De Veiga, Omar Thiaw Pape, Khady Seck, Gibril Ndow, Lamin Bojang, Arame Kane, Marina Oudiane, Jess Howell, Shevanthi Nayagam, Jude Moutchia, Isabelle Chemin, Maimuna Mendy, Coumba Toure-Kane, Mark Thursz, Mourtalla Ka, Yusuke Shimakawa, Souleymane Mboup, Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation [Dakar, Sénégal] (IRESSEF), Hôpital Aristide-Le-Dantec, Imperial College London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine [Fajara, Gambia], London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Université de Thiès, Centre Hospitalier Régional de Thiès, Hôpital Saint Jean de Dieu, Monash University [Melbourne], Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (UNICANCER/CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre International de Recherche contre le Cancer - International Agency for Research on Cancer (CIRC - IARC), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and We thank the European Commission and the MRC UK for funding the PROLIFICA programme. We are grateful to Gilead Sciences (USA) for providing antiviral therapy for the patients and financial support to the programme and fellowship support to GN. We thank the local Ministry of Health for its support, and we are grateful to the patients and their families enrolled in the PROLIFICA programme.
Subjects: Treatment, Hepatology, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Africa, Diagnosis, Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Screening, Immunology and Allergy, Hepatitis B
Abstract: International audience; Background & aims: Strategies to implement HBV screening and treatment are critical to achieve HBV elimination but have been inadequately evaluated in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA).Methods: We assessed the feasibility of screen-and-treat interventions in 3 real-world settings (community, workplace, and hospital) in Senegal. Adult participants were screened using a rapid HBsAg point-of-care test. The proportion linked to care, the proportion who had complete clinical staging (alanine transaminase [ALT], viral load, and FibroScan®), and the proportion eligible for treatment were compared among the 3 intervention groups.Results: In 2013-2016, a total of 3,665 individuals were screened for HBsAg in the community (n = 2,153) and in workplaces (n = 1,512); 199/2,153 (9.2%) and 167/1,512 (11%) were HBsAg-positive in the community and workplaces, respectively. In the hospital setting (outpatient clinics), 638 HBsAg-positive participants were enrolled in the study. All infected participants were treatment naïve. Linkage to care was similar among community-based (69.9%), workplace-based (69.5%), and hospital-based interventions (72.6%, p = 0.617). Of HBV-infected participants successfully linked to care, full clinical staging was obtained in 47.5% (66/139), 59.5% (69/116), and 71.1% (329/463) from the community, workplaces, and hospitals, respectively (p
Published: 2021

13. SARS-CoV-2 transmission across age groups in France and implications for control

Author: Tran Kiem, Cécile, Bosetti, Paolo, Paireau, Juliette, Crepey, Pascal, Salje, Henrik, Lefrancq, Noémie, Fontanet, Arnaud, Benamouzig, Daniel, Boëlle, Pierre-Yves, Desenclos, Jean-Claude, Opatowski, Lulla, Cauchemez, Simon, Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université (SU), Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Recherche en Pharmaco-épidémiologie et Recours aux Soins (REPERES), Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), Département Méthodes quantitatives en santé publique (METIS), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre de sociologie des organisations (Sciences Po, CNRS) (CSO), Sciences Po (Sciences Po)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Epidémiologie et modélisation de la résistance aux antimicrobiens - Epidemiology and modelling of bacterial escape to antimicrobials (EMAE), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, We acknowledge financial support from the Investissement d’Avenir program, the Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases program (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), Santé Publique France, the 101003589 project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant 101003589 (RECOVER), AXA and Institut Pasteur., ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), European Project: 101003589, H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020,RECOVER(2020), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - UFR Sciences de la santé Simone Veil (UVSQ Santé), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), We acknowledge financial support from the Investissement d’Avenir program, the Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases program (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), Santé Publique France, the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant 101003589 (RECOVER) and 874735 (VEO), AXA, and Groupama., Tran Kiem, Cécile [0000-0003-0563-8428], Paireau, Juliette [0000-0002-5143-6256], Crépey, Pascal [0000-0003-1852-0752], Salje, Henrik [0000-0003-3626-4254], Lefrancq, Noemie [0000-0001-5991-6169], Desenclos, Jean-Claude [0000-0003-0892-8252], Cauchemez, Simon [0000-0001-9186-4549], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Lassailly-Bondaz, Anne, Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs - - INCEPTION2016 - ANR-16-CONV-0005 - CONV - VALID, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, Rapid European COVID-19 Emergency Response research - RECOVER - - H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-20202020-02-14 - 2022-02-13 - 101003589 - VALID, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Collège doctoral [Sorbonne universités], Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Centre de sociologie des organisations (CSO), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Sorbonne Université, Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Saclay-Hôpital Paul Brousse, Jonchère, Laurent, and Lefrancq, Noémie [0000-0001-5991-6169]
Subjects: Adult, Male, 141, COVID-19 Vaccines, Adolescent, Statistical methods, Epidemiology, Science, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Physical Distancing, Young Adult, 631/114/2397, Humans, Computational models, Transmission, Computer Simulation, 692/308/174, 129, Child, Pandemics, 631/326/596/4130, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, SARS-CoV-2, Age Factors, Infant, Newborn, article, COVID-19, Infant, Middle Aged, 631/114/2415, Hospitalization, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Child, Preschool, Female, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, France, SARS - CoV-2
Abstract: The shielding of older individuals has been proposed to limit COVID-19 hospitalizations while relaxing general social distancing in the absence of vaccines. Evaluating such approaches requires a deep understanding of transmission dynamics across ages. Here, we use detailed age-specific case and hospitalization data to model the rebound in the French epidemic in summer 2020, characterize age-specific transmission dynamics and critically evaluate different age-targeted intervention measures in the absence of vaccines. We find that while the rebound started in young adults, it reached individuals aged ≥80 y.o. after 4 weeks, despite substantial contact reductions, indicating substantial transmission flows across ages. We derive the contribution of each age group to transmission. While shielding older individuals reduces mortality, it is insufficient to allow major relaxations of social distancing. When the epidemic remains manageable (R close to 1), targeting those most contributing to transmission is better than shielding at-risk individuals. Pandemic control requires an effort from all age groups., In this study, Tran Kiem et al. examine the contribution of different age groups to COVID-19 transmission. Using data from the French epidemic in summer 2020, they report that while individuals aged 80 years and older are more at risk, pandemic control in the absence of vaccines required measures targeted at all age groups.
Published: 2021

14. Including the voice of people living with viral hepatitis: lessons learned from Japan to accelerate progress towards global hepatitis elimination

Author: Yusuke Shimakawa, Rebecca Grant, Atsuko Yonezawa, Japan Hepatitis Council, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Sorbonne Université (SU), We thank the members of the Steering Committee of the Japan-Africa Hepatitis Exchange Program for their support., Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)
Subjects: Hepatitis, 0303 health sciences, Economic growth, Civil society, medicine.medical_specialty, Public health, RC955-962, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Infectious Diseases, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, medicine, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Business, Viral hepatitis, Letter to the Editor, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: Despite the growing momentum created by the WHO for eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030, the global response is still slow and more actions are needed to meet the elimination goals, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. Japan is one of a handful of countries currently on track to achieve the WHO hepatitis elimination targets by 2030. To better understand the successful control of viral hepatitis in Japan, it is important to recognize the role of the patient association for viral hepatitis, known as the “Japan Hepatitis Council”, which celebrates its 50th anniversary in 2021. The greatest impact of the Japan Hepatitis Council has been in achieving wider access to antiviral treatments for viral hepatitis. The example of Japan and the Japan Hepatitis Council highlights the need for the engagement of civil society and patient groups to ensure equitable access to hepatitis services and to accelerate the global hepatitis elimination.
Published: 2021

15. Factors Associated with Stunted Growth in Children Under Five Years in Antananarivo, Madagascar and Bangui, Central African Republic

Author: Pascale, Vonaesch, Serge Ghislain, Djorie, Kaleb Jephté Estimé, Kandou, Maheninasy, Rakotondrainipiana, Laura, Schaeffer, Prisca Vega, Andriatsalama, Ravaka, Randriamparany, Bolmbaye Privat, Gondje, Synthia, Nigatoloum, Sonia Sandrine, Vondo, Aurélie, Etienne, Annick, Robinson, Francis Allen, Hunald, Lisette, Raharimalala, Tamara, Giles-Vernick, Laura, Tondeur, Frédérique, Randrianirina, Alexandra, Bastaraud, Jean-Chrysostome, Gody, Philippe Jean, Sansonetti, Rindra Vatosoa, Randremanana, Inès, Vigan-Womas, Pathogénie microbienne moléculaire, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Unité d'Epidémiologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Centre pédiatrique de Bangui, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant de Tsaralalàna (CHUMET), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona (CHUJRA), Anthropologie et écologie de l’émergence des maladies - Anthropology and Ecology of Disease Emergence, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Centre de Biologie Clinique [Antananarivo] (IPM), Laboratoire d'hygiène des aliments et de l'environnement [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Unité d’Épidémiologie et de Recherche clinique [Antananarivo, Madagascar], The epidemiological part of AFRIBIOTA was funded by the Total Foundation and the Fondation Petram. PV was supported by an Early Postdoctoral Fellowship (Grant No. P2EZP3_152159), an Advanced Postdoctoral Fellowship (Grant No. P300PA_177876) as well as a Return Grant (Grant No. P3P3PA_17877) from the Swiss National Science Foundation, a Roux-Cantarini Fellowship (2016) and a L’Oréal-UNESCO for Women in Science France Fellowship (2017). PJS is a HHMI Senior Foreign Scholar. The funders had no role in study design or collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing this manuscript., AFRIBIOTA Investigators: Laurence Barbot-Trystram, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France, Robert Barouki, Hôpital Necker-Enfants maladies, Paris, France, Alexandra Bastaraud, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Jean-Marc Collard, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Maria Doria, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Aurélie Etienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France/Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Madagascar, Serge Ghislain Djorie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic, Tamara Giles-Vernick, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Bolmbaye Privat Gondje, Complexe Pédiatrique de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic, Jean-Chrysostome Gody, Complexe Pédiatrique de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic, Francis Allen Hunald, Service de Chirurgie pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona (CHU-JRA), Antananarivo, Madagascar, Nathalie Kapel, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France, Jean-Pierre Lombart, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic, Alexandre Manirakiza, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic, Synthia Nazita Nigatoloum, Complexe Pédiatrique de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic, Lisette Raharimalala, Centre de Santé Materno-Infantile, Tsaralalana, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Maheninasy Rakotondrainipiana, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Rindra Randremanana, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Harifetra Mamy Richard Randriamizao, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona (CHU-JRA), Antananarivo, Madagascar, Frédérique Randrianirina, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Annick Robinson, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère Enfant de Tsaralalana, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Pierre-Alain Rubbo, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, République Centrafricaine, Philippe Sansonetti, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Laura Schaeffer, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Ionela Gouandjika-Vassilache, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, République Centrafricaine, Pascale Vonaesch, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Sonia Sandrine Vondo, Complexe Pédiatrique de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic, Inès Vigan-Womas, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar. We wish to thank further all families and fieldworkers who contributed to this study, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Vigan-Womas, Inès
Subjects: [SDV.IMM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Stunted growth, Nutritional Status, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, [SDV.BBM.BM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, Article, MESH: Madagascar, MESH: Pregnancy, Pregnancy, MESH: Risk Factors, MESH: Child, Prevalence, Madagascar, Humans, Child, [SDV.MP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, [SDV.BC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, Children, Growth Disorders, MESH: Prevalence, MESH: Humans, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, MESH: Child, Preschool, Infant, Undernutrition, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, MESH: Growth Disorders, MESH: Nutritional Status, MESH: Case-Control Studies, MESH: Infant, Central African Republic, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Risk factors, MESH: Central African Republic, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Case-Control Studies, Child, Preschool, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Female, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Female
Abstract: Objectives With a fourth of all under-five children affected, stunting remains one of the biggest health challenges worldwide. Even though the main underlying factors are known, the exact pathways to stunting varying in affected regions, and interventions thus need to be tailored to the local contexts. This study aimed assessing and comparing factors associated with stunting in two understudied sub-Saharan urban contexts with some of the highest stunting prevalence globally: Bangui, Central African Republic (~ 36%) and Antananarivo, Madagascar (42%). Methods We performed a case–control study on 175 + 194 stunted and 237 + 230 non-stunted control children aged 2–5 years and matched for age, gender and district of residency. Factors associated with stunting were identified using a standardized, paper questionnaire delivered by trained interviewers. Statistical analysis was done using logistic regression modelling. Results In both sites, formal maternal education lowered the risk of being stunted and restricted access to soap, suffering of anaemia and low birth weight were associated with higher risk of stunting. Short maternal stature, household head different from parents, diarrhoea and coughing were associated with an increased risk and continuing breastfeeding was associated with a lower risk of stunting in Antananarivo. Previous severe undernutrition and dermatitis/ fungal skin infections were associated with higher and changes in diet during pregnancy with lower risk of stunting in Bangui. Conclusions Our results suggest maternal education, antenatal care, iron supplementation and simple WASH interventions such as using soap and infection control as general and breastfeeding (Antananarivo) or better nutrition (Bangui) as area-specified interventions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10995-021-03201-8.
Published: 2021

16. Beta SARS-CoV-2 variant and BNT162b2 vaccine effectiveness in long-term care facilities in France

Author: Benjamin Lefevre, Bruno Lina, Arnaud Fontanet, Rebecca Grant, Yoann Madec, Laura Tondeur, Sylvie van der Werf, Christian Rabaud, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales [CHRU Nancy], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy (CHRU Nancy), Adaptation, mesure et évaluation en santé. Approches interdisciplinaires (APEMAC), Université de Lorraine (UL), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Centre National de Référence des Virus des Infections Respiratoires (dont la Grippe) [Lyon] (CNR - laboratoire associé), Institut des Agents Infectieux [Lyon] (IAI), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Virology and human respiratory Pathologies - Virology and human respiratory Pathologies (VirPath), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN - Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses (GMV-ARN (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_2)), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe) - National Reference Center Virus Influenzae [Paris] (CNR - laboratoire coordonnateur), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Centre National de Référence des Virus des Infections Respiratoires (dont la Grippe) [Lyon] (CNR), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe) - National Reference Center Virus Influenzae [Paris] (CNR), Institut Pasteur [Paris], and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)
Subjects: 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Health (social science), Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), 030231 tropical medicine, Vaccine Efficacy, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine, Humans, Beta (finance), BNT162 Vaccine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Comment, COVID-19, Virology, Long-Term Care, 3. Good health, Psychiatry and Mental health, Long-term care, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Geriatrics and Gerontology, Family Practice, business
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2021

17. Characteristics Associated with Olfactory and Taste Disorders in COVID-19

Author: Ludivine Grzelak, Charlotte Renaudat, Arnaud Fontanet, Timothée Bruel, Bruno Hoen, Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer, Olivier Schwartz, Yoann Madec, Laura Tondeur, Simon Galmiche, Isabelle Cailleau, Isabelle Staropoli, Sandrine Fernandes Pellerin, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity (CNRS-UMR3569), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Direction de la recherche médicale de l'Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Investigation Clinique et d’Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (Plate-forme) - Clinical Investigation and Access to BioResources (ICAReB), Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Vaccine Research Institute [Créteil, France] (VRI), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), This work was supported by Institut Pasteur, and several laboratories participating in the study received funding from the Labex IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), REACTing, and the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005) for studies focusing on emerging viruses. OS lab is funded by Institut Pasteur, ANRS, Sidaction, the Vaccine Research Institute (ANR-10-LABX-77), 'TIMTAMDEN' ANR-14-CE14-0029, 'CHIKV-Viro-Immuno' ANR-14-CE14-0015-01, and the Gilead HIV cure program. L.G. is supported by the French Ministry of Higher Education, Research, and Innovation., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-08-BLAN-0046,REACTING,Reactivity of inorganic radicals in aqueous solution(2008), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), ANR-10-LABX-0077,VRI,Initiative for the creation of a Vaccine Research Institute(2010), ANR-14-CE14-0029,TIMTAMDEN,Rôle des récepteurs TIM et TAM dans l'infection des cellules cibles par le virus de la dengue(2014), ANR-14-CE14-0015,CHIKV-Viro-Immuno,Multiplication et Relation avec l'hôte du virus Chikungunya(2014), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Vaccine Research Institute (VRI)
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Epidemiology, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Anosmia, Antibodies, Viral, Olfaction Disorders, Taste Disorders, Young Adult, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Humans, Medicine, In patient, Child, Retrospective Studies, Original Paper, business.industry, Headache, Outbreak, COVID-19, Retrospective cohort study, Ageusia, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, Taste disorder, Neurology (clinical), medicine.symptom, business, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract: Introduction: Olfactory and taste disorders (OTDs) have been reported in COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the mechanisms of which remain unclear. We conducted a detailed analysis of OTDs as part of 2 seroepidemiological investigations of COVID-19 outbreaks. Methods: Two retrospective cohort studies were conducted in a high school and primary schools of Northern France following a COVID-19 epidemic in February-March 2020. Students, their relatives, and school staff were included. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were identified using a flow-cytometry-based assay detecting anti-S IgG. Results: Among 2,004 participants (median [IQR] age: 31 [11–43] years), 303 (15.2%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. OTDs were present in 91 (30.0%) and 92 (30.3%) of them, respectively, and had 85.1 and 78.0% positive predictive values for SARS-CoV-2 infection, respectively. In seropositive participants, OTDs were independently associated with an age above 18 years, female gender, fatigue, and headache. Conclusion: This study confirms the higher frequency of OTDs in females than males and adults than children. Their high predictive value for the diagnosis of COVID-19 suggests that they should be systematically searched for in patients with respiratory symptoms, fever, or headache. The association of OTDs with headache, not previously reported, suggests that they share a common mechanism, which deserves further investigation.
Published: 2021

18. Epidemiology and control of SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in partially vaccinated populations: a modeling study applied to France

Author: Paolo Bosetti, Cécile Tran Kiem, Alessio Andronico, Vittoria Colizza, Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Arnaud Fontanet, Daniel Benamouzig, Simon Cauchemez, Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Collège doctoral [Sorbonne universités], Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Services de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales [CHU Bichat], AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Centre de sociologie des organisations (CSO), Sciences Po (Sciences Po)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), We acknowledge financial support from the Investissement d’Avenir program, the Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases program (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), HAS, Santé Publique France, the INCEPTION project(PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant 101003589 (RECOVER) and 874735 (VEO), AXA and Groupama., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), European Project: 101003589, H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020,RECOVER(2020), European Project: 874735,VEO, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Collège Doctoral, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre de sociologie des organisations (Sciences Po, CNRS) (CSO), We acknowledge financial support from the Investissement d’Avenir program, the Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases program (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), HAS, Santé Publique France, the EMERGEN project (ANRS0151), the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant 101003589 (RECOVER) and 874735 (VEO), AXA and Groupama., European Project: 874735,H2020-SC1-2019-Single-Stage-RTD,VEO(2020), Sorbonne Université, Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Biologie Intégrative des Maladies Infectieuses Emergentes(2011), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Benamouzig, Daniel, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs - - INCEPTION2016 - ANR-16-CONV-0005 - CONV - VALID, Rapid European COVID-19 Emergency Response research - RECOVER - - H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-20202020-02-14 - 2022-02-13 - 101003589 - VALID, and Versatile Emerging infectious disease Observatory - VEO - - H2020-SC1-2019-Single-Stage-RTD2020-01-01 - 2024-12-31 - 874735 - VALID
Subjects: Adult, COVID-19 Vaccines, Adolescent, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Epidemics, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, SARS-CoV-2, Non-pharmaceutical interventions, Vaccination, Infant, Newborn, COVID-19, Infant, General Medicine, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Child, Preschool, Medicine, Epidemiological Models, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, France, Research Article
Abstract: Background Vaccination is expected to change the epidemiology and management of SARS-CoV-2 epidemics. Methods We used an age-stratified compartmental model calibrated to French data to anticipate these changes and determine implications for the control of an autumn epidemic. We assumed vaccines reduce the risk of hospitalization, infection, and transmission if infected by 95%, 60%, and 50%, respectively. Results In our baseline scenario characterized by basic reproduction number R0=5 and a vaccine coverage of 70–80–90% among 12–17, 18–59, and ≥ 60 years old, important stress on healthcare is expected in the absence of measures. Unvaccinated adults ≥60 years old represent 3% of the population but 43% of hospitalizations. Given limited vaccine coverage, children aged 0–17 years old represent a third of infections and are responsible for almost half of transmissions. Unvaccinated individuals have a disproportionate contribution to transmission so that measures targeting them may help maximize epidemic control while minimizing costs for society compared to non-targeted approaches. Of all the interventions considered including repeated testing and non-pharmaceutical measures, vaccination of the unvaccinated is the most effective. Conclusions With the Delta variant, vaccinated individuals are well protected against hospitalization but remain at risk of infection and should therefore apply protective behaviors (e.g., mask-wearing). Targeting non-vaccinated individuals may maximize epidemic control while minimizing costs for society. Vaccinating children protects them from the deleterious effects of non-pharmaceutical measures. Control strategies should account for the changing SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology.
Published: 2021

19. [Commentaire] SARS-CoV-2 variants and ending the COVID-19 pandemic

Author: Fontanet, Arnaud, Autran, Brigitte, Lina, Bruno, Kieny, Marie Paule, Karim, Salim, Sridhar, Devi, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Virology and human respiratory Pathologies - Virology and human respiratory Pathologies (VirPath), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de Référence des Virus des Infections Respiratoires (dont la Grippe) [Lyon] (CNR - laboratoire associé), Institut des Agents Infectieux [Lyon] (IAI), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Biochimie des Lipides, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University [New York], Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research [Durban, South Africa] (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal [Durban, Afrique du Sud] (UKZN), University of Edinburgh, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de Référence des Virus des Infections Respiratoires (dont la Grippe) [Lyon] (CNR), and Puybonnieux, Aurélie
Subjects: MESH: Communicable Disease Control, MESH: Humans, MESH: Biological Specimen Banks, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: COVID-19 Vaccines, MESH: COVID-19, MESH: SARS-CoV-2, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Biosurveillance, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, MESH: Databases, Genetic
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2021

20. Accuracy of HBeAg to identify pregnant women at risk of transmitting hepatitis B virus to their neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Alice Nanelin Guingané, Anna L Funk, Roger Chou, Ying Lu, Françoise Lunel-Fabiani, Tianshuo Zhao, Kyoko Yoshida, Marc Bulterys, Yusuke Shimakawa, Edouard Tuaillon, Judith van Holten, Pauline Boucheron, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), World Health Organization [Geneva], Tokyo Medical and Dental University [Japan] (TMDU), Peking University [Beijing], University of Calgary, Université d'Angers (UA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo (CHUYO), Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Global Influenza Programme, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Oregon Health and Science University [Portland] (OHSU), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Kenya], Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections (PCCEI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Etablissement français du don du sang [Montpellier], We thank WHO for funding this work, the Guidelines Development Group for their critical review of this work, and Yvan Hutin for coordinating the development of the WHO guideline, CCSD, Accord Elsevier, Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Laboratoire de virologie [CHU Angers], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers (CHU Angers), PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), and Oregon Health & Science University
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Hepatitis B vaccine, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], medicine.disease_cause, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Hepatitis B virus, Pregnancy, biology, Transmission (medicine), business.industry, Obstetrics, virus diseases, medicine.disease, digestive system diseases, 3. Good health, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Infectious Diseases, HBeAg, Meta-analysis, biology.protein, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Antibody, business, Serostatus
Abstract: Summary Background Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) involves neonatal immunoprophylaxis, with a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine and immune globulin, and provision of peripartum antiviral prophylaxis in highly viraemic women. However, access to assays to quantify HBV DNA levels remains inadequate in resource-poor settings. This study was commissioned by WHO and aimed to identify the HBV DNA threshold for MTCT, to assess the sensitivity and specificity of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) testing to identify pregnant women with HBV DNA levels above this threshold, and to predict MTCT of HBV infection on the basis of HBeAg testing. Methods For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, CENTRAL, CNKI, and Wanfang databases for studies of pregnant women with chronic HBV infection without concurrent antiviral therapy, published between Jan 1, 2000, and April 3, 2019. Studies were eligible for inclusion if MTCT in mother–child pairs could be stratified by different levels of maternal HBV DNA during pregnancy, if maternal HBeAg status could be stratified by HBV DNA level, and if the MTCT status of infants could be stratified by maternal HBeAg status during pregnancy. Studies that selected pregnant women on the basis of HBeAg serostatus or HBV DNA levels were excluded. Aggregate data were extracted from eligible studies by use of a pre-piloted form; study authors were contacted to clarify any uncertainties about potential duplication or if crucial information was missing. To pool sensitivities and specificities of maternal HBeAg to identify highly viraemic women and to predict MTCT events, we used the DerSimonian-Laird bivariate random effects model. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42019138227. Findings Of 9007 articles identified, 67 articles (comprising 66 studies) met the inclusion criteria. The risk of MTCT despite infant immunoprophylaxis was negligible (0·04%, 95% CI 0·00–0·25) below a maternal HBV DNA level of 5·30 log10 IU/mL (200 000 IU/mL) and increased above this threshold. The pooled sensitivity of HBeAg testing to identify HBV DNA levels of 5·30 log10 IU/mL or greater in pregnant women was 88·2% (83·9–91·5) and pooled specificity was 92·6% (90·0–94·5). The pooled sensitivity of HBeAg testing in predicting MTCT of HBV infection despite infant immunoprophylaxis was 99·5% (95% CI 91·7–100) and pooled specificity was 62·2% (55·2–68·7). Interpretation Maternal HBV DNA of 5·30 log10 IU/mL or greater appears to be the optimal threshold for MTCT of HBV infection despite infant immunoprophylaxis. HBeAg is accurate to identify women with HBV DNA levels above this threshold and has high sensitivity to predict cases of immunoprophylaxis failure. In areas where HBV DNA assays are unavailable, HBeAg can be used as an alternative to assess eligibility for antiviral prophylaxis. Funding World Health Organization.
Published: 2021

21. Cotrimoxazole versus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in HIV-infected pregnant women in Bangui, Central African Republic: a Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial

Author: Aude Boulay, Samuel Gondje, Marie Yvette Batoumbou Ketta, Mirdad Kazanji, Alexandre Manirakiza, Laura Tondeur, Valérie Briand, Lenaig Le-Fouler, Ghislain Géraud Banthas Bata, Muriel Vray, Abdoulaye Sépou, Eugène Serdouma, Jean Methode Moyen, Olga Sakanga, Jean Pierre Lombart, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Ministry of Health [Bangui], Hôpital de l'Amitié [Bangui], Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Bordeaux population health (BPH), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Fondation de France, Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, 030231 tropical medicine, Maternity hospitals, HIV Infections, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, Antimalarials, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, Pregnancy, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Internal medicine, Hiv infected, Sulfadoxine, Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination, parasitic diseases, medicine, Clinical endpoint, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Adverse effect, business.industry, Pregnant women, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, 3. Good health, Malaria, Placental infection, Central African Republic, Drug Combinations, Infectious Diseases, Pyrimethamine, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, [SDV.SP.PHARMA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences/Pharmacology, Parasitology, Female, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, medicine.drug, Prophylaxis HIV
Abstract: International audience; OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the MACOMBA (Maternity and Control of Malaria-HIV co-infection in Bangui) trial was to show that cotrimoxazole (CTX) is more effective than Sulphadoxine-Pyremethamine-IPTp (IPTp-SP) to prevent placental malaria infection (primary endpoint) among HIV-positive pregnant women with a CD4+ count ≥350 cells/mm(3) in Bangui, CAR.METHODS: MACOMBA is a multicenter, open-label randomized trial conducted in four maternity hospitals in Bangui. Between 2013 and 2017, 193 women were randomized and 112 (59 and 53 in CTX and IPTp-SP arms, respectively) were assessed for placental infection defined by microscopic parasitemia or PCR.RESULTS: Thirteen women had a placental infection: 5 in the CTX arm (1 by microscopic placental parasitemia and 4 by PCR) and 8 by PCR in the SP-IPTp (8.5% vs 15.1%, p = 0.28). The percentage of newborns with low birthweight (< 2500 g) did not differ statistically between the two arms. Self-reported compliance to CTX prophylaxis was good. There was a low overall rate of adverse events in both arms.CONCLUSION: Although our results do not allow us to conclude that CTX is more effective, drug safety and good compliance among women with this treatment favour its widespread use among HIV-infected pregnant women, as currently recommended by WHO.
Published: 2021

22. Evolution of antibody responses up to 13 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk of reinfection

Author: Anne Schneider, Aurélie Velay, David Rey, Arnaud Fontanet, Timothée Bruel, Baptiste Panaget, Nicolas Meyer, Yves Hansmann, Laurence Kling-Pillitteri, Olivier Schwartz, Floriane Gallais, Samira Fafi-Kremer, Elodie Laugel, Pierre Gantner, María González, Nathalie Reix, Catherine Schmidt-Mutter, Jean-Marc Lessinger, Jérôme De Seze, Ludovic Glady, Marialuisa Partisani, Nicolas Collongues, Morgane Solis, Marie-Josée Wendling, Sophie Bayer, Delphine Planas, Bertram, Marie-Liesse, APPEL À PROJETS GÉNÉRIQUE 2018 - Les anticorps monoclonaux humains : une Nouvelle approche thérapeutique contre l'infection par le virus BK et les maladies associées - - HuMABK2018 - ANR-18-CE17-0028 - AAPG2018 - VALID, Nouveaux loci d'histocompatibilité/biomarqueurs en transplantation humaine: de la découverte à l'app - - TRANSPLANTEX2011 - ANR-11-LABX-0070 - LABX - VALID, Laboratoire de Virologie [Strasbourg], Immuno-Rhumatologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Les Hôptaux universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), CHU Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire [CHRU Strasbourg], CHRU Strasbourg, CIC Strasbourg (Centre d’Investigation Clinique Plurithématique (CIC - P) ), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Nouvel Hôpital Civil de Strasbourg-Hôpital de Hautepierre [Strasbourg], Le Trait d'Union, centre de soins de l'infection par le VIH [CHU Strasbourg], Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales [CHU Strasbourg], Service de Santé Publique [Strasbourg] (HUS), Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), This work was supported by Strasbourg University Hospital (SeroCoV-HUS, PRI 7782), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-18-CE17-0028), Laboratoire d'Excellence TRANSPLANTEX (ANR-11-LABX-0070_TRANSPLANTEX), Strasbourg University and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (UMR_S 1109)., ANR-18-CE17-0028,HuMABK,Les anticorps monoclonaux humains : une Nouvelle approche thérapeutique contre l'infection par le virus BK et les maladies associées(2018), ANR-11-LABX-0070,TRANSPLANTEX,Nouveaux loci d'histocompatibilité/biomarqueurs en transplantation humaine: de la découverte à l'app(2011), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity (CNRS-UMR3569), Vaccine Research Institute [Créteil, France] (VRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)
Subjects: Male, Medicine (General), Time Factors, Antibodies, Viral, Neutralization, Immunoglobulin G, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine, Longitudinal Studies, Prospective Studies, Prospective cohort study, 0303 health sciences, biology, Incidence (epidemiology), Antibody titer, General Medicine, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, Vaccination, Titer, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus, Female, Antibody, Research Paper, Adult, COVID-19 Vaccines, Neutralizing antibodies, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, R5-920, Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins, Humans, 030304 developmental biology, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Immunity, COVID-19, Phosphoproteins, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Immunity, Humoral, Kinetics, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Reinfection, Immunology, biology.protein, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business
Abstract: Background Assessment of the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is essential in predicting risk of reinfection and durability of vaccine protection. Methods This is a prospective, monocentric, longitudinal, cohort clinical study. Healthcare workers (HCW) from Strasbourg University Hospital were enrolled between April 6th and May 7th, 2020 and followed up to 422 days. Serial serum samples were tested for antibodies against the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of the spike protein and nucleocapsid protein (N) to characterize the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and the incidence of reinfection. Live-neutralization assays were performed for a subset of samples before and after vaccination to analyze sensitivity to SARS-CoV-2 variants. Findings A total of 4290 samples from 393 convalescent COVID-19 and 916 COVID-19 negative individuals were analyzed. In convalescent individuals, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies followed a triphasic kinetic model with half-lives at month (M) 11–13 of 283 days (95% CI 231–349) for anti-N and 725 days (95% CI 623–921) for anti-RBD IgG, which stabilized at a median of 1.54 log BAU/mL (95% CI 1.42–1.67). The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections was 12.22 and 0.40 per 100 person-years in COVID-19-negative and COVID-19-positive HCW, respectively, indicating a relative reduction in the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection of 96.7%. Live-virus neutralization assay revealed that after one year, variants D614G and B.1.1.7, but less so B.1.351, were sensitive to anti-RBD antibodies at 1.4 log BAU/mL, while IgG ≥ 2.0 log BAU/mL strongly neutralized all three variants. These latter anti-RBD IgG titers were reached by all vaccinated HCW regardless of pre-vaccination IgG levels and type of vaccine. Interpretation Our study demonstrates a long-term persistence of anti-RBD antibodies that may reduce risk of reinfection. By significantly increasing cross-neutralizing antibody titers, a single-dose vaccination strengthens protection against variants., Graphical abstract Image, graphical abstract
Published: 2021

23. Electromagnetism from 5D gravity: Beyond the Maxwell equations

Author: Romulus Breban, Breban, Romulus, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)
Subjects: Electromagnetic field, Gravity (chemistry), dimension: 5, General Physics and Astronomy, electromagnetism, current: density, 01 natural sciences, Electromagnetic radiation, Gravitation, symbols.namesake, Electromagnetism, electromagnetic field, 0103 physical sciences, propagation, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 010306 general physics, Maxwell equation, 5D gravity, Physics, Electromagnetic Phenomena, [PHYS.GRQC] Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Hall effect, field equations, Magnetostatics, wave: electromagnetic, [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, Classical mechanics, Maxwell's equations, space-time, gravitation, vector: Killing, symbols, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], higher-dimensional, persistent current, [PHYS.COND] Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]
Abstract: Ever with the work of Kaluza, it has been known that 4D Einstein-and Maxwell-type equations can emerge from the field equations of 5D gravity in Ricci-flat space-times having a space-like Killing vector. We revisit these equations and compare them with the Maxwell equations and the Ohm's law. Although 5D gravity and traditional electromagnetic theory are mathematically related, a paradigm shift in traditional electromagnetic concepts is required for unification. First, both the Maxwell equations and the Ohm's law are found among the field equations for 5D gravity, which gives Ohm's law the status of a field equation. Second, the concept of 4-current density, bringing together electrical charge and current density, is not fundamental for the electromagnetic theory resulting from 5D gravity. Third, the 5D gravity field equations suggest a generalization for the model of the perfect conductor, to describe a broader range of electromagnetic phenomena and bypass the concept of 4-current density. To see these ideas at work in a simple context, we propose an amendment to the Maxwell equations, based on the field equations of 5D gravity, and discuss a few applications. Namely, we discuss the propagation of electromagnetic waves through an imperfect conductor and topics in electrostatics and magnetostatics, touching ground with the Hall effect and the phenomenon of persistent current.
Published: 2020

24. Feasibility of dried blood spots for HIV viral load monitoring in decentralized area in North Vietnam in a test-and-treat era, the MOVIDA project

Author: Tuan Anh Nguyen, Tram Hong Tran, Binh Thanh Nguyen, Tram Thi Phuong Pham, Nhung Thi Hong Le, Dung Viet Ta, Huong Thi Thu Phan, Long Hoang Nguyen, Mohand Ait-Ahmed, Hien Thi Ho, Fabien Taieb, Yoann Madec, MOVIDA 2 study group, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology [Hanoi, Vietnam] (NIHE), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Hanoi University of Public Health (HUPH), Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses (TransVIHMI), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Universtié Yaoundé 1 [Cameroun]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Ministry of Health [Hanoi], Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), The study was funded by the Global Fund to figth AIDS malaria and tuberculosis and by the Ministry of Health of Vietnam. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript., Institut Pasteur [Paris], and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)
Subjects: RNA viruses, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Research Facilities, Time Factors, Physiology, Epidemiology, HIV Infections, Drug resistance, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geographical Locations, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Immunodeficiency Viruses, Interquartile range, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Medicine and Health Sciences, Medicine, Public and Occupational Health, Prospective Studies, Treatment Failure, 030212 general & internal medicine, Dried blood, Prospective cohort study, Multidisciplinary, Viral Load, Middle Aged, Vaccination and Immunization, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Body Fluids, 3. Good health, Clinical Laboratories, Blood, Vietnam, Anti-Retroviral Agents, Medical Microbiology, HIV epidemiology, Viral Pathogens, Viruses, Female, Pathogens, Anatomy, Research Laboratories, Viral load, HIV drug resistance, Research Article, Cohort study, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Asia, Science, Immunology, Antiretroviral Therapy, Research and Analysis Methods, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Antiviral Therapy, Diagnostic Medicine, Virology, Retroviruses, Drug Resistance, Viral, Humans, Microbial Pathogens, business.industry, Lentivirus, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, HIV, 030112 virology, People and Places, Emergency medicine, HIV-1, Feasibility Studies, Observational study, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Preventive Medicine, Dried Blood Spot Testing, business, Viral Transmission and Infection, Government Laboratories
Abstract: International audience; Background: Access to HIV viral load is crucial to efficiently monitor patients on antiretroviral treatment (ART) and prevent HIV drug resistance acquisition. However, in some remote settings, access to viral load monitoring is still complex due to logistical and financial constraints. Use of dried blood spots (DBS) for blood collection could overcome these difficulties. This study aims to describe feasibility and operability of DBS use for routine viral load monitoring.Methods: From June 2017 to April 2018, HIV-infected adults who initiated ART were enrolled in a prospective cohort in 43 clinical sites across 6 provinces in North Vietnam. Following national guidelines, the first viral load monitoring was planned 6 months after ART initiation. DBS were collected at the clinical site and sent by post to a central laboratory in Hanoi for viral load measurement.Results: Of the 578 patients enrolled, 537 were still followed 6 months after ART initiation, of which DBS was collected for 397 (73.9%). The median (inter quartile range) delay between DBS collection at site level and reception at the central laboratory was 8 (6–19) days and for 70.0% viral load was measured ≤30 days after blood collection. The proportion of patients with viral load ≥1000 copies/mL at the 6 month evaluation was 15.9% (n = 59). Of these, a DBS was collected again to confirm virological failure in 15 (24.4%) of which virological failure was confirmed in 11 (73.3%).Conclusion: Delay of DBS transfer to the central laboratory was acceptable and most viral loads were measured in ≤30 days, in-line with routine follow-up. However, the level of DBS coverage and the proportion of patients in failure for whom a confirmatory viral load was available were suboptimal, indicating that integration of viral load monitoring in the field requires, among other things, careful training and strong involvement of the local teams. The proportion of patients experiencing virological failure was in line with other reports; interestingly those who reported being non-adherent and those with a low BMI were more at risk of failure
Published: 2020

25. Efficacy of Bendiocarb Used for Indoor Residual Spraying for Malaria Control in Madagascar: Results With Local Anopheles Species (Diptera: Culicidae) From Experimental Hut Trials

Author: Sébastien Boyer, Jade Assoukpa, Yoann Madec, Thiery Nirina Jean Jose Nepomichene, Sanjiarizaha Randriamaherijaona, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Université d'Antananarivo, Unité d'Epidémiologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), This study was supported by the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar - Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Ecole doctorale Science de la vie et de l'Environnement, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM) - Institut Pasteur [Paris] - Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] : EA4628 - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] : EA4628, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)
Subjects: Insecticides, Veterinary medicine, Mosquito Control, Indoor residual spraying, MESH: Pesticide Residues, MESH: Madagascar, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, experimental hut, MESH: Animals, 030212 general & internal medicine, MESH: Mosquito Control, biology, Ecology, Anopheles, MESH: Housing, 3. Good health, Mosquito control, Infectious Diseases, bendiocarb, MESH: Feeding Behavior, Malaria control, 030231 tropical medicine, Phenylcarbamates, Bendiocarb, MESH: Anopheles, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Phenylcarbamates, parasitic diseases, Madagascar, medicine, Animals, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Central Highlands, [SDV.MP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, General Veterinary, residual activity, Significant difference, Pesticide Residues, Feeding Behavior, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, [SDV.BIO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, MESH: Insecticides, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, chemistry, Insect Science, Housing, Parasitology, Malaria
Abstract: International audience; To control malaria in Madagascar, two primary vector control interventions are being scaled up: insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying of bendiocarb, which was implemented in the Malagasy Central Highlands in 2009. The current efficacy of bendiocarb against Anopheles species was evaluated in a small-scale field trial. An experimental hut trial comparing the effectiveness of bendiocarb sprayed on five substrates (cement, wood, tin, mud, and vegetative materials) was carried out against Anopheles species in two study sites located in the eastern foothills of Madagascar. No significant difference was detected in either exophily or blood-feeding rates between treated and untreated huts. The mortality rate was significantly greater in treated huts compared to untreated huts. Efficacy up to 80% was found for 5 mo posttreatment. Although effective, bendiocarb has been used for 7 yr, and therefore an alternative insecticide may be needed to avoid the emergence of resistance.
Published: 2017

26. Evolution and biological significance of flaviviral elements in the genome of the arboviral vector Aedes albopictus

Author: Mariangela Bonizzoni, Catherine Dauga, Michele Marconcini, Pei-Shi Yen, Xavier de Lamballerie, Gaelle Gabiane, Yoann Madec, Vincent Houé, Laurence Mousson, Anna-Bella Failloux, Marie Suez, Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs - Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre de Bioinformatique, Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative (C3BI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Università degli Studi di Pavia, Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), This study was supported by the Institut Pasteur, the French Government’s Investissement d’Avenir program, Laboratoire d’Excellence 'Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases' (grant number ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID to A-BF), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, ZIKAlliance program under ZIKAlliance grant agreement no. 734548 to A-BF, and the European Research Council, NIRV_HOST_INT Council (grant agreement number 682394 – NIRV_HOST_INT to VH and MB)., We are grateful to Basile Kamgang for providing mosquito samples, and Dominique Higuet, Anna Malacrida, Giuliano Gasperi for discussions. We also thank Charlotte Balière, Valérie Caro and Aurélia Kwasiborski for help in genotyping mosquitoes., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), European Project: 682394,H2020,ERC-2015-CoG,NIRV_HOST_INT(2016), European Project: 734548,ZIKAlliance(2016), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Università degli Studi di Pavia = University of Pavia (UNIPV), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Università di Pavia, Emergence des Pathologies Virales (EPV), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID,IBEID,Laboratoire d'Excellence 'Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases'(2010), DEMESLAY GOUGAM, MARIE, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, Population genomics of co-evolution between non-retroviral RNA viruses and their hosts - NIRV_HOST_INT - - H20202016-05-01 - 2021-04-30 - 682394 - VALID, and A global alliance for Zika virus control and prevention - ZIKAlliance - 2016-10-01 - 2019-09-30 - 734548 - VALID
Subjects: Aedes albopictus, Epidemiology, viruses, education, 030231 tropical medicine, Immunology, Dengue virus, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Genome, NIRVS, arboviral diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.BBM.GTP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Genomics [q-bio.GN], Virology, Drug Discovery, medicine, genetic structure, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Aedes, 0303 health sciences, vector competence, [SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], biology, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], fungi, virus diseases, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Infectious Diseases, Biological significance, Evolutionary biology, Vector (epidemiology), [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Parasitology
Abstract: Since its genome details are publically available, the mosquito Aedes albopictus has become the central stage of attention for deciphering multiple biological and evolutionary aspects at the root of its success as an invasive species. Its genome of 1,967 Mb harbours an unusual high number of non-retroviral integrated RNA virus sequences (NIRVS). NIRVS are enriched in piRNA clusters and produce piRNAs, suggesting an antiviral effect. Here, we investigated the evolutionary history of NIRVS in geographically distant Ae. albopictus populations by comparing genetic variation as derived by neutral microsatellite loci and seven selected NIRVS. We found that the evolution of NIRVS was far to be neutral with variations both in their distribution and sequence polymorphism among Ae. albopictus populations. The Flaviviral elements AlbFlavi2 and AlbFlavi36 were more deeply investigated in their association with dissemination rates of dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in Ae. albopictus at both population and individual levels. Our results show a complex association between NIRVS and DENV/CHIKV opening a new avenue for investigating the functional role of NIRVS as antiviral elements shaping vector competence of mosquitoes to arboviruses.
Published: 2019

27. A hospital-wide intervention replacing ceftriaxone with cefotaxime to reduce rate of healthcare-associated infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the intensive care unit

Author: Laura Temime, Jean-Ralph Zahar, Laurence Parmeland, Christian Pommier, Boun Kim Tan, Caroline Pariset, Pauline Misslin, Karim Ait Bouziad, Emmanuel Vivier, Philippe Poirié, Catherine Haond, Mounia N. Hocine, Centre hospitalier Saint Joseph - Saint Luc [Lyon], Laboratoire Modélisation, épidémiologie et surveillance des risques sanitaires (MESuRS), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Hôpital Avicenne [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Hôpital Edouard Herriot [CHU - HCL], Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Hocine, Mounia N., Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Hôpital avicenne, Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Hôpital Avicenne, and Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Healthcare associated infections, medicine.medical_specialty, Cefotaxime, 030106 microbiology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, beta-Lactamases, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Enterobacteriaceae, law, Anesthesiology, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Cross Infection, [STAT.ME] Statistics [stat]/Methodology [stat.ME], biology, business.industry, Ceftriaxone, Enterobacteriaceae Infections, biology.organism_classification, Intensive care unit, Anti-Bacterial Agents, 3. Good health, [STAT] Statistics [stat], [STAT]Statistics [stat], Intensive Care Units, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Emergency medicine, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, [STAT.ME]Statistics [stat]/Methodology [stat.ME], medicine.drug
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2018

28. Prosthetic Valve Candida spp. Endocarditis: New Insights Into Long-term Prognosis—The ESCAPE Study

Author: Rivoisy, Claire, Vena, Antonio, Schaeffer, Laura, Charlier, Caroline, Fontanet, Arnaud, Delahaye, François, Bouza, Emilio, Lortholary, Olivier, Lefort, Agnès, Yazdanpanah, Yazdan, Wolff, Michel, Houze, Sandrine, Ferry, Tristan, Wallon, Martine, Strady, Christophe, Toubas, Dominique, Bréchot, Nicolas, Henry, Benoit, Fekkar, Arnaud, Fourme, Thierry, Amouroux, Isabelle, Mainardi, Jean-Luc, Dannaoui, Eric, Rogeaux, Olivier, Levast, Marion, Chirouze, Catherine, Million, Laurence, Bastides, Frédéric, Chandenier, Jacques, Lançon, Jean-Pierre, Ovize, Anne, Abgueguen, Pierre, Bouchara, Jean-Philippe, Tric, Laurent, Habib, Gilbert, Gourriet, Frederic, Aaron, Laurent, Bougnoux, Marie Elisabeth, Camou, Fabrice, Accoceberry, Isabelle, Sánchez, Fernando Fernández, Noureddine, Mariam, Rosas, Gabriel, de la Torre Lima, Javier, Aramendi, José, Bereciartua, Elena, Victoria Boado, María, Campaña Lázaro, Marta, Goikoetxea, Josune, José Goiti, Juan, Hernández, José Luis, Iruretagoyena, José Ramón, Zuazabal, Josu Irurzun, López-Soria, Leire, Montejo, Miguel, Pérez, Pedro María, Rodríguez, Regino, Voces, Roberto, López, Mª Victoria García, Georgieva, Radka Ivanova, Solero, Manuel Márquez, Bailón, Isabel Rodríguez, Morales, Josefa Ruiz, Cuende, Ana María, Echeverría, Tomás, Fuerte, Ana, Gaminde, Eduardo, Goenaga, Miguel Ángel, Idígoras, Pedro, Iribarren, José Antonio, Yarza, Alberto Izaguirre, Urkola, Xabier Kortajarena, Reviejo, Carlos, Carrasco, Rafael, Climent, Vicente, Llamas, Patricio, Merino, Esperanza, Plazas, Joaquín, Reus, Sergio, Álvarez, Nemesio, Bravo-Ferrer, Jose María, Castelo, Laura, Cuenca, José, Llinares, Pedro, Rey, Enrique Miguez, Mayo, María Rodríguez, Sánchez, Efrén, Regueiro, Dolores Sousa, Martinez, Francisco Javier, del Mar Alonso, Mª, Castro, Beatriz, Marrero, Dácil García, Durán, Mª del Carmen, Gómez, Mª Antonia Miguel, Calzada, Juan La, Nassar, Ibrahim, Ciezar, Antonio Plata, Iglesias, José Mª Reguera, Asensio, Víctor, Costas, Carlos, de la Hera, Jesús, Suárez, Jonnathan Fernández, Fraile, Lisardo Iglesias, Arguero, Víctor León, Menéndez, José López, MenciaBajo, Pilar, Morales, Carlos, Torrico, Alfonso Moreno, Palomo, Carmen, Martínez, Begoña Paya, Esteban, Ángeles Rodríguez, García, Raquel Rodríguez, Asensio, Mauricio Telenti, Almela, Manuel, Armero, Yolanda, Azqueta, Manuel, Brunet, Merce, Cartañá, Ramón, Cervera, Carlos, Falces, Carlos, Fita, Guillermina, Fuster, David, de la Maria, Cristina García, Gatell, José, Pérez, Jaume Llopis, Marco, Francesc, Mestres, Carlos, Miró, José Mª, Moreno, Asunción, Ninot, Salvador, Quintana, Eduardo, Paré, Carlos, Pericás, Juan Manuel, Pomar, José, Ramírez, José, Rovira, Irene, Sitges, Marta, Soy, Dolors, Téllez, Adrián, Vila, Jordi, Bermejo, Javier, Cuerpo, Gregorio, de Egea, Viviana, Eworo, Alia, Cruz, Ana Fernández, Leoni, Mª Eugenia García, del Vecchio, Marcela González, Ramallo, Víctor González, Hernández, Martha Kestler, Marín, Mercedes, Martínez-Sellés, Manuel, Menárguez, Mª Cruz, Muñoz, Patricia, Rincón, Cristina, Rodríguez-Abella, Hugo, Rodríguez-Créixems, Marta, Pinilla, Blanca, Pinto, Ángel, Valerio, Maricela, Moreno, Eduardo Verde, Antorrena, Isabel, Loeches, Belén, Moreno, Mar, Ramírez, Ulises, Bastón, Verónica Rial, Romero, María, Saldaña, Araceli, Castillo, Carlos Armiñanzas, Arnaiz, Ana, Berrazueta, José, Bellisco, Sara, Belaustegui, Manuel Cobo, Durán, Raquel, Fariñas, MªCarmen, Fariñas-Álvarez, Concepción, Mazarrasa, Carlos Fernández, Izquierdo, Rubén Gómez, Rico, Claudia González, Díez, José Gutiérrez, Durán, Rafael Martín, Pajarón, Marcos, Parra, José Antonio, Teira, Ramón, Zarauza, Jesús, Pavía, Pablo García, González, Jesús, Orden, Beatriz, RAMOS, Antonio, González, Elena Rodríguez, Centella, Tomasa, Hermida, José Manuel, Luis Moya, José, Martín-Dávila, Pilar, Navas, Enrique, Oliva, Enrique, del Río, Alejandro, Ruiz, Soledad, Tenorio, Carmen Hidalgo, de Castro, Antonio, de Cueto, Marina, Gallego, Pastora, Acebal, Juan Gálvez, Baño, Jesús Rodríguez, de Alarcón, Arístides, García, Emilio, Haro, Juan Luis, Lepe, José Antonio, López, Francisco, Luque, Rafael, Alonso, Luis Javier, Gutiérrez, José Manuel Azcona, Blanco, José Ramón, García, Lara, Oteo, José Antonio, de Benito, Natividad, Gurguí, Mercé, Pacho, Cristina, Pericas, Roser, Pons, Guillem, Alvarez, M., Fernández, A, Prieto, A., Regueiro, Benito, Tijeira, E, Vega, Marino, Blasco, Andrés Canut, Mollar, José Cordo, Arana, Juan Carlos Gainzarain, Uriarte, Oscar García, López, Alejandro Martín, de Zárate, Zuriñe Ortiz, Matos, José Antonio Urturi, Nacle, Mª Belén, Sánchez-Porto, Antonio, Vallejo, Luis, ArribasLeal, José Mª, Vázquez, Elisa García, Torres, Alicia Hernández, Blázquez, Ana, de la Morena Valenzuela, Gonzalo, Alonso, Ángel, Aramburu, Javier, Calvo, Felicitas Elena, Rodríguez, Anai Moreno, Tarabini-Castellani, Paola, Gálvez, Eva Heredero, Bellido, Carolina Maicas, Pau, José Largo, Sepúlveda, Mª Antonia, Sierra, Pilar Toledano, Iqbal-Mirza, Sadaf Zafar, Alcolea, Eva Cascales, Serrano, Pilar Egea, Hernández Roca, José Joaquín, Service des Maladies infectieuses et tropicales [CHU Necker], Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP]-Institut des Maladies Génétiques Imagine [Paris], Hospital General Universitario 'Gregorio Marañón' [Madrid], Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques (IMAGINE - U1163), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon, Centre d'infectiologie Necker-Pasteur [CHU Necker], CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Hôpital Beaujon, Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC), Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales (MERIT - UMR_D 216), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Service de Parasitologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse [CHU - HCL], Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Matrice extracellulaire et dynamique cellulaire - UMR 7369 (MEDyC), SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, du Métabolisme et de la Nutrition = Institute of cardiometabolism and nutrition (ICAN), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [APHP], Institut Élie Cartan de Lorraine (IECL), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [APHP], Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP), Mycologie moléculaire, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHR Chambéry, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional de Chambéry, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - UFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Service de Médecine Interne et Maladies Infectieuses [Tours], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU TOURS), CHU Tours, Service de Parasitologie - Mycologie - Médecine Tropicale, Eurofins Biomnis [Lyon, France], Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales [CHU Angers], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers (CHU Angers), PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Groupe d’Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, Université d'Angers (UA), Service de cardiologie, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)- Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE), Biologie et Pathogénicité fongiques, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Hôpital St-André, Réanimation, CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux], Microbiologie cellulaire et moléculaire et pathogénicité (MCMP), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitad Politecnica de Alicante (UPA), Departamento de Lenguajes y Sistemas Informaticos, Instituto Tecnologico de Aragon (ITA), Instituto Tecnológico de Aragón, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology [Montréal], McGill University, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), AIDS Research Group [Barcelona, Spain], August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBAPS [Barcelona, Spain]-Hospital Clinic [Barcelona, Spain], Instituto Tecnológico de Tláhuac, Cardiology Department, Thorax Clinic Institute, Hospital Cliınic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques [Barcelona], Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Universidade de Aveiro, Departamento de Quimica Organica [Universidad de Cordoba], Universidad de Córdoba [Cordoba], Department of Microbiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, University Rovirai Virgili de Tarragona (URV), Chercheur indépendant, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Hôpital Beaujon [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Mère et enfant en milieu tropical : pathogènes, système de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT - UMR_D 216), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, du Métabolisme et de la Nutrition = Research Unit on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (ICAN), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Eurofins Biomnis, Groupe d'Étude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP), Biologie et Pathogénicité fongiques (BPF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Instituto Tecnológico de Aragón (ITAINNOVA), McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Universidad de Córdoba = University of Córdoba [Córdoba], This work was supported by the Programa Multidisciplinar para la Gestión de Antifúngicos y la Reducción de Candidiasis Invasora (PROMULGA) II Project, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, partially financed by the European Regional Development Fund (grant PI13/01148). A. V. is supported by a Rio Hortega contract from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, also partially financed by the European Regional Development Fund (grant CM15/00181)., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Beaujon-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU Tours), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Hospital Clinic [Barcelona, Spain]-August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBAPS [Barcelona, Spain], and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, Antifungal Agents, Prosthesis-Related Infections, Echinocandin, 030106 microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Candida, endocarditis, prosthetic valve, [SDV.MHEP.CSC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Cardiology and cardiovascular system, Amphotericin B, Internal medicine, Humans, Medicine, Endocarditis, Prospective Studies, Registries, Adverse effect, Prospective cohort study, Fluconazole, Survival rate, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDV.MP.MYC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Mycology, Aged, Retrospective Studies, business.industry, Candidiasis, Disease Management, Retrospective cohort study, Odds ratio, Middle Aged, Prognosis, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Spain, Heart Valve Prosthesis, Female, France, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: International audience; Background: Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Candida spp. (PVE-C) is rare and devastating, with international guidelines based on expert recommendations supporting the combination of surgery and subsequent azole treatment.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed PVE-C cases collected in Spain and France between 2001 and 2015, with a focus on management and outcome.Results: Forty-six cases were followed up for a median of 9 months. Twenty-two patients (48%) had a history of endocarditis, 30 cases (65%) were nosocomial or healthcare related, and 9 (20%) patients were intravenous drug users. "Induction" therapy consisted mainly of liposomal amphotericin B (L-amB)-based (n = 21) or echinocandin-based therapy (n = 13). Overall, 19 patients (41%) were operated on. Patients
Published: 2018

29. Impact of a multicomponent hand hygiene-related intervention on the infectious risk in nursing homes: A cluster randomized trial

Author: Nadia Cohen, Karim Ait-Bouziad, William Dab, Mounia N. Hocine, Philippe Denormandie, Laura Temime, Laboratoire Modélisation, épidémiologie et surveillance des risques sanitaires (MESuRS), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Korian [Paris], Institut du Bien Vieillir [Paris], We thank Caroline Blochet for her help in collecting the data on antibiotic prescriptions, and Marie Arduin for her work in providing support and training sessions on hand hygiene in intervention nursing homes. We also thank the staff of all participating nursing homes., Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatrics, Epidemiology, Health Personnel, media_common.quotation_subject, 030106 microbiology, Context (language use), nursing homes, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Hygiene, Intervention (counseling), medicine, Clinical endpoint, Humans, Infection control, 030212 general & internal medicine, Cluster randomised controlled trial, Medical prescription, media_common, Aged, 80 and over, Cross Infection, business.industry, Health Policy, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, infection control, mortality, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Emergency medicine, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, France, Nursing homes, business, Hand hygiene
Abstract: International audience; Background: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a multifaceted hand hygiene (HH) program on the infectious risk in nursing homes (NHs). Methods: This was a 2-arm cluster randomized trial; French NHs were allocated randomly to the intervention (13 NHs) or control (13 NHs) groups. The intervention consisted of implementing a bundle of HH-related measures over 1 year, including increased availability of alcohol-based handrub, HH promotion, staff education, and local work groups. The primary end point was the incidence rate of acute respiratory infections and gastroenteritis reported in the context of clustered cases episodes. Secondary end points were mortality, hospitalization, and antibiotic prescription rates. Results: Baseline characteristics did not differ between groups. The overall handrub consumption was higher in the intervention group over the 1-year intervention period. Because of underreporting, data on the primary end points were of insufficient quality for analysis. Hospitalizations did not differ between the 2 groups. However, the intervention group showed significantly lower mortality (2.10 vs 2.65 per 100 residents per month, respectively; P = .003) and antibiotic prescriptions (5.0 vs 5.8 defined daily doses per 100 resident days, respectively; P < .001). These results were confirmed by the longitudinal multivariate analysis adjusted for NH and resident characteristics and for seasonality (mortality rate ratio, 0.76). Conclusions: A multifaceted HH intervention may have a short-term impact on mortality in NHs. Nevertheless, other strategies may remain necessary to reduce morbidity.
Published: 2018

30. CHRONOVAC VOYAGEUR: A study of the immune response to yellow fever vaccine among infants previously immunized against measles

Author: Patrice Bourée, Dora Levy, Valérie Seffer, Paul-Henri Consigny, Jean-Pierre Donne, Philippe Simian, Albert Faye, Christophe Rapp, Pierre Mornand, Marie-Lise Gougeon, Philippe Desprès, Luu-Ly Pham, Béatrice Poirier, Laura Tondeur, Ghania Benabdelmoumen, Benjamin Wyplosz, Muriel Vray, Catherine Goujon, P. Poujol, Adeline Mallard, Valentin Bandé, Delphine Leclerc, Johann Cailhol, Pauline Le Chevallier, Anna Gergely, Patrick Imbert, Yann Kieffer, Olivier Bouchaud, Julia Goesch, Centre Médical de l'Institut Pasteur (CMIP), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Immunité Anti-virale, Biothérapie et Vaccins (IABV), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Hôpital Avicenne [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Avicenne [AP-HP], AP-HP Hôpital Bicêtre (Le Kremlin-Bicêtre), Centre de Vaccinations internationales Air-France, Epidémiologie Clinique et Evaluation Economique Appliquées aux Populations Vulnérables (ECEVE (U1123 / UMR_S_1123)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-AP-HP Hôpital universitaire Robert-Debré [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Begin, Service de Santé des Armées, Hôpital Robert Debré Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Mourier - AP-HP [Colombes], CHU Trousseau [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), This study was supported by the Société de Médecine des Voyages, Sanofi Pasteur MSD, and the Institut Pasteur., Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris 13 (UP13), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-AP-HP Hôpital universitaire Robert-Debré [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre Médical de l'Institut Pasteur, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Hôpital avicenne, Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Hôpital Avicenne, Hopital Louis Mourier - AP-HP [Colombes], and Dpt pédiatrie générale [CHU Trousseau]
Subjects: Male, Administration schedule, Antibodies, Viral, Rubella vaccine, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Measles vaccine, Attenuated vaccine, Vaccination, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Child, Preschool, Molecular Medicine, Female, medicine.drug, Paris, Yellow fever vaccine, Vaccines, Attenuated, Rubella, Measles, Chickenpox Vaccine, 03 medical and health sciences, 030225 pediatrics, Yellow Fever, Humans, Vaccines, Combined, Mumps, Immunization Schedule, Retrospective Studies, Travelling children, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Viral Vaccines, medicine.disease, Immunization, Case-Control Studies, Immunology, business, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine
Abstract: For administration of multiple live attenuated vaccines, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends either simultaneous immunization or period of at least 28 days between vaccines, due to a possible reduction in the immune response to either vaccine. The main objective of this study was to compare the immune response to measles (alone or combined with mumps and rubella) and yellow fever vaccines among infants aged 6–24 months living in a yellow fever non-endemic country who had received measles and yellow fever vaccines before travelling to a yellow fever endemic area. Subjects and methods: A retrospective, multicenter case-control study was carried out in 7 travel clinics in the Paris area from February 1st 2011 to march 31, 2015. Cases were defined as infants immunized with the yellow fever vaccine and with the measles vaccine, either alone or in combination with mumps and rubella vaccine, with a period of 1–27 days between each immunization. For each case, two controls were matched based on sex and age: a first control group (control 1) was defined as infants having received the measles vaccine and the yellow fever vaccine simultaneously; a second control group (control 2) was defined as infants who had a period of more than 27 days between receiving the measles vaccine and yellow fever vaccine. The primary endpoint of the study was the percentage of infants with protective immunity against yellow fever, measured by the titer of neutralizing antibodies in a venous blood sample. Results: One hundred and thirty-one infants were included in the study (62 cases, 50 infants in control 1 and 19 infants in control 2). Of these, 127 (96%) were shown to have a protective titer of yellow fever antibodies. All 4 infants without a protective titer of yellow fever antibodies were part of control group 1. Discussion: The measles vaccine, alone or combined with mumps and rubella vaccines, appears to have no influence on humoral immune response to the yellow fever vaccine when administered between 1 and 27 days. The absence of protective antibodies against yellow fever was observed only among infants who received both vaccines simultaneously. Conclusion: These results may support a revision of current vaccination recommendations concerning the administration of these two live attenuated vaccines either on the same day or at least 28 days apart. Our findings show no statistically significant difference if the interval between both vaccines is more than 24 h, but the immune response seems to be reduced when the two vaccines are given at the same time.
Published: 2017

31. Monitoring sick leave data for early detection of influenza outbreaks

Author: David R M Smith, Jonathan Bastard, Pearl Anne Ante-Testard, Oumou Salama Daouda, Laura Temime, Tom Duchemin, Helene Neynaud, Kévin Jean, Audrey Duval, Mounia N. Hocine, Rania Assab, Narimane Nekkab, William Dab, Radowan Lounissi, Jérôme-Philippe Garsi, Laboratoire Modélisation, épidémiologie et surveillance des risques sanitaires (MESuRS), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Malakoff Humanis, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Epidémiologie et modélisation de la résistance aux antimicrobiens - Epidemiology and modelling of bacterial escape to antimicrobials (EMAE), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Biodiversité et Epidémiologie des Bactéries pathogènes - Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Malaria : parasites et hôtes - Malaria : parasites and hosts, TD PhD is funded by Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie and Malakoff Humanis. JB PhD is funded by the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005). PAAT PhD is funded by INSERM-ANRS (France Recherche Nord & Sud Sida-HIV Hépatites), grant number ANRS-12377 B104. DS PhD is funded by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Doctoral Foreign Study Award (Funding Reference Number 164263) as well as the French government through its National Research Agency project SPHINX-17-CE36–0008-01., ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), ANR-17-CE36-0008,SPHINx,Diffusion de pathogènes au sein des réseaux de soins : une étude de modélisation(2017), TD is supported by Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie and Malakoff Humanis. JB is supported by the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005) PAA is supported by INSERM-ANRS (France Recherche Nord & Sud Sida-HIV Hepatites), grant number ANRS-12377 B104 DS is supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Doctoral Foreign Study Award (Funding Reference Number 164263) as well as the French government through its National Research Agency project SPHINX-17-CE36-0008-01., Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Hocine, Mounia N., Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs - - INCEPTION2016 - ANR-16-CONV-0005 - CONV - VALID, and Diffusion de pathogènes au sein des réseaux de soins : une étude de modélisation - - SPHINx2017 - ANR-17-CE36-0008 - AAPG2017 - VALID
Subjects: Sick-leave, MESH: Influenza, Human / epidemiology, MESH: Public Health Surveillance / methods, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Absenteeism, MESH: Sick Leave, Medicine, Public Health Surveillance, MESH: Epidemics, 030212 general & internal medicine, MESH: Incidence, Workplace, MESH: Sentinel Surveillance, MESH: Workplace, MESH: France / epidemiology, [STAT.ME] Statistics [stat]/Methodology [stat.ME], Surveillance, MESH: Middle Aged, Incidence, Middle Aged, Infectious Diseases, Sick leave, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, France, Sick Leave, 0305 other medical science, [STAT.ME]Statistics [stat]/Methodology [stat.ME], Research Article, MESH: Absenteeism, Surveillance Methods, Early detection, Influenza epidemics, Primary care, MESH: Insurance, Health, Sensitivity and Specificity, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Environmental health, Outbreak detection, Influenza, Human, Health insurance, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, Epidemics, MESH: Influenza, Human / virology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Retrospective Studies, 030505 public health, Insurance, Health, Models, Statistical, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Outbreak, MESH: Retrospective Studies, Influenza, MESH: Sensitivity and Specificity, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Sentinel Surveillance, MESH: Models, Statistical
Abstract: Background Workplace absenteeism increases significantly during influenza epidemics. Sick leave records may facilitate more timely detection of influenza outbreaks, as trends in increased sick leave may precede alerts issued by sentinel surveillance systems by days or weeks. Sick leave data have not been comprehensively evaluated in comparison to traditional surveillance methods. The aim of this paper is to study the performance and the feasibility of using a detection system based on sick leave data to detect influenza outbreaks. Methods Sick leave records were extracted from private French health insurance data, covering on average 209,932 companies per year across a wide range of sizes and sectors. We used linear regression to estimate the weekly number of new sick leave spells between 2016 and 2017 in 12 French regions, adjusting for trend, seasonality and worker leaves on historical data from 2010 to 2015. Outbreaks were detected using a 95%-prediction interval. This method was compared to results from the French Sentinelles network, a gold-standard primary care surveillance system currently in place. Results Using sick leave data, we detected 92% of reported influenza outbreaks between 2016 and 2017, on average 5.88 weeks prior to outbreak peaks. Compared to the existing Sentinelles model, our method had high sensitivity (89%) and positive predictive value (86%), and detected outbreaks on average 2.5 weeks earlier. Conclusion Sick leave surveillance could be a sensitive, specific and timely tool for detection of influenza outbreaks.
Published: 2023

32. How bonobo communities deal with tannin rich fruits: re-ingestion and other feeding processes

Author: Adeline Serckx, Gottfried Hohmann, Victor Narat, Tetsuya Sakamaki, Barbara Fruth, David Beaune, Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Primatology Research Group, Université de Liège, Conservation Biology Unit, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences ( RBINS ), Ecole Régionale post-universitaire d’Aménagement et de gestion Intégrés des Forêts et Territoires tropicaux, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University [Kyoto], Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] ( CNAM ) -Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents ( PACRI ), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] : EA4628-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] : EA4628, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie ( EAE ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Faculty of Science/School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University ( LJMU ), Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Financial support from the Max-Planck-Society, the German Ministry of Education and Research, le conseil regional de Bourgogne, the Société Française d'Écologie and Société Francophone De Primatologie)., Department of Primatology [Leipzig], Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology [Leipzig], Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Kyoto University, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie (EAE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU), Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp (RZSA), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), and Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Seed dispersal, Culture, Zoology, Canarium schweinfurthii, Coprophagy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Behavioral Neuroscience, stomatognathic system, Residence Characteristics, Feeding behavior, Botany, Animals, Tannin, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, 050102 behavioral science & comparative psychology, Feces, chemistry.chemical_classification, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, biology, Bonobo, 05 social sciences, food and beverages, General Medicine, Pan paniscus, biology.organism_classification, Parinari, chemistry, Fruit, Biological dispersal, Animal Science and Zoology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Zoochory, Tannins
Abstract: 7 pages; International audience; This report describes bonobo (Pan paniscus, Hominidae) behavioral flexibility and inter-community differences with high tannin level fruit processing. In fruiting plants, tannin should discourage certain seed dispersers (direct deterrence hypothesis) such as primates. Based on data deriving from five study sites; LuiKotale, Lomako, Wamba, Malebo and Manzano, we compare consumption and dispersal of fruit species rich in tannins: Parinari and Musanga pulp was chewed across all communities probably for saliva tannin neutralisation. However, consumption of the fruits of Canarium schweinfurthii was observed in few communities only with differences in the food process: While bonobos of Wamba, Lomako and Manzano crunched and swallowed the pulp, bonobos of LuiKotale ingested entire fruits, extracted intact fruits from feces, and re-ingested their pulp, spitting the seed after a retention time of 24h in the digestive tract (i.e. endozoochory). We discuss potential functions of this peculiar feeding technique, likely to be a cultural behavior.
Published: 2017

33. Improving communication about viral hepatitis in Africa

Author: Maud Lemoine, Tamara Giles-Vernick, Catherine Enel, Louis Bainilago, Yusuke Shimakawa, Roger Sombié, Dolorès Pourette, Ramanampamonjy Rado, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Université catholique de Madagascar (UCM), Centre population et développement (CEPED - UMR_D 196), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Département d'Anthropologie [Bangui, République centrafricaine], Université de Bangui, Service d’Hépato-gastroentérologie [Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo (CHUYO), Unité d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar], Hôpital Joseph Raseta Befelatanana, CHU d’Antananarivo-CHU d’Antananarivo, Department of Surgery and Cancer [Londres, Royaume-Uni], Imperial College London, We thank the Agence Nationale de la Recherche sur le SIDA et les Hépatites (ANRS 12232, 12258, and 12287), the European Commission (PROLIFICA study), and the Total Foundation (NéoVac Study) for their generous funding., European Project: 265994,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-AFRICA-2010,PROLIFICA(2011), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, and Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI)
Subjects: Viral Hepatitis Vaccines, medicine.medical_specialty, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Elimination, Mass Vaccination, 03 medical and health sciences, Liver disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Hepatitis B, Chronic, parasitic diseases, Witchcraft, medicine, Humans, Lack of knowledge, 030212 general & internal medicine, Intensive care medicine, Health communication, Disease burden, Africa South of the Sahara, Physician-Patient Relations, 030505 public health, business.industry, Communication, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Chronic, medicine.disease, Virology, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Knowledge, Health Communication, Who guidelines, Anthropology, Africa, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Clinical Competence, 0305 other medical science, Viral hepatitis, business
Abstract: International audience; As a result of the high disease burden and advent of effective preventive and therapeutic measures for viral hepatitis, the UN has included its control in its Sustainable Development Goals, and the WHO has developed a viral hepatitis elimination strategy. Only with a genuine understanding of viral hepatitis can people living with these infections fully commit to a treatment program. New WHO guidelines on HBV/HCV testing published in Februay 2017, however, make little mention of communicating with populations about chronic viral hepatitis. Our recent anthropological research investigating local understandings of hepatitis B in five sub-Saharan African countries (The Gambia, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Central African Republic and Madagascar) underscore the communication challenges that treatment programmes must tackle: a lack of knowledge about hepatitis B; complex local terms describing visible symptoms of liver disease; and the inappropriate use of other pathologies to explain hepatitis B.
Published: 2017

34. Impacts démographiques des crises africaines : une perspective historique

Author: Garenne, Michel, University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International (FERDI), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), and Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]
Subjects: EPIDEMIOLOGIE, VIH/Sida, FECONDITE, Recession, Urbanisation, Taille adulte, DEMOGRAPHIE, Mortalité, [SHS.DEMO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Demography, VIH/sida, Démographie, ddc:330, Age au mariage, Epidémie, Fécondité, Récession, Choc externe, Résilience, Crise économique, Niveau d'instruction, Changement climatique, CONFLIT POLITIQUE, Resilience, Anthropométrie, NORME ANTHROPOMETRIQUE, HISTOIRE, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Tendances, MORTALITE, CRISE ECONOMIQUE, Crise politique, Afrique Sub-saharienne
Abstract: FERDI document de travail; L’étude présente divers cas d’impacts démographiques et sanitaires des grandes crises économiques, politiques, épidémiologiques et climatiques qui se sont produites en Afrique sub-Saharienne depuis 1960. Les paramètres étudiés sont la mortalité de l’enfant, la fécondité des femmes, l’urbanisation, le niveau d’instruction des adultes, la nuptialité, et la taille adulte des femmes. Les données proviennent pour l’essentiel des enquêtes démographiques et sanitaires (DHS surveys). L’approche est une perspective historique, et les évolutions africaines sont replacées dans le cadre des évolutions correspondantes de l’Europe au 19ème et 20ème siècle. Les diverses crises africaines, très particulières, ont en effet induit des inversions de tendance des paramètres étudiés: hausse inattendue de la mortalité (11 pays), baisse inattendue de la fécondité (2 pays), perturbations de l’urbanisation (2 pays), baisse du niveau d’instruction (2 pays), et baisse de l’âge au mariage (2 pays). Certains pays en crise sévère ont cumulé les handicaps, en particulier Madagascar, le Rwanda, et la Zambie. Pour ce qui concerne l’anthropométrie, c’est la majorité des pays qui ont été touchés par la réduction de la taille des adultes, hormis les pays les plus riches d’Afrique australe et les pays du Sahel moins vulnérables à ce risque. Pour ce qui concerne la nuptialité, il convient d’ajouter les énormes changements qui se sont produits ces dernières décennies en Afrique australe, dus à une profonde crise sociale.
Published: 2017

35. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus seroreactivity in inhabitants from rural Cameroon frequently in contact with non-human primates

Author: Arnaud Fontanet, Antoine Gessain, Claudia Filippone, Fabienne De Oliveira, Edouard Betsem, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Laura Schaeffer, Véronique Lemée, Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes (EPVO (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_3)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU), University of Yaoundé [Cameroun], Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Groupe de Recherche sur l'Adaptation Microbienne (GRAM 2.0), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), This work was supported by the Institut Pasteur and the Investissement d’ Avenir program, as part of a Laboratoire d’ Excellence (LabEx) research program: Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases (IBEID), and the CHU de Rouen. Claudia Filippone was supported by the European programs EDENext (No. 261504) and EMPERIE (No. 223498). Edouard Betsem was supported by the 'Service de Coopération et de l'Action Culturelle (SCAC) ’of the French embassy in Yaounde, Cameroon and the ‘Institut National pour le Cancer ’ (France)., European Project: 261504,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2010-single-stage,EDENEXT(2011), European Project: 223498,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2007-B,EMPERIE(2009), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, and Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Cross-sectional study, viruses, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Cross-species transmission, Simian foamy virus, MESH: Pan troglodytes, Simian, Seroreactivity, medicine.disease_cause, MESH: Simian foamy virus, Bite, MESH: Aged, 80 and over, Risk Factors, MESH: Risk Factors, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Surveys and Questionnaires, Zoonoses, MESH: Child, MESH: Animals, Bites and Stings, Cameroon, Young adult, Child, Aged, 80 and over, MESH: Aged, education.field_of_study, Pygmies, Central Africa, MESH: Middle Aged, biology, virus diseases, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, MESH: Bites and Stings, SIV, MESH: Young Adult, Child, Preschool, MESH: Retroviridae Infections, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Female, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, MESH: Cercopithecus, Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1, MESH: Zoonoses, Adult, Adolescent, Pan troglodytes, MESH: Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1, Population, MESH: Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, Cercopithecus, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, MESH: Cross-Sectional Studies, Virology, medicine, Animals, Humans, Risk factor, MESH: Surveys and Questionnaires, education, Aged, MESH: Adolescent, Gorilla gorilla, MESH: Humans, MESH: Gorilla gorilla, MESH: Child, Preschool, HIV, MESH: Adult, Simian immunodeficiency virus, MESH: Cameroon, biology.organism_classification, Non-human primate, MESH: Male, 030104 developmental biology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Immunology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Female, Retroviridae Infections
Abstract: International audience; Central African tropical forests are home to several species of non-human primates (NHPs), infected by Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV). It is well-known that HIV-1 epidemic is due to cross-transmission and adaptation of SIV to humans. The main goal of this work was to investigate if a NHP bite is a risk factor for SIV acquisition. A cross-sectional study was performed in rural Cameroon on 246 bitten individuals (mostly by adult NHPs), matched, according to sex, age, and ethnicity (Bantus and Pygmies), with an equal number of not-bitten subjects. Following a serological assay for a wide range of SIVs, we observed a high level of indeterminate seroreactivity (25.8%) in the total population, whereas 68.9% were sero-negative and 5.3% HIV-1 positive. Bites do not appear to be a risk factor for SIV seroreactivity, in contrast to Simian Foamy Virus and Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus type 1 in the same studied population.
Published: 2017

36. Towards understanding the epidemiology of Neisseria meningitidis in the African meningitis belt: a multi-disciplinary overview

Author: Agier, Lydiane, Martiny, Nadège, Thiongane, Oumy, Mueller, Judith E, Paireau, Juliette, Watkins, Eleanor R, Irving, Tom J, Koutangni, Thibaut, Broutin, Hélène, U823, Epidemiologie Environnementale Appliquée à la Reproduction et la Santé Respiratoire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de Recherches de Climatologie [UMR Biogéosciences] (CRC), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD [Burkina Faso]), École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), Département Méthodes quantitatives en santé publique (METIS), Princeton University, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Lancaster University, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), University of Oxford, University of Bristol [Bristol], Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD), This research did not receive any speciﬁc grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-proﬁt sectors., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre de Recherches de Climatologie [UMR Biogéosciences] ( CRC ), Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de recherche pour le développement ( IRD [Burkina Faso] ), École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] ( EHESP ), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] ( CNAM ) -Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents ( PACRI ), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] : EA4628-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] : EA4628, University of Oxford [Oxford], Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Montpellier ( MIVEGEC ), Université Montpellier 1 ( UM1 ) -Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques ( UM2 ) -Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] ( CHRU Montpellier ) -Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR224-Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Université Cheikh Anta Diop ( UCAD ), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Génétique et évolution des maladies infectieuses (GEMI), Laffont, Rémi, and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), MESH : Africa, Bacterial meningitis, Meningitis, Meningococcal, Neisseria meningitidis, MESH: Africa, MESH: Neisseria meningitidis, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Disease control, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH : Seroepidemiologic Studies, Animals, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, MESH: Animals, MESH : Meningitis, Meningococcal, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Research priorities, MESH: Humans, MESH: Seroepidemiologic Studies, MESH : Neisseria meningitidis, MESH : Humans, MESH: Meningitis, Meningococcal, African belt, [SHS.ANTHRO-SE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology, [ SDV.MHEP.MI ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Infectious Diseases, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Africa, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH : Animals, [ SDU.STU.CL ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology
Abstract: International audience; Objectives: Neisseria meningitidis is the major cause of seasonal meningitis epidemics in the African meningitis belt. In the changing context of a reduction in incidence of serogroup A and an increase in incidence of serogroups W and C and of Streptococcus pneumoniae, a better understanding of the determinants driving the disease transmission dynamics remains crucial to improving bacterial meningitis control.Methods: The literature was searched to provide a multi-disciplinary overview of the determinants of meningitis transmission dynamics in the African meningitis belt.Results: Seasonal hyperendemicity is likely predominantly caused by increased invasion rates, sporadic localized epidemics by increased transmission rates, and larger pluri-annual epidemic waves by changing population immunity. Carriage likely involves competition for colonization and cross-immunity. The duration of immunity likely depends on the acquisition type. Major risk factors include dust and low humidity, and presumably human contact rates and co-infections; social studies highlighted environmental and dietary factors, with supernatural explanations.Conclusions: Efforts should focus on implementing multi-country, longitudinal seroprevalence and epidemiological studies, validating immune markers of protection, and improving surveillance, including more systematic molecular characterizations of the bacteria. Integrating climate and social factors into disease control strategies represents a high priority for optimizing the public health response and anticipating the geographic evolution of the African meningitis belt.
Published: 2017

37. Epidemiological Evidence of Nosocomial and Zoonotic Transmission of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus-1 in a Large Survey in a Rural Population of Central Africa

Author: Jill-Léa Ramassamy, Chanceline Bilounga Ndongo, Patrick Nnuka, Maëlle Antunes, Margot Le Mener, Edouard Betsem a Betsem, Richard Njouom, Olivier Cassar, Arnaud Fontanet, Antoine Gessain, Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes / Oncogenic Virus Epidemiology and Pathophysiology (EPVO (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_3)), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Ministère de la Santé Publique [Yaoundé, Cameroun], Université de Douala, Université de Yaoundé I, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), This work was supported by the European Union as part of the EboSursy project (grant number FOOD/2016/379-660 to J. L. R.), and the Institut Pasteur, France and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 3569, through the Investissement d’Avenir as part of a Laboratoire d’Excellence French research program, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases (grant number ANR10-LBX- 62 IBEID to A. G.). Funding to pay the Open Access publication charges for this article was provided by the European Union., and ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010)
Subjects: Infectious Diseases, HTLV-1, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Immunology and Allergy, Cameroon HTLV-1 central Africa cross-sectional survey epidemiology nosocomial zoonoses, epidemiology, nosocomial, Cameroon, central Africa, cross-sectional survey, zoonoses
Abstract: Background Central Africa is one of the largest areas of high endemicity for human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1). However, no preventive measures are yet implemented to reduce its transmission, which can be sexual, from mother-to-child, or through contaminated blood products. Rare zoonotic transmissions from nonhuman primates (NHPs) have also been reported in this region. Here we investigated the HTLV-1 prevalence and associated risk factors in a rural population in Cameroon. Methods From 2019 to 2021, we performed a cross-sectional survey in the eastern region of Cameroon. HTLV-1 infection was first screened by ELISA, then tested by western blot and envelope gene targeted polymerase chain reaction. Risk factors associated with HTLV-1 infection were identified by logistic regression in univariable and multivariable analyses. Results Among 3400 participants, HTLV-1 prevalence was 1.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], .7–1.5). Factors independently associated with HTLV-1 infection were Pygmy ethnicity (adjusted odd ratio [aOR], 2.9; 95% CI, 1.3–6.2), history of surgery (aOR, 6.3; 95% CI, 2.2–17.8), and NHP bite (aOR, 6.6; 95% CI, 2.2–19.8). Conclusions These results suggest both iatrogenic and zoonotic transmission of HTLV-1 in Cameroon. Further studies are needed to assess the risk of nosocomial transmission of HTLV-1, to guide public health authorities in implementing preventive measures to control HTLV-1 transmission.
Published: 2022

38. Travelers With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cured Without Systemic Therapy

Author: Max Grogl, Gloria Morizot, Eric Kendjo, E. Bourrat, Pierre Buffet, A. Pérignon, Laurence Lachaud, E. Laffitte, F. Cordoliani, Dominique Mazier, C. Ravel, Françoise Foulet, Marc Thellier, Oussama Mouri, N. Bodak, Eric Caumes, Muriel Vray, I. Alcaraz, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Service de parasitologie - mycologie [CHU Pitié-Salpétrière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [APHP], Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales [CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière], Service de parasitologie [Mondor], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)-Hôpital Henri Mondor-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ), Service de dermatologie [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)-Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal [Paris]-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ), Service de dermatologie [CHU Necker], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle ( MIVEGEC ), Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD [France-Sud] ), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] ( CNAM ) -Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents ( PACRI ), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] ( CNAM ), Immunité et Infection, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -IFR113-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Henri Mondor-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Biologie, Génétique et Pathologie des Pathogènes Eucaryotes (MIVEGEC-BioGEPPE), Pathogènes, Environnement, Santé Humaine (EPATH), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-IFR113-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Hôpital Henri Mondor-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR113-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Service de Parasitologie - Mycologie [CHU Pitié-Salpétrière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales [CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)
Subjects: Male, Administration, Topical, Disease, Systemic therapy, Wound care, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, liposomal amphotericin B, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, systemic antimony, Aged, 80 and over, Travel, education.field_of_study, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, [ SDV.MHEP.MI ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Treatment Outcome, Infectious Diseases, Child, Preschool, Female, miltefosine, medicine.drug, Adult, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, intralesional antimony, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Antiprotozoal Agents, Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous, Young Adult, cutaneous leishmaniasis, 03 medical and health sciences, Cutaneous leishmaniasis, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, education, Adverse effect, Aged, Miltefosine, business.industry, Infant, medicine.disease, Bandages, Comorbidity, Surgery, business
Abstract: (See the Editorial Commentary by Bailey on pages 381–3.) Background. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a disfiguring but not life-threatening disease. Because antileishmanial drugs are potentially toxic, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends simple wound care or local therapy as first-line treatment, followed or replaced by systemic therapy if local therapy fails or cannot be performed. Methods. To determine the feasibility and impact of the recommended approach, we analyzed the results of a centralized referral treatment program in 135 patients with parasitologically proven CL. Results. Infections involved 10 Leishmania species and were contracted in 29 different countries. Eighty-four of 135 patients (62%) were initially treated without systemic therapy. Of 109 patients with evaluable charts, 23 of 25 (92%) treated with simple wound care and 37 of 47 (79%) treated with local antileishmanial therapy were cured by days 42–60. In 37 patients with large or complex lesions, or preexisting morbidities, or who had not been cured with local therapy, the cure rate with systemic antileishmanial agents was 60%. Systemic adverse events were observed in 15 patients, all receiving systemic therapy. Conclusions. In this population of CL patients displaying variable degrees of complexity and severity, almost two-thirds of patients could be initially managed without systemic therapy. Of these, 60 were cured before day 60. The WHO-recommended stepwise approach favoring initial local therapy therefore resulted in at least 44% of all patients being cured without exposure to the risk of systemic adverse events. Efforts are needed to further simplify local therapy of CL and to improve the management of patients with complex lesions and/or preexisting comorbidities.
Published: 2013

39. Estimated protection against COVID-19 based on predicted neutralisation titres from multiple antibody measurements in a longitudinal cohort, France, April 2020 to November 2021

Author: Woudenberg, Tom, Pinaud, Laurie, Garcia, Laura, Tondeur, Laura, Pelleau, Stephane, de Thoisy, Alix, Donnadieu, Françoise, Backovic, Marija, Attia, Mikaël, Hozé, Nathanaël, Duru, Cécile, Koffi, Aymar Davy, Castelain, Sandrine, Ungeheuer, Marie-Noelle, Fernandes Pellerin, Sandrine, Planas, Delphine, Bruel, Timothée, Cauchemez, Simon, Schwartz, Olivier, Fontanet, Arnaud, White, Michael, Epidémiologie et Analyse des Maladies Infectieuses - Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Virologie Structurale - Structural Virology, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN - Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses (GMV-ARN (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_2)), Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Hôpital de Crépy-en-Valois, Agents infectieux, résistance et chimiothérapie - UR UPJV 4294 (AGIR ), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-CHU Amiens-Picardie, Investigation Clinique et d’Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (Plate-forme) - Clinical Investigation and Access to BioResources (ICAReB), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Centre de Recherche Translationnelle - Center for Translational Science (CRT), Virus et Immunité - Virus and immunity (CNRS-UMR3569), This work was supported by the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (CorPopImm to MW), and the French Government's Laboratoire d'Excellence 'Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases' (Investissement d'Avenir grant n°ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), and INCEPTION programs (Investissement d’Avenir grant ANR-16-CONV-0005), and 'URGENCE COVID-19' fundraising campaign of Institut Pasteur (TooLab project awarded to M.B.). The COVID-Oise cohort is funded by 'Alliance Tous Unis contre le virus' Institut Pasteur, AP-HP and Fondation de France., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), and ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016)
Subjects: seroprevalence, SARS-CoV-2, humoral immunity, sero-epidemiology, viral immunity, COVID-19, antibodies, protection, neutralising antibodies, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract: International audience; BackgroundThe risk of SARS-CoV-2 (re-)infection remains present given waning of vaccine-induced and infection-acquired immunity, and ongoing circulation of new variants.AimTo develop a method that predicts virus neutralisation and disease protection based on variant-specific antibody measurements to SARS-CoV-2 antigens.MethodsTo correlate antibody and neutralisation titres, we collected 304 serum samples from individuals with either vaccine-induced or infection-acquired SARS-CoV-2 immunity. Using the association between antibody and neutralisation titres, we developed a prediction model for SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralisation titres. From predicted neutralising titres, we inferred protection estimates to symptomatic and severe COVID-19 using previously described relationships between neutralisation titres and protection estimates. We estimated population immunity in a French longitudinal cohort of 905 individuals followed from April 2020 to November 2021.ResultsWe demonstrated a strong correlation between anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies measured using a low cost high-throughput assay and antibody response capacity to neutralise live virus. Participants with a single vaccination or immunity caused by infection were especially vulnerable to symptomatic or severe COVID-19. While the median reduced risk of COVID-19 from Delta variant infection in participants with three vaccinations was 96% (IQR: 94–98), median reduced risk among participants with infection-acquired immunity was only 42% (IQR: 22–66).ConclusionOur results are consistent with data from vaccine effectiveness studies, indicating the robustness of our approach. Our multiplex serological assay can be readily adapted to study new variants and provides a framework for development of an assay that would include protection estimates.
Published: 2023

40. Collateral impacts of pandemic COVID-19 drive the nosocomial spread of antibiotic resistance: A modelling study

Author: Smith, David, Shirreff, George, Temime, Laura, Opatowski, Lulla, Epidémiologie et modélisation de la résistance aux antimicrobiens - Epidemiology and modelling of bacterial escape to antimicrobials (EMAE), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Modélisation, épidémiologie et surveillance des risques sanitaires (MESuRS), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), University of Oxford, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Doctoral Foreign Study Award #164263 to D.R.M.S.)MODCOV project from the Fondation de France as part of the alliance framework 'Tous unis contre le virus' (#106059)Université Paris-Saclay (AAP Covid-19 2020), ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), and ANR-17-CE36-0008,SPHINx,Diffusion de pathogènes au sein des réseaux de soins : une étude de modélisation(2017)
Subjects: [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie
Abstract: International audience; Background: Circulation of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MRB) in healthcare facilities is a major public health problem. These settings have been greatly impacted by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, notably due to surges in COVID-19 caseloads and the implementation of infection control measures. We sought to evaluate how such collateral impacts of COVID-19 impacted the nosocomial spread of MRB in an early pandemic context.Methods and findings: We developed a mathematical model in which Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and MRB cocirculate among patients and staff in a theoretical hospital population. Responses to COVID-19 were captured mechanistically via a range of parameters that reflect impacts of SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks on factors relevant for pathogen transmission. COVID-19 responses include both "policy responses" willingly enacted to limit SARS-CoV-2 transmission (e.g., universal masking, patient lockdown, and reinforced hand hygiene) and "caseload responses" unwillingly resulting from surges in COVID-19 caseloads (e.g., abandonment of antibiotic stewardship, disorganization of infection control programmes, and extended length of stay for COVID-19 patients). We conducted 2 main sets of model simulations, in which we quantified impacts of SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks on MRB colonization incidence and antibiotic resistance rates (the share of colonization due to antibiotic-resistant versus antibiotic-sensitive strains). The first set of simulations represents diverse MRB and nosocomial environments, accounting for high levels of heterogeneity across bacterial parameters (e.g., rates of transmission, antibiotic sensitivity, and colonization prevalence among newly admitted patients) and hospital parameters (e.g., rates of interindividual contact, antibiotic exposure, and patient admission/discharge). On average, COVID-19 control policies coincided with MRB prevention, including 28.2% [95% uncertainty interval: 2.5%, 60.2%] fewer incident cases of patient MRB colonization. Conversely, surges in COVID-19 caseloads favoured MRB transmission, resulting in a 13.8% [-3.5%, 77.0%] increase in colonization incidence and a 10.4% [0.2%, 46.9%] increase in antibiotic resistance rates in the absence of concomitant COVID-19 control policies. When COVID-19 policy responses and caseload responses were combined, MRB colonization incidence decreased by 24.2% [-7.8%, 59.3%], while resistance rates increased by 2.9% [-5.4%, 23.2%]. Impacts of COVID-19 responses varied across patients and staff and their respective routes of pathogen acquisition. The second set of simulations was tailored to specific hospital wards and nosocomial bacteria (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli). Consequences of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks were found to be highly context specific, with impacts depending on the specific ward and bacteria evaluated. In particular, SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks significantly impacted patient MRB colonization only in settings with high underlying risk of bacterial transmission. Yet across settings and species, antibiotic resistance burden was reduced in facilities with timelier implementation of effective COVID-19 control policies.Conclusions: Our model suggests that surges in nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 transmission generate selection for the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Timely implementation of efficient COVID-19 control measures thus has 2-fold benefits, preventing the transmission of both SARS-CoV-2 and MRB, and highlighting antibiotic resistance control as a collateral benefit of pandemic preparedness.
Published: 2023

41. Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a multi-omics approach of temperature-induced changes in the mosquito

Author: Bellone, Rachel, Lechat, Pierre, Mousson, Laurence, Gilbart, Valentine, Piorkowski, Géraldine, Bohers, Chloé, Merits, Andres, Kornobis, Etienne, Reveillaud, Julie, Paupy, Christophe, Vazeille, Marie, Martinet, Jean-Philippe, Madec, Yoann, de Lamballerie, Xavier, Dauga, Catherine, Failloux, Anna-Bella, Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs - Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université (SU), Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - Bioinformatics and Biostatistics HUB, Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Tartu, Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), This work was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731060 (Infravec2, Research Infrastructures for the control of vector-borne diseases), the Laboratoire d’Excellence ‘Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases’ (grant n°ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under ZIKAlliance grant agreement No 734548., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), and European Project: 734548,ZIKAlliance(2016)
Subjects: chikungunya, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Temperature, General Medicine, Aedes albopictus
Abstract: Background Climate change and globalization contribute to the expansion of mosquito vectors and their associated pathogens. Long spared, temperate regions have had to deal with the emergence of arboviruses traditionally confined to tropical regions. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was reported for the first time in Europe in 2007, causing a localized outbreak in Italy, which then recurred repeatedly over the years in other European localities. This raises the question of climate effects, particularly temperature, on the dynamics of vector-borne viruses. The objective of this study is to improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms set up in the vector in response to temperature. Methods We combine three complementary approaches by examining Aedes albopictus mosquito gene expression (transcriptomics), bacterial flora (metagenomics) and CHIKV evolutionary dynamics (genomics) induced by viral infection and temperature changes. Results We show that temperature alters profoundly mosquito gene expression, bacterial microbiome and viral population diversity. We observe that (i) CHIKV infection upregulated most genes (mainly in immune and stress-related pathways) at 20°C but not at 28°C, (ii) CHIKV infection significantly increased the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae Serratia marcescens at 28°C and (iii) CHIKV evolutionary dynamics were different according to temperature. Conclusion The substantial changes detected in the vectorial system (the vector and its bacterial microbiota, and the arbovirus) lead to temperature-specific adjustments to reach the ultimate goal of arbovirus transmission; at 20°C and 28°C, the Asian tiger mosquito Ae. albopictus was able to transmit CHIKV at the same efficiency. Therefore, CHIKV is likely to continue its expansion in the northern regions and could become a public health problem in more countries than those already affected in Europe.
Published: 2023

42. Evaluation of Two Techniques for Viral Load Monitoring Using Dried Blood Spot in Routine Practice in Vietnam (French National Agency for AIDS and Hepatitis Research 12338)

Author: Hien Thi Ho, Ban Hien Pham, Edouard Tuaillon, Lan Nguyen, Eric Delaporte, Fabien Taieb, Tran Hong Tram, Nhan Thi Do, Duc Duong Bui, Yoann Madec, Linh An Tong, Anh Nguyen, Van Anh Pham, Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses (TransVIHMI), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Universtié Yaoundé 1 [Cameroun]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology [Hanoi, Vietnam] (NIHE), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Hanoi School of Public Health (HUPH), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Dong Da Hospital, Vietnam Administration of HIV/AIDS Control, Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Sainte-Anne (HIA Sainte-Anne), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses endémiques er émergentes (TransVIHMI), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Yaoundé I-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), This work was supported by the Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA and Hépatites Virales (Paris, France). Abbott and Roche companies supported this study by providing viral load test kits., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses endémiques et émergentes (TransVIHMI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Yaoundé I-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), and Herrada, Anthony
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Dried Blood Spots (DBS), 030106 microbiology, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Routine practice, medicine.disease_cause, World health, Major Articles, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Internal medicine, medicine, TaqMan, Viral load, 030212 general & internal medicine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Hepatitis, [SDV.IB] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, virological failure, business.industry, HIV, medicine.disease, sensitivity, Virology, 3. Good health, Dried blood spot, Infectious Diseases, Oncology, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, [SDV.IB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business
Abstract: Background. Although it is the best method to detect early therapeutic failure, viral load (VL) monitoring is still not widely available in many resource-limited settings because of difficulties in specimen transfer, personnel shortage, and insufficient laboratory infrastructures. Dried blood spot (DBS) use, which was introduced in the latest World Health Organization recommendations, can overcome these difficulties. This evaluation aimed at validating VL measurement in DBS, in a laboratory without previous DBS experience and in routine testing conditions. Methods. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults were observed in a HIV care site in Hanoi, and each patient provided 2 DBS cards with whole blood spots and 2 plasma samples. Viral load was measured in DBS and in plasma using the COBAS Ampliprep/TaqMan and the Abbott RealTime assays. To correctly identify those with VL ≥ 1000 copies/mL, sensitivity and specificity were estimated. Results. A total of 198 patients were enrolled. With the Roche technique, 51 plasma VL were ≥1000 copies/mL; among these, 28 presented a VL in DBS that was also ≥1000 copies/mL (sensitivity, 54.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 40.3–68.9). On the other hand, all plasma VL < 1000 copies/mL were also Conclusions. The Abbott RealTime polymerase chain reaction assay provided adequate VL results in DBS, thus allowing DBS use for VL monitoring.
Published: 2016

43. Elevated Basal Pre-infection CXCL10 in Plasma and in the Small Intestine after Infection Are Associated with More Rapid HIV/SIV Disease Onset

Author: Beatrice Jacquelin, Faroudy Boufassa, Simon P. Jochems, Bruno Vaslin, Nathalie Dereudre-Bosquet, Cécile Goujard, Matthew L. Albert, Thalia Garcia-Tellez, Asier Sáez-Cirión, Yoann Madec, Laurence Meyer, Caroline Passaes, Thijs Booiman, Armanda Casrouge, Nicolas Noel, Mickaël J.-Y. Ploquin, Olivier Lambotte, Camille Lécuroux, Pierre Roques, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Christine Rouzioux, Brigitte Boeser-Nunnink, Neeltje A. Kootstra, Gaël Petitjean, Michaela Müller-Trutwin, Asma Essat, Mathieu Angin, Mathilde Ghislain, Kathleen Gärtner, Nicolas Huot, HIV, Inflammation et persistance, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Immunologie des Maladies Virales et Autoimmunes (IMVA - U1184), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Academic Medical Center - Academisch Medisch Centrum [Amsterdam] (AMC), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Laboratoire de Virologie [CHU Necker], CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), We thank the patients and healthy donors, as well as the physicians. We thank all members of the steering committees of the French ANRS C06, C09 and C021 cohorts and those of the ACS. We thank the Centre d'Immunologie Humaine (CIH) at Institut Pasteur and the National Center for Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies (IDMIT). We are grateful to veterinarians and the staff of the IDMIT animal facilities and TIPIV, Vougny, Marie-Christine, HIV, Inflammation et persistance - HIV, Inflammation and Persistence, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Other departments, AII - Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Experimental Immunology, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] ( CNAM ) -Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents ( PACRI ), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] ( CNAM ), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations ( CESP ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Immunologie des Maladies Virales et Autoimmunes ( IMVA - U1184 ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Laboratory of Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Academisch Medisch Centrum, and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP]
Subjects: HIV Infections, Monkeys, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Polymerase Chain Reaction, MESH: Dogs, Immunodeficiency Viruses, Animal Cells, [ SDV.IMM ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, MESH: Animals, Biology (General), MESH: Haplorhini, Mammals, Flow Cytometry, Immunohistochemistry, 3. Good health, Blood, Medical Microbiology, Viral Pathogens, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Disease Progression, Small Intestine, Cellular Types, Macaque, MESH : Cobalt Isotopes, Primates, [SDV.IMM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, QH301-705.5, Immune Cells, Immunology, Viremia, MESH : Radiation Protection, [ SDV.MP.VIR ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, Humans, Molecular Biology, Microbial Pathogens, Blood Cells, MESH: Radiometry, Organisms, medicine.disease, Virology, Chemokine CXCL10, 030104 developmental biology, MESH: Radiation Injuries, Experimental, MESH : Blood Cells, HIV-1, Parasitology, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, MESH : Radiometry, Digestive System, 0301 basic medicine, RNA viruses, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Physiology, Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Gene Expression, Cell Separation, CXCR3, White Blood Cells, MESH : Dogs, MESH: Emergencies, Blood plasma, MESH : Emergencies, Intestine, Small, Medicine and Health Sciences, MESH: Radiotherapy Dosage, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, MESH: Kinetics, CD68, MESH : Radiotherapy Dosage, T Cells, Hematology, Viral Load, Body Fluids, Haematopoiesis, medicine.anatomical_structure, Vertebrates, Viruses, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, MESH : Kinetics, Anatomy, Pathogens, Research Article, MESH: Cobalt Isotopes, Biology, Blood Plasma, MESH : Maximum Allowable Concentration, Immune system, Old World monkeys, Retroviruses, medicine, CXCL10, Animals, MESH : Radiation Injuries, Experimental, Biology and life sciences, MESH: Blood Cells, Lentivirus, MESH: Radiation Protection, HIV, MESH : Haplorhini, Cell Biology, RC581-607, Small intestine, Gastrointestinal Tract, Amniotes, Macaca, MESH : Animals, MESH: Maximum Allowable Concentration
Abstract: Elevated blood CXCL10/IP-10 levels during primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) were described as an independent marker of rapid disease onset, more robust than peak viremia or CD4 cell nadir. IP-10 enhances the recruitment of CXCR3+ cells, which include major HIV-target cells, raising the question if it promotes the establishment of viral reservoirs. We analyzed data from four cohorts of HIV+ patients, allowing us to study IP-10 levels before infection (Amsterdam cohort), as well as during controlled and uncontrolled viremia (ANRS cohorts). We also addressed IP-10 expression levels with regards to lymphoid tissues (LT) and blood viral reservoirs in patients and non-human primates. Pre-existing elevated IP-10 levels but not sCD63 associated with rapid CD4 T-cell loss upon HIV-1 infection. During PHI, IP-10 levels and to a lesser level IL-18 correlated with cell-associated HIV DNA, while 26 other inflammatory soluble markers did not. IP-10 levels tended to differ between HIV controllers with detectable and undetectable viremia. IP-10 was increased in SIV-exposed aviremic macaques with detectable SIV DNA in tissues. IP-10 mRNA was produced at higher levels in the small intestine than in colon or rectum. Jejunal IP-10+ cells corresponded to numerous small and round CD68neg cells as well as to macrophages. Blood IP-10 response negatively correlated with RORC (Th17 marker) gene expression in the small intestine. CXCR3 expression was higher on memory CD4+ T cells than any other immune cells. CD4 T cells from chronically infected animals expressed extremely high levels of intra-cellular CXCR3 suggesting internalization after ligand recognition. Elevated systemic IP-10 levels before infection associated with rapid disease progression. Systemic IP-10 during PHI correlated with HIV DNA. IP-10 production was regionalized in the intestine during early SIV infection and CD68+ and CD68neg haematopoietic cells in the small intestine appeared to be the major source of IP-10., Author Summary Chronic immune activation is a hallmark of HIV infection and contributes in multiple ways to HIV persistence. Here, we gained insights on the association between a pro-inflammatory chemokine, CXCL10/IP-10 and HIV infection in four cohorts of HIV+ individuals, studied at distinct stages of infection (before, primary and chronic stage with spontaneous- and treatment-controlled infection). We further analyzed pathogenic and non-pathogenic SIV infections to address IP-10 levels and the presence of infected cells in tissues (lymph nodes, small and large intestine). We found that elevated systemic IP-10 levels before HIV-1 infection associate with a more rapid disease progression. During primary infection, IP-10 in blood strongly correlated with the amount of infected cells in blood. The animal model showed that IP-10 expression was regionalized in the intestine and highest in the small intestine. Studies of aviremic animals suggest that high IP-10 is indicative of viral replication in lymphoid tissues. Haematopoietic cells rather than epithelial/endothelial cells mainly contributed to the IP-10 production in small intestine (jejunum). The receptor of IP-10 was highly expressed on memory CD4+ T cells, i.e. major target cells for the virus. This study contributes to our understanding of the establishment of HIV reservoirs and why IP-10 associates with HIV/AIDS.
Published: 2016

44. Beyond the Cut Hunter: A Historical Epidemiology of HIV Beginnings in Central Africa

Author: Tamara Giles-Vernick, Stephanie Rupp, Philippe Ambata, Victor Narat, City University of New York [New York] (CUNY), Ministère de l'agriculture du Cameroun, Éco-Anthropologie (EA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Canadian Institute for Advanced Studies, Ministère de l'agriculture [Yaoundé, Cameroun], Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie (EAE), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Historical epidemiology, Pan troglodytes, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 030231 tropical medicine, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Developing country, HIV Infections, Biology, Lacerations, Archival research, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Pandemic, medicine, Animals, Humans, Africa, Central, Cameroon, Sociality, Nonhuman primates, Ecology, Transmission (medicine), Public health, HIV, History, 20th Century, [SHS.ANTHRO-SE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology, medicine.disease, humanities, 030104 developmental biology, SIV, Animal ecology, Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Disease emergence, Ethnology, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: International audience; In the absence of direct evidence, an imagined ''cut hunter'' stands in for the index patient of pandemic HIV/AIDS. During the early years of colonial rule, this explanation goes, a hunter was cut or injured from hunting or butchering a chimpanzee infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, resulting in the first sustained human infection with the virus that would emerge as HIV-1M. We argue here that the ''cut hunter'' relies on a historical misunderstanding and ecological oversimplification of human-chimpanzee (Pan Tro-glodytes troglodytes) interactions that facilitated pathogenic transmission. This initial host shift cannot explain the beginnings of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Instead, we must understand the processes by which the virus became transmissible, possibly between Sangha basin inhabitants and ultimately reached Kinshasa. A historical epidemiology of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, provides a much-needed corrective to the major shortcomings of the cut hunter. Based on 62 oral historical interviews conducted in southeastern Cameroon and archival research, we show that HIV emerged from ecological, economic, and socio-political transformations of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The gradual imposition of colonial rule built on and reoriented ecologies and economies, and altered older patterns of mobility and sociality. Certain changes may have contributed to the initial viral host shift, but more importantly, facilitated the adaptation of HIV-1M to human-to-human transmission. Our evidence suggests that the most critical changes occurred after 1920. This argument has important implications for public health policy, underscoring recent work emphasizing alternative pathways for zoonotic spillovers into human beings.
Published: 2016

45. The Diffusion Dynamics of Choice: From Durable Goods Markets to Fashion First Names: The Diffusion Dynamics of Choice

Author: Coulmont, Baptiste, Supervie, Virginie, Breban, Romulus, Cultures et sociétés urbaines (Cresppa-CSU), Centre de recherches sociologiques et politiques de Paris (CRESPPA), Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Cultures et sociétés urbaines (CSU), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)
Subjects: [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract: International audience; Goods, styles, ideologies are adopted by society through various mechanisms. In particular, adoption driven by innovation is extensively studied by marketing economics. Mathematical models are currently used to forecast sales of innovative goods. Inspired by the theory of diffusion processes developed for marketing economics, we propose a modelling framework for the mechanism of fashion, which we apply to first names. Analyses of French, Dutch, and US national databases validate our modelling approach for thousands of first names, covering, on average, more than 50\% of the yearly incidence in each database. In these cases, it is thus possible to study how first names become popular and when they run out of fashion. Furthermore, we uncover a clear distinction between popularity and fashion: less popular names, typically not included in studies of fashion, may be driven by fashion, as well.
Published: 2015

46. Identification of a Novel Neuropathogenic Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus

Author: Julian Buchrieser, Justine Cheval, Marc Eloit, Antoine Gessain, Simona Ozden, Meriadeg Ar-R. Gouilh, Laurence Fiette, Matthew R. Buckwalter, Paul T. Brey, Phan Thi Nga, Melissa E. Laird, Jean-Claude Manuguerra, Jean-François Bureau, Arnaud Fontanet, Matthew L. Albert, Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut National d'Hygiène et d'Épidémiologie de Hanoi (NIHE), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence - Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats (CIBU), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Histopathologie humaine et Modèles animaux, Immunopathologie Virale, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Génotypage des Pathogènes et Santé Publique (Plate-forme) (PF8), Virologie UMR1161 (VIRO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Institut Pasteur du Laos, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), This work was supported by grants from the Agence National de la Recherche (ANR) and an EURYI Award from the European Science Foundation (ESF)., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence (CIBU), École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, and Pasteur-Cnam risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI)
Subjects: MESH: Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Neuropathogenic, viruses, MESH: Amino Acid Sequence, MESH: Spinal Cord, Mice, Demyelinating disease, MESH: Capsid, MESH: Animals, MESH: Phylogeny, Murine, Phylogeny, 0303 health sciences, biology, 030302 biochemistry & molecular biology, Brain, 3. Good health, Cardiovirus, Spinal Cord, Capsid, Theilovirus, Theiler’s, MESH: Genome, Viral, Molecular Sequence Data, Immunology, Genome, Viral, Microbiology, Virus, MESH: Brain, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Mice, Inbred C57BL, Virology, medicine, Encephalitis Viruses, Animals, Amino Acid Sequence, MESH: Mice, Gene, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Molecular Sequence Data, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Mice, Inbred C57BL, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, Viral Tropism, MESH: Theilovirus, Insect Science, Tissue tropism, Pathogenesis and Immunity, MESH: Viral Tropism
Abstract: Theiler's murine encephalitis viruses (TMEV) are divided into two subgroups based on their neurovirulence. Persistent strains resemble Theiler's original viruses (referred to as the TO subgroup), which largely induce a subclinical polioencephalomyelitis during the acute phase of the disease and can persist in the spinal cord of susceptible animals, inducing a chronic demyelinating disease. In contrast, members of the neurovirulent subgroup cause an acute encephalitis characterized by the rapid onset of paralysis and death within days following intracranial inoculation. We report herein the characterization of a novel neurovirulent strain of TMEV, identified using pyrosequencing technology and referred to as NIHE. Complete coverage of the NIHE viral genome was obtained, and it shares
Published: 2011

47. Sick leave due to COVID-19 during the first pandemic wave in France, 2020

Author: David R M Smith, Sofía Jijón, Ajmal Oodally, George Shirreff, Karim Aït Bouziad, Pearl Anne Ante-Testard, Jonathan Bastard, Hanifa Bouziri, Oumou Salama Daouda, Tom Duchemin, Anne-Sophie Godon-Rensonnet, Paul Henriot, Yasmine Houri, Hélène Neynaud, Anne Perozziello, Frédérique Thonon, Pascal Crépey, William Dab, Kévin Jean, Laura Temime, Laboratoire Modélisation, épidémiologie et surveillance des risques sanitaires (MESuRS), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Epidémiologie et modélisation de la résistance aux antimicrobiens - Epidemiology and modelling of bacterial escape to antimicrobials (EMAE), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre de Recherches sur l'Action Politique en Europe (ARENES), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Rennes-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Recherche sur les services et le management en santé (RSMS), Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Imperial College London, None, and Internationale
Subjects: Theoretical, Epidemiology, Models, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Sick Leave, Disease Outbreaks
Abstract: ObjectivesTo quantify the burden of COVID-19-related sick leave during the first pandemic wave in France, accounting for sick leaves due to symptomatic COVID-19 (‘symptomatic sick leaves’) and those due to close contact with COVID-19 cases (‘contact sick leaves’).MethodsWe combined data from a national demographic database, an occupational health survey, a social behaviour survey and a dynamic SARS-CoV-2 transmission model. Sick leave incidence from 1 March 2020 to 31 May 2020 was estimated by summing daily probabilities of symptomatic and contact sick leaves, stratified by age and administrative region.ResultsThere were an estimated 1.70M COVID-19-related sick leaves among France’s 40M working-age adults during the first pandemic wave, including 0.42M due to COVID-19 symptoms and 1.28M due to COVID-19 contacts. There was great geographical variation, with peak daily sick leave incidence ranging from 230 in Corse (Corsica) to 33 000 in Île-de-France (the greater Paris region), and greatest overall burden in regions of north-eastern France. Regional sick leave burden was generally proportional to local COVID-19 prevalence, but age-adjusted employment rates and contact behaviours also contributed. For instance, 37% of symptomatic infections occurred in Île-de-France, but 45% of sick leaves. Middle-aged workers bore disproportionately high sick leave burden, owing predominantly to greater incidence of contact sick leaves.ConclusionsFrance was heavily impacted by sick leave during the first pandemic wave, with COVID-19 contacts accounting for approximately three-quarters of COVID-19-related sick leaves. In the absence of representative sick leave registry data, local demography, employment patterns, epidemiological trends and contact behaviours can be synthesised to quantify sick leave burden and, in turn, predict economic consequences of infectious disease epidemics.
Published: 2023

48. Identifying the Most Probable Mammal Reservoir Hosts for Monkeypox Virus Based on Ecological Niche Comparisons

Author: Manon Curaudeau, Camille Besombes, Emmanuel Nakouné, Arnaud Fontanet, Antoine Gessain, Alexandre Hassanin, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes / Oncogenic Virus Epidemiology and Pathophysiology (EPVO (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_3)), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), and This project was supported by the French Agence Nationale de Recherche (ANR 2019 CE-35) and SCOR Corporate Foundation for Science.
Subjects: Monkeypox, animal reservoir, ecological niche model, tropical Africa, evergreen forests, Sciuridae, Infectious Diseases, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Virology
Abstract: BackgroundPrevious human cases or epidemics have suggested that Monkeypox virus (MPXV) can be transmitted through contacts with animals of African rainforests. Although MPXV has been identified in many mammal species, most are likely secondary hosts and the reservoir host has yet to be discovered.Methodology/Principal FindingsIn this study, we provide the full list of African mammal genera (and species) in which MPXV was previously detected and predict the geographic distributions of all species of these genera based on museum specimens and an ecological niche modelling (ENM) method. Then, we reconstruct the ecological niche of MPXV using georeferenced data on animal MPXV sequences and human index cases, and conduct overlap analyses with the ecological niches inferred for 99 mammal species in order to identify the most probable animal reservoir.Conclusions/SignificanceOur results show that the MPXV niche covers three African rainforests, the Congo Basin and Upper and Lower Guinean forests. The four mammal species showing the best niche overlap with MPXV are all arboreal rodents, including three squirrels,Funisciurus anerythrus, Funisciurus pyrropus, andHeliosciurus rufobrachium, andGraphiurus lorraineus. We conclude that the most probable MPXV reservoir isF. anerythrusbased on two niche overlap metrics, the areas of higher probabilities of occurrence, and available data on MPXV detection.SummaryMonkeypox (MPX) is an emerging zoonotic disease, endemic to rainforests of West and Central Africa, which manifests as a fever, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue, followed by a rash with macular lesions progressing from papules to vesicles, pustules and scabs, usually on the face, hands, and feet for two to four weeks. The case fatality rate ranges from 1-3% in West Africa to 5-10% in Central Africa. The disease has been reported in 10 African countries between 1970 and today, with an increasing number of cases over the last decades and several exportations outside the continent, the last one in 2022 resulting in an epidemic involving mostly men who have sex with men, with more than 80,000 cases detected worldwide.Although MPX virus has been identified in many mammal species, most are likely secondary hosts and the reservoir host has yet to be discovered. In this study, we compare the predicted geographic distribution (ecological niche) of the MPX virus with that of 99 mammal species, and conclude that the most probable MPX reservoir is Thomas’s rope squirrel (Funisciurus anerythrus), followed by three other arboreal rodents, including two squirrels (Funisciurus pyrropusandHeliosciurus rufobrachium) and the Lorrain dormouse (Graphiurus lorraineus).
Published: 2023
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49. Quantitative Methods Used to Evaluate Impact of Combination HIV Prevention Intervention: A Methodological Systematic Review

Author: Andrainolo Ravalihasy, Pearl Anne Ante-Testard, Lidia Kardas-Sloma, Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Manuela De Allegri, Valéry Ridde, Centre population et développement (CEPED - UMR_D 196), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Institut Convergences Migrations [Aubervilliers] (IC Migrations), Laboratoire Modélisation, épidémiologie et surveillance des risques sanitaires (MESuRS), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of California [San Francisco] (UC San Francisco), University of California (UC), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty, and This work was done in the course of the employment of all authors.
Subjects: Infectious Diseases, Impact evaluation, Social Psychology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Combination HIV prevention intervention, Decision-making, Evidence-based
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2023

50. Rapid emergence of extensively drug-resistant Shigella sonnei in France

Author: Sophie Lefèvre, Elisabeth Njamkepo, Sarah Feldman, Corinne Ruckly, Isabelle Carle, Monique Lejay-Collin, Laëtitia Fabre, Iman Yassine, Lise Frezal, Maria Pardos de la Gandara, Arnaud Fontanet, François-Xavier Weill, Bactéries pathogènes entériques (BPE), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre National de Référence - National Reference Center Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella (CNR - laboratoire coordonnateur), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), This study was supported by the Institut Pasteur (F.-X.W. and A.F.), Santé publique France (F.-X.W.), and the French government’s Investissement d’Avenir program, Laboratoire d’Excellence ‘Integrative Biology ofEmerging Infectious Diseases’ (grant number ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID) (F.-X.W.), and ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010)
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], General Physics and Astronomy, General Chemistry, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Abstract: Shigella sonnei, the main cause of bacillary dysentery in high-income countries, has become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. We monitored the antimicrobial susceptibility of 7121 S. sonnei isolates collected in France between 2005 and 2021. We detected a dramatic increase in the proportion of isolates simultaneously resistant to ciprofloxacin (CIP), third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) and azithromycin (AZM) from 2015. Our genomic analysis of 164 such extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates identified 13 different clusters within CIP-resistant sublineage 3.6.1, which was selected in South Asia ∼15 years ago. AZM resistance was subsequently acquired, principally through IncFII (pKSR100-like) plasmids. The last step in the development of the XDR phenotype involved various extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes (blaCTX-M-3, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-55, and blaCTX-M-134) carried by different plasmids (IncFII, IncI1, IncB/O/K/Z) or even integrated into the chromosome, and encoding resistance to 3GCs. This rapid emergence of XDR S. sonnei, including an international epidemic strain, is alarming, and good laboratory-based surveillance of shigellosis will be crucial for informed decision-making and appropriate public health action.
Published: 2023

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