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Despite the rapid increase of students' enrolment in online courses, higher education institutions in Malaysia face the problem of high dropout rates of students before completing their studies and earning a degree. With a view to addressing the issue, this study focused on critical factors to evaluate the effectiveness of distance learning systems using the criteria of course satisfaction and perceived learning. Further, this study developed a research model that integrated Transactional Distance Theory, Social Presence Theory and the Online Interaction Learning Model to facilitate student satisfaction with online courses. Three hundred and three usable online questionnaires were collected from respondents at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) and Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). The data were analysed using SPSS and Amos version 22. Results supported all direct relationships between motivation, self-efficacy, self-regulated learning, instructor immediacy behaviour, perceived learning and course satisfaction. Interestingly, perceived learning fully mediated motivation, self-efficacy, and self-regulated learning. Findings from this study on the determinants of course satisfaction do provide guidelines to institutions on significant factors to prioritise when establishing an online learning system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The National Medical Licensing Examination (NMLE) is the only objective, standardized metric to evaluate whether a medical student possessing the professional knowledge and skills necessary to work as a physician. However, the overall pass rate of NMLE in our hospital in 2021 was much lower than that of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, which was required to be further improved. Methods To find the reasons for the unsatisfactory performance in 2021, the quality improvement team (QIT) organized regular face-to-face meetings for in-depth discussion and questionnaire, and analyzed the data by “Plato analysis” and “Brainstorming method”. After finding out the reasons, the “Plan-Do-Check-Action” (PDCA) cycle was continued to identify and solve problems, which included the formulation and implementation of specific training plans by creating the “Gantt charts”, the check of effects, and continuous improvements from 2021 to 2022. Detailed information about the performance of students in 2021 and 2022, and the attendance, assessment, evaluation and suggestions from our hospital were provided by the relevant departments, and the pass rate-associated data was collected online. Results After the PDCA plan, the pass rate of NMLE in our hospital increased by 10.89% from 80.15% in 2021 to 91.04% in 2022 (P = 0.0109), with the pass rate of skill examination from 95.59% in 2021 to 99.25% in 2022 (P = 0.0581) and theoretical examination from 84.5% in 2021 to 93.13% in 2022 (P = 0.027). Additionally, the mean scores of all examinees increased with the theoretical examination score increasing from 377.0 ± 98.76 in 2021 to 407.6 ± 71.94 in 2022 (P = 0.004). Conclusions Our results showed a success application of the PDCA plan in our hospital which improved the pass rate of the NMLE in 2022, and the PDCA plan may provide a practical framework for future medical education and further improve the pass rate of NMLE in the next year.

Copper is a non-ferrous metal closely related to human activities, widely used in electrical engineering, light industry, machinery manufacturing, construction, and defense sectors. This study systematically analyzes the factors. affecting cathode copper quality, including anode plate physical specifications and composition, cathode plate quality, electrolyte composition, electrolyte circulation system volume, organic additive dosage, electrolyte temperature, cell load- ing quality, and short circuit handling at the cell surface. Through years of refined management and optimized control processes, the quality of cathode copper has been continuously improved. The first-pass rate of cathode copper increased from 88.16% in 2017 to 95.51 % in 2020, and the final yield of reworked cathode copper reached 99.88%, signifi- cantly enhancing the quality of cathode copper to meet high-purity standards and substantially boosting the brand image of "Zijin Copper". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The National Medical Licensing Examination (NMLE) is the only objective, standardized metric to evaluate whether a medical student possessing the professional knowledge and skills necessary to work as a physician. However, the overall pass rate of NMLE in our hospital in 2021 was much lower than that of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, which was required to be further improved. Methods: To find the reasons for the unsatisfactory performance in 2021, the quality improvement team (QIT) organized regular face-to-face meetings for in-depth discussion and questionnaire, and analyzed the data by "Plato analysis" and "Brainstorming method". After finding out the reasons, the "Plan-Do-Check-Action" (PDCA) cycle was continued to identify and solve problems, which included the formulation and implementation of specific training plans by creating the "Gantt charts", the check of effects, and continuous improvements from 2021 to 2022. Detailed information about the performance of students in 2021 and 2022, and the attendance, assessment, evaluation and suggestions from our hospital were provided by the relevant departments, and the pass rate-associated data was collected online. Results: After the PDCA plan, the pass rate of NMLE in our hospital increased by 10.89% from 80.15% in 2021 to 91.04% in 2022 (P = 0.0109), with the pass rate of skill examination from 95.59% in 2021 to 99.25% in 2022 (P = 0.0581) and theoretical examination from 84.5% in 2021 to 93.13% in 2022 (P = 0.027). Additionally, the mean scores of all examinees increased with the theoretical examination score increasing from 377.0 ± 98.76 in 2021 to 407.6 ± 71.94 in 2022 (P = 0.004). Conclusions: Our results showed a success application of the PDCA plan in our hospital which improved the pass rate of the NMLE in 2022, and the PDCA plan may provide a practical framework for future medical education and further improve the pass rate of NMLE in the next year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past couple of decades, the US construction sector has experienced a nationwide shortage of skilled craft professionals in several trades. In response to this problem, a multiskilling strategy has emerged as a possible solution to address the rising workforce shortages in the construction industry. Multiskilling is a labor strategy that involves individuals acquiring certification in trades other than their primary trade. While other studies on multiskilling have examined the trade combinations in which multiskilled workers typically become certified, the level of certification in the different trade combinations has not been identified by these studies. Are there patterns where multiskilled workers typically work in a trade as their primary trade and then become multiskilled in typical secondary trades? To reach the intended result, this paper examined more than 640,000 exam completions from the National Center for Construction Education and Research (NCCER) and its National Craft Assessment and Certification Program (NCACP). A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to identify the certification patterns among multiskilling craft professionals. Additionally, a binary logistic regression was used to identify the potential factors influencing individuals' exam pass rate. The results of the cluster analysis indicate that current multiskilled craft professionals had limited ability in performing advanced work in both trades. Based on the binary logistic regression, the result indicated that the multiskilling strategy may not be the most practical approach for certain trades, such as electrical and instrumentations trades. Eventually, this study contributes to the body of knowledge by providing a comprehensive assessment of multiskilled craft professionals' achievement and development across different trades in the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few decades, technological improvements have had a considerable impact on education, much like many other fields of society and human endeavor. The applications of today's cutting-edge technology are numerous in education, but recently researchers focused on using these technologies, especially artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), for students' performance prediction prior to the exam. It makes perfect sense to forecast student success to help all participants in the educational process. Student performance prediction may assist them in the selection of suitable courses and in creating their academic schedules. Keeping in mind the importance of student performance evaluation, this paper analyzes the prediction rate of college English level 4 by using one of the powerful ML algorithms called random forest (RF). RF uses numerous classifiers, or "ensembles", rather than just one classifier, and is based on the decision tree technique. To do this, we constructed input and output variables and collected data for these variables, including basic student information (gender, ethnicity, major), English scores on college admission exams, college English scores (total of four semesters), and extracurricular activities of college students. Preprocessing was performed on the collected data, which included the removal of unnecessary attributes, handling outliers, normalization, and data cleaning. After the preprocessing, the features were extracted and transformed into reduced dimensionality by the local-preserving projection (LPP) algorithm. From the extracted features, we selected only the most relevant in order to feed them as input to the RF model. The model is implemented in MATLAB in order to evaluate its performance. The efficiency of the proposed model is evaluated with the help of experiments in order to verify the effectiveness of the model. The performance of the RF algorithm-based college English IV pass rate prediction model is evaluated by computing the prediction accuracy, recall rate, and hit rate of the classification results. We achieved a prediction accuracy of 96.5%, a recall rate of 89.5%, and a hit rate of 93.3%. The results show that the random RF-based prediction model for college English level 4 has a good classification effect and that the prediction results are more accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Limited data are available on factors that are associated with passing rates for the Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Examination (SPLE). The aim of this study is to investigate student characteristics and academic performance characteristics that may predict their success on SPLE. Methods: This was a single-institution retrospective cohort study, which included pharmacy graduates from 2019 to 2021. Demographic, academic, and SPLE data were collected for each graduate. Binary logistic regression was used to explore the association between potential predictors and first-time SPLE pass status. A stepwise regression was then performed to develop multiple logistic models. Results: A total of 494 graduates were included in the study. Females, PharmD graduates, and on-time graduation had higher odds of passing SPLE (P = 0.0065, P = 0.0003, and P

Objective: To solve the difficulty of head and tail orientation in crayfish mechanized treatment. Methods: A crayfish head and tail orientation method was proposed by using the difference of crayfish head and tail shape, which was composed of a roller conveying and grading mechanism. The morphological parameters and orientation mechanism of crayfish were analyzed, then a simple head and tail orientation test device was designed and manufactured; Taking the orientation success rate （head down capture rate and tail down pass rate） as the evaluation index, the effects of capture net angle, orientation slot width and mesh size on the head and tail orientation of crayfish were explored. Results: With the increasing of mesh angle and mesh size, the capture rate increased and the passing rate decreased; With the increasing of the width of the directional groove, the capture rate decreased and the passing rate increased; The optimal parameters of the angle of capture net was 55°, the width of directional groove was 4 cm and the mesh size was 12 mm. Conclusion: The design of head and tail orientation device for crayfish is feasible.

