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1. Alignment for the first precision measurements at Belle II

Author

Bilka Tadeas, Abudinen Jesus, Ackermann Karlheinz Georg, Adamczyk Karol Mateusz, Ahlburg Patrick, Aihara Hiroaki, Alonso Oscar, Albalawi Mohammed, Andricek Ladislav, Ayad Rachid, Aziz Tariq, Babu Varghese, Bacher Szymon Grzegorz, Bahinipati Seema, Batignani Giovanni, Baudot Jerome, Behera Prafulla Kumar, Bettarini Stefano, Boronat Marca, Bozek Andrzej, Braun Nils, Buchsteiner Florian, Caldwell Allen, Camien Christian, Casarosa Giulia, Cervenkov Daniel, Chekelian Vladimir, Chen Yeqi, Chilikin Kirill, Corona Luigi, Czank Thomas Rafael, Das Sanjeeda Bharati, Dash Nibedita, de Marino Gaetano, Deschamps Bruno, Dieguez Angel, Dingfelder Jochen, Doležal Zdeněk, Dujany Giulio, Esperante Daniel, Forti Francesco, Fras Markus, Frey Ariane, Friedl Markus, Fuster Juan, Gabriel Miroslav, Gadow Karsten, Ganiev Eldar, Gebauer Uwe, Gessler Thomas, Giakoustidis Georgios, Gioi Luigi Li, Gobbo Benigno, Gomis López Pablo, Greenwald Daniel, Guan Yinghui, Halder Soumen, Hara Koji, Hartbrich Oskar, Hazra Sagar, Heck Martin, Hemperek Tomasz, Hensel Martin, Higuchi Takeo, Hoek Matthias, Huber Stefan, Itoh Ryosuke, Irmler Christian, Ishikawa Akimasa, Jeon Hyebin, Joo Changwoo, Kaleta Mateusz, Kaliyar Abdul Basith, Kandra Jakub, Kang Kookhyun, Kapusta Piotr Julian, Kiesling Christian, Kisielewski Bartlomiej, Kittlinger David, Kleinwort Claus, Klose Daniel, Kodyš Peter, Koffmane Christian, Kohriky T., Kono Tomoyuki, Konorov Igor, Krivokuca Silvia, Krüger Hans, Kuhr Thomas, Kumar Manish, Kumar Rajeev, Kvasnička Peter, Lacasta Carlos, La Licata Chiara, Lalwani Kavita, Lanceri Livio, Lange Jens Sören, Lautenbach Klemens, Lee Seungcheol, Leis Ulrich, Leitl Philipp, Levit Dmytro, Li Chunhua, Li Y. B., Libby James Frederick, Liemann Gerhard, Liu Qingyuan, Liu Zhen’An, Lück Thomas, Luetticke Florian, Macharski Lydia, Maity Souvik, Mariñas Carlos, Mayekar Sukant Narendra, Mccarney Sara, Mohanty Gagan Bihari, Mora Grimaldo Johnny Alejandro, Morii Tomoko, Moser Hans-Günther, Moya David, Müller Felix Johannes, Müller Felix, Nakamura Katsuro, Nakao Mikihiko, Natkaniec Zbigniew Marian, Niebuhr Carsten, Ninkovic Jelena, Onuki Yoshiyuki, Ostrowicz Waclaw, Paladino Antonio, Paoloni Eugenio, Park Hwanbae, Park SeokHee, Paschen Botho, Paul Stephan Martin, Peric Ivan, Poblotzki Frauke, Rabusov Andrei, Rao K. K., Reiter Simon, Richter Rainer Helmut, Ripp-Baudot Isabelle, Ritter Martin, Ritzert Michael, Rizzo Giuliana, Rout Niharika, Sahoo Debashis, Sanchez Javier Gonzalez, Santelj Luka, Sato Nobuhiko, Scavino Bianca, Schaller Gerhard, Schnecke Martina, Schopper Florian, Schreeck Harrison, Schwanda Christoph, Schwenker Benjamin, Sedlmeyer Reinhard, Sfienti Concettina, Simon Frank, Skambraks Sebastian, Soloviev Yuri, Spruck Björn, Stefková Slavomira, Stever Reimer, Stolzenberg Ulf, Suzuki Soh Yamagata, Takahashi Maiko, Tafelmayer Eva, Tanaka Shuji, Tanigawa Hikaru, Thalmeier Richard, Tsuboyama Toru, Uematsu Yuma, Verbycka O., Vila Ivan, Virto Amparo Lopez, Vitale Lorenzo, Vogt Sven, Vos Marcel, Wan Kun, Wang Boqun, Watanuki Shun, Webb James, Wermes Norbert, Wessel Christian, Wiechczyński Jarosław Paweł, Wieduwilt Philipp, Windel Hendrik, Yamada Satoru, Ye Hua, Yin Hao, Zani Laura, and Zhang Tingyu

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

On March 25th 2019, the Belle II detector recorded the first collisions delivered by the SuperKEKB accelerator. This marked the beginning of the physics run with vertex detector. The vertex detector was aligned initially with cosmic ray tracks without magnetic field simultaneously with the drift chamber. The alignment method is based on Millepede II and the General Broken Lines track model and includes also the muon system or primary vertex position alignment. To control weak modes, we employ sensitive validation tools and various track samples can be used as alignment input, from straight cosmic tracks to mass-constrained decays. With increasing luminosity and experience, the alignment is approaching the target performance, crucial for the first physics analyses in the era of Super-BFactories. We will present the software framework for the detector calibration and alignment, the results from the first physics run and the prospects in view of the experience with the first data.

Published
2020
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2. Data quality monitors of vertex detectors at the start of the Belle II experiment

Author

Kodyš Peter, Abudinen Jesus, Ackermann Karlheinz Georg, Adamczyk Karol Mateusz, Ahlburg Patrick, Aihara Hiroaki, Alonso Oscar, Albalawi Mohammed, Andricek Ladislav, Ayad Rachid, Aziz Tariq, Babu Varghese, Bacher Szymon Grzegorz, Bahinipati Seema, Batignani Giovanni, Baudot Jerome, Behera Prafulla Kumar, Bettarini Stefano, Bilka Tadeáš, Boronat Marca, Bozek Andrzej, Braun Nils, Buchsteiner Florian, Caldwell Allen, Camien Christian, Casarosa Giulia, Cervenkov Daniel, Chekelian Vladimir, Chen Yeqi, Corona Luigi, Czank Thomas Rafael, Das Sanjeeda Bharati, Dash Nibedita, de Marino Gaetano, Deschamps Bruno, Dieguez Angel, Dingfelder Jochen, Doležal Zdeněk, Dujany Giulio, Esperante Daniel, Forti Francesco, Fras Markus, Frey Ariane, Friedl Markus, Fuster Juan, Gabriel Miroslav, Gadow Karsten, Ganiev Eldar, Gebauer Uwe, Gessler Thomas, Giakoustidis Georgios, Gioi Luigi Li, Gobbo Benigno, Gomis López Pablo, Greenwald Daniel, Guan Yinghui, Halder Soumen, Hara Koji, Hartbrich Oskar, Hazra Sagar, Heck Martin, Hemperek Tomasz, Hensel Martin, Higuchi Takeo, Hoek Matthias, Huber Stefan, Itoh Ryosuke, Irmler Christian, Ishikawa Akimasa, Jeon Hyebin, Joo Changwoo, Kaleta Mateusz, Kaliyar Abdul Basith, Kandra Jakub, Kang Kookhyun, Kapusta Piotr Julian, Kiesling Christian, Kisielewski Bartlomiej, Kittlinger David, Klose Daniel, Koffmane Christian, Kohriky T., Kono Tomoyuki, Konorov Igor, Krivokuca Silvia, Krüger Hans, Kuhr Thomas, Kumar Manish, Kumar Rajeev, Kvasnicˇka Peter, Lacasta Carlos, La Licata Chiara, Lalwani Kavita, Lanceri Livio, Lange Jens Sören, Lautenbach Klemens, Lee Seungcheol, Leis Ulrich, Leitl Philipp, Levit Dmytro, Li Chunhua, Li Y. B., Libby James Frederick, Liemann Gerhard, Liu Qingyuan, Liu Zhen’An, Lück Thomas, Luetticke Florian, Macharski Lydia, Maity Souvik, Mariñas Carlos, Mayekar Sukant Narendra, Mccarney Sara, Mohanty Gagan Bihari, Mora Grimaldo Johnny Alejandro, Morii Tomoko, Moser Hans-Günther, Moya David, Müller Felix Johannes, Müller Felix, Nakamura Katsuro, Nakao Mikihiko, Natkaniec Zbigniew Marian, Niebuhr Carsten, Ninkovic Jelena, Onuki Yoshiyuki, Ostrowicz Waclaw, Paladino Antonio, Paoloni Eugenio, Park Hwanbae, Park SeokHee, Paschen Botho, Paul Stephan Martin, Peric Ivan, Poblotzki Frauke, Rabusov Andrei, Rao K. K., Reiter Simon, Richter Rainer Helmut, Ripp-Baudot Isabelle, Ritter Martin, Ritzert Michael, Rizzo Giuliana, Rout Niharika, Sahoo Debashis, Sanchez Javier Gonzalez, Santelj Luka, Sato Nobuhiko, Scavino Bianca, Schaller Gerhard, Schnecke Martina, Schopper Florian, Schreeck Harrison, Schwanda Christoph, Schwenker Benjamin, Sedlmeyer Reinhard, Sfienti Concettina, Simon Frank, Skambraks Sebastian, Soloviev Yuri, Spruck Björn, Stefková Slavomira, Stever Reimer, Stolzenberg Ulf, Suzuki Soh Yamagata, Takahashi Maiko, Tafelmayer Eva, Tanaka Shuji, Tanigawa Hikaru, Thalmeier Richard, Tsuboyama Toru, Uematsu Yuma, Verbycka O., Vila Ivan, Virto Amparo Lopez, Vitale Lorenzo, Vogt Sven, Vos Marcel, Wan Kun, Wang Boqun, Watanuki Shun, Webb James, Wermes Norbert, Wessel Christian, Wiechczyński Jarosław Paweł, Wieduwilt Philipp, Windel Hendrik, Yamada Satoru, Ye Hua, Yin Hao, Zani Laura, and Zhang Tingyu

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

The Belle II experiment features a substantial upgrade of the Belle detector and will operate at the SuperKEKB energy-asymmetric e+e− collider at KEK in Tsukuba, Japan. The accelerator completed its first phase of commissioning in 2016, and the Belle II detector saw its first electron-positron collisions in April 2018. Belle II features a newly designed silicon vertex detector based on double-sided strip layers and DEPFET pixel layers. A subset of the vertex detector was operated in 2018 to determine background conditions (Phase 2 operation). The collaboration completed full detector installation in January 2019, and the experiment started full data taking. This paper will report on the final arrangement of the silicon vertex detector part of Belle II with a focus on online monitoring of detector conditions and data quality, on the design and use of diagnostic and reference plots, and on integration with the software framework of Belle II. Data quality monitoring plots will be discussed with a focus on simulation and acquired cosmic and collision data.

Published
2020
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3. Measurements of Beam Backgrounds in SuperKEKB Phase 2

Author

Liptak, Zachary J., Paladino, Antonio, Santelj, Luka, Schueler, Jeffery, Stefkova, Slavomira, Tanigawa, Hikaru, Tsuzuki, Noritsugu, Aloisio, Alberto, Ahlburg, Patrick, Bambade, Philip, Bassi, Giovanni, Barrett, Matthew, Baudot, Jerome, Browder, Thomas, Casarosa, Giulia, Cautero, Giuseppe, Cinabro, David, Claus, Gilles, Cuesta, Daniel, Di Capua, Francesco, Di Carlo, Salvatore, Flanagan, John, Frey, Ariane, Fulsom, Bryan, Funakoshi, Yoshihiro, Gabriel, Miroslav, Girodano, Raffaele, Giuressi, Dario, Goffe, Mathieu, Hara, Koji, Hartbrich, Oskar, Hedges, Michael, Heuchel, Daniel, Iida, Naoko, Ishibashi, Takuya, Jaaskelainen, Kimmo, Jehanno, Didier, de Johng, Samuel, Kraetzschmar, Thomas, la Licata, Chiara, Lanceri, Livio, Leitl, Philipp, Lewis, Peter, Marinas, Carlos, Miller, Caleb, Nakamura, Katsuro, Nakayama, Hiroyuki, Niebuhr, Carsten, Onuki, Yoshiyuki, Pang, Chengguo, Paschen, Botho, Ripp-Baudot, Isabelle, Rizzo, Giuliana, Roney, J. Michael, Schreeck, Harrison, Schwenker, Benjamin, Simon, Frank, Specht, Matthieu, Spruck, Bjoern, Soloviev, Yuri, Szelezniak, Michal, Tanaka, Shuji, Terui, Shinji, Tortone, Gennaro, Tsuboyama, Tohru, Uematsu, Yuma, Vahsen, Sven Einar, Vitale, Lorenzo, and Windel, Hendrik

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The high design luminosity of the SuperKEKB electron-positron collider will result in challenging levels of beam-induced backgro\ unds in the interaction region. Understanding and mitigating these backgrounds is critical to the success of the Belle~II experi\ ment. We report on the first background measurements performed after roll-in of the Belle II detector, a period known as SuperKE\ KB Phase 2, utilizing both the BEAST II system of dedicated background detectors and the Belle II detector itself. We also repor\ t on first revisions to the background simulation made in response to our findings. Backgrounds measured include contributions f\ rom synchrotron radiation, beam-gas, Touschek, and injection backgrounds. At the end of Phase 2, single-beam backgrounds origina\ ting from the 4 GeV positron Low Energy Ring (LER) agree reasonably well with simulation, while backgrounds from the 7 GeV elect\ ron High Energy Ring (HER) are approximately one order of magnitude higher than simulation. We extrapolate these backgrounds for\ ward and conclude it is safe to install the Belle II vertex detector., Comment: 22 Pages, 33 figures

Published
2021
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4. Effects of gamma irradiation on DEPFET pixel sensors for the Belle II experiment

Author

Schreeck, Harrison, Schwenker, Benjamin, Wieduwilt, Philipp, Frey, Ariane, Paschen, Botho, Lütticke, Florian, Ahlburg, Patrick, Dingfelder, Jochen, Marinas, Carlos, Andricek, Ladislav, and Richter, Rainer

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

For the Belle II experiment at KEK (Tsukuba, Japan) the KEKB accelerator was upgraded to deliver a 40 times larger instantaneous luminosity than before, which requires an increased radiation hardness of the detector components. As the innermost part of the Belle II detector, the pixel detector (PXD), based on DEPFET (DEpleted P-channel Field Effect Transistor) technology, is most exposed to radiation from the accelerator. An irradiation campaign was performed to verify that the PXD can cope with the expected amount of radiation. We present the results of this measurement campaign in which an X-ray machine was used to irradiate a single PXD half-ladder to a total dose of 266 kGy. The half-ladder is from the same batch as the half-ladders used for Belle II. According to simulations, the total accumulated dose corresponds to 7-10 years of Belle II operation. While individual components have been irradiated before, this campaign is the first full system irradiation. We discuss the effects on the DEPFET sensors, as well as the performance of the front-end electronics. In addition, we present efficiency studies of the half-ladder from beam tests performed before and after the irradiation., Comment: 17 pages, 12 figures

Published
2021
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5. Status of the BELLE II Pixel Detector

Author

Belle-II DEPFET And PXD Collaboration, Giakoustidis, Georgios, Abudinen, Fernando, Ackermann, Karlheinz, Ahlburg, Patrick, Albalawi, Mohammed, Alonso, Oscar, Andricek, Laci, Ayad, Rachid, Babu, Varghese, Baur, Anselm, Bernlochner, Florian, Bilka, Tadeas, Bolz, Arthur, Bozek, Andrzej, Camien, