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ABSTRACT Background and objectives: Among many lithotripters for fragmentation of ureteric stones, pneumatic and Holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy has reported favorable outcomes. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of pneumatic lithotripsy with laser lithotripsy in ureteral stone. Materials and methods: In this prospective study, 60 patients with diagnosis of ureteral calculus underwent ureteroscopic lithotripsy in Urology Unit, Department Surgery, National Medical College and Teaching Hospital over period of 2020 to 2021. They were divided randomly into two groups, each group with 30 patients. Group PL was treated with Pneumatic lithotripsy and Group LL was treated with Holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy. History and detailed clinical examination was performed as per the working proforma which included. Result of both the procedures was assessed. Chi square test were used for correlation analysis. Data analysis was done using SPSS (Statistical Package for social sciences), version 25. Results: Mean age was 26.5 years and 36.33 years in group PL and LL respectively (P=0.58), there was no significant difference in male to female ratio and mean stone in both groups. Duration of operation was significantly lower in LL group and Hospital was slight lower in LL group as compare to PL group (0.95). Conclusion: Ho:YAG laser and pneumatic lithotripsy are efficient and safe procedures for ureteral stones. Though operative time is higher in pneumatic lithotripsy.

Introduction: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the gold standard first-line treatment for renal stones. It a successful, less invasive surgery (> 90%) but with high complication rate (> 10%). The study aims to see the outcome of PCNL in patients with renal stone who were treated. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study which included all the cases that presented with renal stone and who underwent PCNL for the treatment. The data included in this study was from April 2019 to December 2021. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional Review Committee (F-NMC/578/078-079). The data were collected from the records available in the record section We evaluated the distribution of presentation, puncture site, stone clearance, blood loss, postoperative stenting and complications of the surgery. Results: The total of 63 cases underwent PCNL in our institute. The mean age of the patients was 34.68±14.108 years and mean size of the stone was 5.7531±18.07804 cm3. Among the total cases, 52% cases presented with renal stone on the left kidney, 54% presents in the pelvic ureteric junction. In 71% cases puncture was made in the lower pole and in 63.5% single puncture was made to proceed. Complete clearance of stone was seen in 94% cases, 4.8% developed urosepsis and 6.3% required blood transfusion. Stenting was done postoperatively in 95% cases. Conclusion: The total stone clearance rate in our study was 94% which higher when compared to other study. With the increase in case flow the efficacy of the procedure will increase and along with this the outcome of the procedure will increase.

The Marma sharira has a special importance in Sharira Sthana. There are 107 Marma present in the human body, surrounded by Mamsa, Sira, Snayu, and Asthiand Sandhi. The KakshadharaMarma is a SnayuMarma, located in between the axilla and thorax on both sides. Injury to Kakshadhara Marma leads to Pakshaghata. The area surrounding Kakshadhara Marma consists of the brachial plexus and its branches and the presence of the Axillary artery. Winging of scapula caused by injury of long thoracic nerve mainly, sometimes dorsal scapular nerve and spinal accessory nerve. The Most common muscles involved are Serratus anterior and Rhomboidus, but occasionally trapezius muscle is involved. The winged scapula presents with drooping of the shoulder, weakness in the neck, shoulders, and arm muscles, associated with painand discomfort in the neck region, shoulders, and back.

The knowledge of Marma dates to the Vedic period. The references of 107 Marma, its classification, location, size, injury effect etc., are available in the literature of Ayurveda. Guda is responsible for the elimination of flatus &faces. Guda Marma is situated in this region which is own folded palm (4 Angula) in diameter & injury to this Marma leads to sudden death. Acharya Sushruta explains it as Mamsa Marma, while Vagbhatta mentions it as Dhamani Marma. Direct Injury to the anal canal is infrequent due to external structure protecting it, but in case of penetrating injury (foreign body) or severe pelvic injury may injure the anal canal. The most common type of injury to the anal canal is a laceration, then vascular injury. The most affected structure is the anal sphincter. Late attempt of Extensive vascular damage increases mortality & spreading of a perianal abscess may cause sepsis, leading to death.

The Nabhi is the site of Prana, also Moolasthana of Sira. The Nabhi Marma is located between the Pakvashaya and Amashaya of the body (Udara Marma), Sira Marma. Injury to Nabhi Marma can cause immediate death or death within seven days (Sadhyahara Pranahara). Measurement of Nabhi Marma is about 4 Angula Pramana. It is also a surface landmark of the anterior abdominal wall. The exact location & structure of Nabhi Marma is not mentioned in the classics; scattered references are available in classical texts of Ayurveda about Nabhi, which does not make a proper interpretation. So, there is a need to properly review & observation to assess the possible location & structure of Nabhi Marma.

Introduction All endoscopic surgery in urology needs irrigant fluid for clear visibility and to wash out the blood and debris. Glycine 1.5% is widely accepted but sterile water is cheaper and easily available. All types of irrigants are responsible to cause electrolyte disturbance to different degrees. In our study, we compare the glycine 1.5% with sterile water as irrigant fluid. Materials and Methods In this prospective observational study, 64 patients were included with 31 patients in the sterile group and 33 patients in the Glycine group. Hemoglobin, sodium, potassium was analyzed postoperatively after 6 hours. Weight of prostate, resection volume, the volume of fluid, and resection time was calculated. Results There were changes in the parameter of hemoglobin and sodium but were not statically significant whereas the change in potassium was statically significant in both groups. Conclusion Sterile water is a safe inexpensive and easily available fluid for TURP as compared to glycine 1.5%. The study did not show any significant difference in using both fluids our sample size was small so needs a similar study with a large sample size to confirm the observation.

Introduction Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is clean-contaminated surgery. Prophylactic antibiotics are used to reduce SSI but there is still controversy regarding use of antibiotics in postoperative period. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of single dose versus multiple doses of antibiotics in terms of wound infection. Methods This prospective study was carried out in department of surgery of National Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Birgunj from March 2020 to March 2021. Patients with diagnosis of symptomatic cholelithiasis were divided using lottery method in single dose (SD) group and multiple doses (MD) group. SD group were given injection ceftriaxone 1gm at the time of induction of anaesthesia and MD group received injection ceftriaxone 1gm at the time induction of anaesthesia and followed by continuation of same dose twice a day for 2 days. Results A total of 249 patients completed the study among which 127 patients were included in the (SD) group and 122 patients in (MD) group. The mean age of patient was 37.37±14.30 years. In single dose (SD) group, 4(3.1%) patients developed wound infection and 3(2.5%) patients in multiple (MD) group developed wound infection which was not statistically significant (p=0.437). Conclusions Single dose antibiotic was found to be as effective as multiple doses of antibiotics in terms of wound infection in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Srotas is defined as the channel for the transportation of dhatu and nourishes the other dhatu. The Raktavaha Srotas are responsible for the formation and transport of blood. Yakruth, Pleeha and Raktavahini Dhamaniyam are considered the Moolasthana. The Rakta Dhatu is formed by the union of essential parts of Rasa Dhatu and Aahara Rasa with the help of Ranjaka Pitta, transported through the Sira. Hematopoiesis is the lifelong process of continuous formation and turnover of blood cells; it is mainly intramedullary and extramedullary hematopoiesis. Intramedullary hematopoiesis occurs in the liver, spleen and bone marrow, while extramedullary hematopoiesis is a pathological condition in the liver and spleen.

Marma is a unique concept of Ayurveda. Marma is the site of prana. Prana is constituted by Agni, Soma, Vayu, Satwa, Rajah, Tamah, Bhuthatma and Panchendriyas. According to Acharya Sushruta, Shareera Dosha and Manasika Dosha along with Bhootatma reside in the Marma. So, if Marma gets injured all the Dosha gets vitiated. The Lohitaksha Marma in upper limb is the Shakhagata Marma Vaikalyakar in nature and it is a Sira Marma. It is two in number. The injury effect of this Marma is mentioned as RaktaKshaya and due to which Pakshaghata or Marana will be observed. In the Sira Vyadha context, Lohitaksha Sira is mentioned as Avedhya Sira in the limbs.

Heteropneustes fossilis is commonly known as singhi and considered an ideal fish species for aquaculture. It is much utilized for food and is known for medicinal properties in many parts of its range. In the present study, the influences of haematozoan infection, the fish individuals were found to be infected with the number of haematozoans of the group haemoflagellates and sporozoans of different orders, in the freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis during the year 2014–2017. Giemsa stained blood films were revealed myriad stages of blood parasites and some specimens were having multiple infestations of flagellates, haemogregarine, viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN), pycnotic erythrocytic necrosis (PEN) and haemohormadian. The haematological changes were found significant (p 0.05) for mean cell volume (MCV), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), small lymphocytes (SL) and haemoblast (H). The infected fishes were found negatively correlated with most of the parameters viz. body weight, TEC, TLC, Hb, PCV and glucose excluding MCH and MCHC. This study describes influences of haematozoans in the haematological parameters of freshwater fishes Heteropneustes fossilis.

Sushruta Samhita, one of the representative treatises of the Dhanwanthareeya Sampradaaya of Ayurveda. Terminologies in the different contexts of Sushruta Samhita. Critical analysis of these terminologies under the Ayurvedic perspective is required to provide a new outlook towards understanding Sushruta’s approach to human anatomy. Sevani is seven in number. Among them, five are situated in Shira, one in Jihwa & one in Shepha. Surgical procedures are contraindicated in the region of Sevani. Jihvais derived from the Mamsa, Rakta and Kapha. It is composed of thirty-six Sira and nourished by four Urdhwagata Dhamani. In the description of Alasa disease, in which there is Paaka of the muscles of the tongue. Therefore, it is instructed to surgeons not to take incision in the midline part of the floor of the tongue.

The present study was conducted to record the complete life cycle of oak tasar silk worm Anthraea proylei in the western Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India. During this study the duration of larval instar stages were 4.80 ± 0.41, 4.00 ± 0, 4.80 ± 0.41, 8.00 ± 0 and 11.66 ± 0.72 days for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th larval instars, respectively. The shortest duration of the larval stage was recorded for the 2nd instar (4.00 ± 00 days), while, longest duration of the larval stage was recorded for 5th instar (11.66 ± 0.72 days). All the larval stages were completed within 42 ± 10 days. After hatching, the larvae developed, which were elongated about 4.17 ± 0.36 mm long. The larvae covered with many brownish-black hairs and start feeding at the given food plant. After feeding the total weight was recorded 0.07 ± 0.006, 0.26 ± 0.02, 1.27 ± 0.17, 4.65 ± 0.86, 13.72 ± 1.10 for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th larval instars respectively. The total length of all instars was 1.02 ± 0.03, 2.39 ± 0.43, 6.12 ± 0.12, 7.44 ± 0.43, 10.25 ± 0.17 for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th larval instars respectively. Larvae were reddish-brown in color. The weight and length of female pupae were 8.75 ± 0.15 gm and 4.31 ± 0.12 cm, respectively. The weight and length of male pupae were 6.41 ± 0.08 gm and 4.42 ± 0.22 cm, respectively. The weight of adult male and the female moth was reported as 4.02 ± 0.13 and 1.89 ± 0.07 gm.

The paper mainly described the haematological values of a fresh water catfish Hetropneustes fossilis (Bloch.) in relation to its length and weight which are the prime basic factor of the differences in blood parameters of any living creature including fishes. The hematological parameters showed significant differences with increase in length and weight of the fishes. Differential leucocytes count did not showed any significant differences except macrophages and differential erythrocytes count showed significant differences only in macrocytes. All three groups (Length and weight) of fishes showed significant positive correlations for total erythrocytes count, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate while negative correlation was noted for mean corpuscular hemoglobin; mean cell volume. Among differential leukocytes count only neutrophil showed positive correlation, while other parameters did not show any significant correlation. In differential erythrocyte count only microcytes showed significant positive correlation.