ObjectiveTo provide reference for formulating effective supervision and management strategies， the overall situation of food safety in Tangshan was analyzed.MethodsThe food safety supervision and inspection in Tangshan from 2018 to 2020 were summarized， and the problems were analyzed.Results120 744 batches of food samples were inspected from 2018 to 2020. 3 046 batches of unqualified food samples were found， and the unqualified rate was 2.52%. The main food safety problems were the use of food additives beyond the scope and limit and microbial pollution. Among the 33 product categories， the unqualified rate of tableware was 25.61%， which was more prominent. The unqualified reason might be that tableware has not been thoroughly disinfected or improperly cleaned after disinfection.ConclusionInspection is an effective means to provides clues for effective supervision and clarify the key supervision area and requirements.

In 2019, the Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Examination (SPLE) was first administered to all pharmacy graduates and served as one of the prerequisites for obtaining a pharmacist license. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether institution and applicant characteristics are associated with first-time SPLE success. Passing status for 2284 SPLE first-time applicants was obtained from online public data for the years 2019 and 2020. The data included applicant sex, institution type (public vs. private), and college establishment year (2006 or earlier vs. after 2006). Overall, the SPLE first-time pass rate in 2020 was significantly higher than in 2019 (98.0 vs. 95.9%; p = 0.0062). Applicants from pharmacy colleges established in or before 2006 had a higher SPLE first-time pass rate, compared to those from pharmacy colleges established after 2006 (98.2 vs. 95.2%; p < 0.0001). The pass rate for male applicants was lower compared to female applicants (95.8 vs. 97.5%; p = 0.0221). The results of logistic regression showed that exam year (2020 vs. 2019), applicant sex (female vs. male), and pharmacy college establishment year (≤2006 vs. >2006) were statistically significant predictors. Further studies are needed in the upcoming years when more cumulative data are available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Identify perceptions from pharmacy faculty across the Academy concerning factors that may be influencing NAPLEX first-time pass rates to highlight potential focused areas of further research based on common experiences., Methods: An anonymous 43-item Qualtrics™ questionnaire was distributed to faculty members from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Questions were predominantly 5-point Likert scale items (5=very large impact) and encompassed six domains: pharmacy school factors, COVID-19 educational modifications, testing factors, standardized testing, applicant preparedness, and student factors. Demographic data as well as perceptions were reported with means and standard deviations., Results: In total 600 responses were analyzed. Respondents were predominantly female (66%) and white (78%). Most had a Doctor of Pharmacy degree, residency training, and were practicing as a licensed pharmacist within the Southern and Midwestern US. Respondents indicated that the decline in NAPLEX first-time pass rates is a moderate to large problem (mean 3.64, standard deviation [SD] 0.891), and the top potential influencing factors include student quality (mean 3.99, SD 0.876), student's critical thinking (mean 3.90, SD 0.947), study habits (mean 3.74, SD 0.920), and admission standards (mean 3.67, SD 1.082)., Conclusions: The top 4 factors indicated by respondents as impacting NAPLEX first-time pass rates were related to the student quality. This result highlights the importance of exploring issues related to pharmacy admissions and the need to implement effective strategies to support an increasing number of potentially less prepared pharmacy students., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest The authors do not have any financial disclosures or conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objective To analyze the clinical application of jaw width on cervical cancer from plan quality, plan complexity and γ pass rate in volume moderated arc therapy (VMAT). Methods A total of 20 patients diagnosed as postoperative cervical cancer in the Radiotherapy Center of our hospital from June 2019 to October 2020 were retrospectively recruited, and thery were designed with 4 VMAT plans with Eclipse v13.6. The X1 jaw of Half-V group was set with Tmax, the X2 jaw was set with T0, the jaw width of Arc1-V group was set with 2/3 width of target, and the jaw width of Arc2-V group was set with 5/6 width of target. The X1 jaw of All-V group was set with Tleft max, and the X2 jaw was set with Tright max. The other optimization parameters of all plans were set as the same value. The dosimetric parameters of the target and organ at risk (OAR), plan complexity and γ passing rate were compared and analyzed in the 4 groups of treatment plans. Results There was no significant difference in the dosimetry of planning target volume (PTV) in the 4 groups. Statistical differences were observed in the Dmax values of the left femoral head and small intestine and the V30 and V40 values of the rectum and bladder (P < 0.05). With the increase of jaw width, the dosimetry of OAR of the left femoral head, small intestine, rectum and bladder was in an increasing trend. The average leaf trajectory (ALT), aperture/control point (AP/CP), AP > 64 cm2 and MU were significantly correlated with γ pass rate in the 4 groups (P < 0.05). As the increase of jaw width, AP/CP, AP > 64 cm2 and γ pass rate presented growth trend, while MU and ALT were in decreasing trend. The MU/CP curve was higher in the Half -V group than the other 3 groups. The AI curve of 4 groups showed slight discrepancy. Conclusion The X-direction jaw setting of the cervical cancer can be selected 2/3 target area width or 5/6 target area width.

We investigate whether increased competition among inspection firms leads to an increase in the inspection pass rate in the Swedish car inspection market, which is heavily regulated and consciously designed to mitigate incentives to violate government regulations. We use a panel dataset that represent 22.5 million car roadworthiness tests that were conducted during the period 2010–2015. Fixed effects and instrumental variable estimations, which are used to account for the endogeneity of competition, show that inspection stations that operate in highly competitive markets are more lenient toward their customers than are stations that operate in less competitive markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Patient quality assurance (QA) is a required part of the treatment care path, and plan failure can lead to increased personnel hours or delay of treatment. The recommendation by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine is that gamma analysis be used to evaluate measured volumetric modulated arc therapy plans. Vendors have developed many different measurement geometries for patient QA devices which could yield varying pass rates when used with the recommended tolerances, normalization, and criterion. For this study, clinically treated stereotactic body radiation therapy plans were used to evaluate differences in gamma dose tolerances and sampled dose distribution complexity for centralized or peripheral measurement geometries on a cylindrical phantom. Random errors were then introduced into a subset of these plans, and the differences in pass rates between the geometries were correlated with differences in the observed mathematical differences. Finally, a single clinically relevant target coverage deviation was introduced to another subset of plans to evaluate whether a particular geometry is measurably better at identifying clinically relevant errors. It was found that centralized geometries resulted in more lenient dose tolerances and less complex sampled dose distributions compared to peripheral geometries. Pass rates were uniformly lower in the peripheral measurement geometry, and the difference in pass rates between the geometries correlated strongly with the difference in dose tolerance and weakly with the difference in the chosen complexity metrics. However, neither of the geometries were sufficiently sensitive enough to detect clinically relevant changes to target coverage when using recommended tolerances and criteria, and no statistically significant difference was found between their pass rates. Given these findings, the authors concluded that stereotactic body radiation therapy plans could fail patient QA when measured in the peripheral geometry but pass in the centralized geometry, with possibly neither having correlation to true clinical deviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper examines the impact of a scholarship program on underprivileged students, drawing on data from a two-year monitoring and evaluation (M&E) process. The report identifies both enablers and barriers to academic success among scholarship beneficiaries., Methods: Data on program impact was collected through interviews with parents, teachers, and school records over two academic years., Results: Financial aid emerged as a crucial enabler, with scholarships allowing students to focus on their studies by alleviating pressure around basic necessities. However, the research also revealed the importance of a holistic support system. Beyond tuition, the high cost of essential learning materials, including stationery, and subject-specific resources, can create a significant barrier. The study also highlighted the importance of student well-being. Health concerns, limited access to nutritious food, and even unaddressed mental health issues can all negatively impact attendance and focus. Furthermore, a gender gap emerged, with girls facing additional challenges related to social pressures to prioritize chores and the cost of menstrual hygiene products., Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of holistic scholarship programs that extend beyond tuition coverage. To maximize impact, policymakers and funders should prioritize initiatives that address the multifaceted needs of underprivileged students., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Copyright of Bearing is the property of Bearing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2019, the Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Examination (SPLE) was first administered to all pharmacy graduates and served as one of the prerequisites for obtaining a pharmacist license. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether institution and applicant characteristics are associated with first-time SPLE success. Passing status for 2284 SPLE first-time applicants was obtained from online public data for the years 2019 and 2020. The data included applicant sex, institution type (public vs. private), and college establishment year (2006 or earlier vs. after 2006). Overall, the SPLE first-time pass rate in 2020 was significantly higher than in 2019 (98.0 vs. 95.9%; p = 0.0062). Applicants from pharmacy colleges established in or before 2006 had a higher SPLE first-time pass rate, compared to those from pharmacy colleges established after 2006 (98.2 vs. 95.2%; p < 0.0001). The pass rate for male applicants was lower compared to female applicants (95.8 vs. 97.5%; p = 0.0221). The results of logistic regression showed that exam year (2020 vs. 2019), applicant sex (female vs. male), and pharmacy college establishment year (≤2006 vs. >2006) were statistically significant predictors. Further studies are needed in the upcoming years when more cumulative data are available.

Limited data are available on factors that are associated with passing rates for the Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Examination (SPLE). The aim of this study is to investigate student characteristics and academic performance characteristics that may predict their success on SPLE. This was a single-institution retrospective cohort study, which included pharmacy graduates from 2019 to 2021. Demographic, academic, and SPLE data were collected for each graduate. Binary logistic regression was used to explore the association between potential predictors and first-time SPLE pass status. A stepwise regression was then performed to develop multiple logistic models. A total of 494 graduates were included in the study. Females, PharmD graduates, and on-time graduation had higher odds of passing SPLE (P = 0.0065, P = 0.0003, and P < 0.0001, respectively). For each 0.5 increase in GPA, the odds of passing SPLE increase by 3.5 times (OR 3.53; 95 % CI, 2.83–4.42; P < 0.0001). Of the tests taken prior to university admission, the overall high school score, general aptitude test (GAT) score, and qualifying score were significantly associated with higher SPLE first-time pass rates. When multiple logistic regression analysis was performed, GPA and GAT scores were the only significant predictors for higher SPLE first-time pass rates (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0002, respectively). The current research has shown that there is an association between higher SPLE first-time pass rates and several factors, most importantly the GPA and GAT score. Further research is needed, as it has the potential to inform the decision when reviewing pharmacy admission criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Student success, faculty and university throughput, and the need for adequate and appropriate student support remain prevalent issues in the South African and global higher education sectors. Subsequently, the Faculty of Commerce, Law, and Management at a large South African university applied for Teaching and Development Grant funding in order to address these areas of concern. The grant was awarded and initially intended to help students at risk by implementing appropriate interventions to prevent them from dropping out of university or being excluded. However, being labelled as “at risk” was not well received by students and so the grant holders designed a new programme, adopting a decidedly more holistic approach. As such, the Road to Success Programme was born. The first three months saw those involved conceptualise, plan, and develop strategies, material, and interventions that were implemented in January 2015. The vision was to scaffold and support first-year students, particularly those in danger of being academically excluded, through an integrated network of tutorials, workshops, online support, and a series of resources called Toolkits for Success, in an attempt to help students achieve their academic goals. Despite a number of challenges, ranging from funding shortfallsand food security to students’ emotional wellbeing and resilience, 2015 proved invaluable in terms of refining strategies, gaining insight, and programme growth. Preliminary data shows an increased pass rate for students who engaged with the RSP, with higher pass rates linked to greater RSP attendance. Consequently, this article serves as a critical reflection of the RSP at the end of its inaugural year and will share data, highlight lessons learned and challenges faced, and discuss how the programme has been taken to scale in 2016.

As first-time pass rates on the North American Pharmacy Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) continue to decrease, pharmacy educators are left questioning the dynamics causing the decline and how to respond. Institutional and student factors both influence first-time NAPLEX pass rates. Pharmacy schools established before 2000, those housed within an academic medical center, and public rather than private schools have been associated with tendencies toward higher first-time NAPLEX pass rates. However, these factors alone do not sufficiently explain the issues surrounding first-time pass rates. Changes to the NAPLEX blueprint may also have influenced first-time pass rates. The number of existing pharmacy schools combined with decreasing numbers of applicants and influences from the COVID-19 pandemic should also be considered as potential causes of decreased first-time pass rates. In this commentary, factors associated with first-time NAPLEX pass rates are discussed along with some possible responses for the Academy to consider., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None declared., (Copyright © 2024 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: China Social Workers' Professional Level Examination (CSWPLE) intends to promote social work professionalization in China. It has been implemented for 10 years since 2008. The purpose of this study is to report participation and pass rates of CSWPLE and discuss the implications for social work professionalization and education in China. Method: This study drew data from the China Statistical Yearbooks and the China Civil Affairs' Statistical Yearbooks from 2009 to 2018 and presented participation and pass rates of CSWPLE in this period from both chronological and regional perspectives. Results: A large number of examinees had earned the title of junior social worker or social worker through the examination. The fluctuation of pass rates and regional difference in pass rates were observed. Discussion: The implications for improving test development and future research on the connection between social work education and CSWPLE are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pass rates are key assessment statistics which are calculated for nearly all high‐stakes examinations. In this article, we define the terminal, first attempt, total attempts, and repeat attempts pass rates, and discuss the uses of each statistic. We also explain why in many situations one should expect the terminal pass rate to be the highest, first attempt pass rate to be the second highest, total attempts pass rate to be the third highest, and repeat attempts pass rate to be the lowest when repeat attempts are allowed. Analyses of data from 14 credentialing programs showed that the expected relationship held for 13 out of 14 of the programs. Additional analyses of pass rates for educational programs in radiography in one state showed that the general relationship held at the state level, but only held for 6 out of 34 educational programs. It is suggested that credentialing programs need to clearly state their pass rate definitions and carefully consider how repeat examinees may influence pass rate statistics. It is also suggested that credentialing programs need to think carefully about the meaning and uses of different pass rate statistics when choosing which pass rates to report to stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering is the property of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Students consider numerous variables before applying to a doctor of pharmacy program. Some key non-modifiable variables may include program length, institution type, graduating class size, and pharmacy school grading system. The purpose of this study was to determine if there exists a difference in North American Pharmacists Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) performance based upon these variables. This was a retrospective cohort study using observational data. NAPLEX pass rates from 2015 to 2017 were obtained from the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) website. Data for pharmacy programs were extracted from the program, Pharmacy College Application Service, American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, and NABP websites. Based on each pharmacy program's performance on NAPLEX, variables with significantly higher pass rates were public institutions and those with graduating class sizes of 100 or more students. The results of this study suggest that graduating class size of 100 or more students and public institutions were significant predictors of success on the NAPLEX. Lower pass rates in 2016 may be due to the examination changes implemented by NABP that year. It is possible that programs and students were not being adequately prepared for the changes made to the NAPLEX format. Although not statistically significant, there was a rise in pass rates between the years 2016 and 2017. Therefore, future studies such as this one should be performed to compare NAPLEX pass rates from 2017 forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To obtain the pass rate of driving test of monocular visually impaired patients in Yunnan province and analyze the cause of monocular visually impaired patients．Methods We performed Visual acuity， computer Optometry， horizontal visual field， color vision and slit-lamp microscope on each of the physical participants. In this survey， 294 people who had undergone medical examinations from January 2018 to April 2018 were divided into three groups for retrospective analysis by age. The uncorrected distance visual acuity of the superior eye or corrected distance visual acuity reaches the logarithmic vision table 5.0 and above， the horizontal field of vision reaches 150 °， and there is no red-green blind person who passes the medical examination. The statistical method uses SPSS19 .0 statistical software， mainly descriptive statistics．Results 250 males and 44 females were included in the analysis. The ratio of males to females was 5:1. Age 18-60 years old， average age 32 ± 8 years old. The overall pass rate for medical examinations was 69.4 %，68.8%for men and 72.7%for women. The lowest pass rate for men and women is over 40 years old （χ2 =12.676，P＜0.001 and χ2 =11.092，P=0.001） ; The pass rate of men gradually decreases with age. Among the causes of monocular vision disorders， 148 male eye injuries， 68 amblyopia， and 34 others; Female eye trauma 7， amblyopia 29， other 8. Most of the injuries occurred in young age， including 96 sharp injuries， 48 bullet injuries， and 11 explosive injuries．Conclusion At present， the pass rate of the one-eye vision impairment driver's license in our province is 69.4 %. Among the causes of monocular vision disorders， the most important male eye trauma in early childhood， followed by the failure to detect and treat amblyopia in time; The most important female amblyopia is not found and treated in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]