Background: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies in the world. The purpose of this study is to know clinical profile and outcome of surgery in patients with acute appendicitis. Materials and methods: This retrospective study was done in National Medical college and Teaching Hospital, Birgunj, Nepal from 2013 April to 2016 April. A total of 184 patients with suspected appendicitis who underwent surgery were included in the study. Patient's demographics, clinical features, white blood cell count, operative findings, histology report and outcome of surgery were recorded on patient's proforma. Results: Among 184 nd patients, 115 were males (62.5%) and 69 were females (37.5%). The majority of our patients were in the 2 decade (36.4%) followed rd by 3 decade (33.2%) with only 41.3% presenting within 24 hours of onset of symptoms. The most common symptoms were abdominal pain (100%), vomiting (68.5%), fever (37.5%) and history of migration of pain was present in 60.9%. Localized and generalized abdominal tenderness were present in 91.8% and 8.2% respectively. The most common incisions were gridiron (64.1%) and Lanz (27.2%). The negative appendicectomy rate was 9.2%. Acute appendiceal inflammation and gangrenous appendicitis was present in 69% and 4.9% respectively. The perforation rate was 16.8%. Post operative complications included surgical site infection (12.6%), complete wound dehiscence (1.1%) and chest infection (1.6%). The median length of hospital stay was 8 days. There was no mortality. Conclusion: Acute appendicitis is more commonly seen in young adults. Majority of patients present late in hospital. This delay presentation increases morbidity and treatment cost. JNGMC Vol. 14 No. 1 July 2016, Page: 2-4

The present review emphasized on decline of pollinators by application of insecticides. The pesticides affect badly to important pollinators alters their foraging behaviour and other important activities. The chemical composition of pesticides, methods and time of their application can alter toxicity to pollinators. To avoid this decline of pollinators the pesticides should be applied to affected plants only and should not apply in day time when pollinators remain active. Besides these above mentioned practices, other important measures like crop rotation, use of organic pesticides, use of bio-controller agents and weeds destruction are also considered good for pest destruction.

research is the investigation of a particular topic using a variety of reliable, scholarly resources. The three major goals of research are establishing facts, analyzing information, and reaching new conclusions. The three main acts of doing research are searching for, reviewing, and evaluating information. The research process has a beginning and an end, with many stages or steps in between. each one of these steps is built upon the foundation of information. Brainstorming ideas, searching for resources, and analyzing ideas are all information-based activities. Information is the building blocks of the research process. That’s why learning how to find, evaluate, and use information is essential to successfully engaging in and completing the research process (esc, 2013).

The ρ' (1600) Meson

Master's thesis in Biological chemistry The combined use of spectroscopic analysis and chemometric tools has wide application in evaluating and monitoring the product sensory qualities. The main intention of the work was to better understand the use of a spectroscopic technique in evaluating the changes in fluid milk when quality is reduced during storage or by special reasons. In addition, to study the possibility of correlating infrared (IR) spectroscopy results with the sensory quality changes in milk. This was done by storing milk samples for three consecutive weeks, agitating pasteurized milk with and without raw milk addition, exposing milk samples to different wavelengths of light (300-800 nm) using different color filters and storing milk samples at three different temperature for a week and one specific temperature for one day. Stored milk samples at 4 oC were analyzed weekly with sensory and spectroscopic technique. Sensory analysis showed that dairy and age of milk had significant effect (p

The present study was designed to investigate antihyperlipidemic activity of dried pulp ofAloe succotrinaleaves in Wistar albino rats. Hyperlipidemia was induced in rats by feeding them high fat diet (HFD) or D-fructose (25% w/v) for 4 successive weeks. From 15th to 28th day, dried pulp (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o) and atorvastatin (10 mg/kg, p.o.) per se were administered 2 h prior to feeding rats with HFD or fructose.Aloe succotrinadid not significantly decrease the body weight of rats. The dried pulp and atorvastatin per se significantly decreased relative liver weight but did not significantly affect relative heart weight. HFD or fructose significantly increased serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c, and VLDL, and decreased HDL-c; significantly increased liver MDA and decreased GSH levels. The dried pulp (200 mg/kg p.o.) significantly reversed high fat diet-induced and fructose-induced hyperlipidemia and atherogenic index.Aloe succotrinasignificantly decreased HMG Co-A reductase activity. Antihyperlipidemic effect of the dried pulp was comparable to atorvastatin. Thus,Aloe succotrinaproduced significant antihyperlipidemic activity in both HFD and fructose-induced hyperlipidemic rats, possibly through normalization of serum lipid profile, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity, and amelioration of oxidative stress in liver.

The foliage of Chenopodium belonging to 10 species were analysed for selected nutritional and antinutritional components. The overall range of moisture was 757-910 g kg−1, carotenoid 78-190 mg kg−1, vitamin C 0.5-2.4 g kg−1, protein 26-64 g kg−1, nitrate 2.6-5.0 g kg−1 and oxalate 9-39 g kg−1 (fresh wt). Variation of all the six parameters with respect to leaf position from the apex showed the highest amount of carotenoid at 7-8, vitamin C at 9-10, protein at 5-6 and nitrate in the youngest leaves, followed by a continuous decrease with age (increasing position). However, oxalate contents always tended to increase with leaf position (age). The protein, fat and fatty acid composition in seeds of eight species were also analysed. Protein varied from 106 to 142 g kg−1 and fat from 30 to 62 g kg−1; palmitic, oleic and linoleic were the major fatty acids in the oils.

Twenty two lines/accessions belonging to 5 species of Celosia were analysed for their nutritional and antinutritional composition. The nutrient contents, vitamin C varied from 18.8 to 53.6 mg/100 g, carotenoids 9.1 to 15.1 mg/100g, protein 2.1 to 5.9%, while the antinutritional factors, nitrate 0.18 to 0.46% and oxalate 0.98 to 3.93%. Moisture ranged 81 to 89%. Variation of these parameters with leaf position and the amino acids profile of some promising lines was also evaluated.

The seeds of 13 lines of Celosia referable to four species were analysed for protein, fat and fatty acid composition. The protein contents varied from 101 to 170 g kg−1 and fat contents from 56 to 109 g kg−1. The fatty acid composition was of the simple palmitic-oleic-linoleic type.

A fast electronic circuit for separating simultaneously produced scintillation and cerenkov radiations is described. In the design of the circuit, use is made of the fact that the decay time of the pulse of scintillation radiation produced in the plastic scintillator is longer than that of the cerenkov radiation emitted in the radiator or the light guide of a scintillator detector. Different decay times of the two pulse lead to different slopes of their respective trailing edges. The circuit selects one of these pulse by slope comparison and provides an output whenever the selected pulse is present in the radiator.

The multipole analysis of resonance photocouplings of Babcock and Rosner is extended to the case of single-pion photoproduction by polarized photons. The various polarized cross sections dsigma/sub parallel/(n..pi../sup +/), dsigma/sub parallel/(p..pi../sup 0/), dsigma/sub perpendicular/(n..pi../sup +/), and dsigma/sub perpendicular/(p..pi../sup 0/) are well reproduced. The present analysis is exploited for discriminating different models which predict photocouplings of nonstrange baryon resonances. Data is found to strongly favor a negative relative sign for P- and F-wave pionic decays in accordance with the findings of Babcock and Rosner.

The paper recognizes Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) as contributing factor for improving livelihoods of the rural people. Existing trend of NTFPs in Rolpa district reveals high level of its potential where a single Malagiri tree in the one of the VDC of the district has yielded profit of 15, 000 NRs. in gross. The study supports idea that the quality of life can be secured through the promotion of NTFP as an additional crop for safety net. Major outlet clusters for NTFP trade and marketing of the Rolpa district are Sulichaur and Holeri regions where mostly NTFP species were found to be traded. Malagiri, Timur, Ritha and Allo are major local species that have a high level of demand in the market. As a result, people have started cultivating a few species in their farmland too. Lack of knowledge and skill in the production of standard commodity has compelled district people towards traditional NTFP farming approach where they are not reaping optimum benefit. Realizing the potential of NTFPs in the district, it is important to consider modernizing the processing of raw material, development of transportation network and undertake facility for the producers. Such intervention could be a major breakthrough in the poverty reduction of the district and securing quality of life. Key words: NTFP, Livelihood, Community, MarketingDOI: 10.3126/jowe.v2i1.1858 Journal of Wetlands Ecology, (2009) vol. 2, pp 57-66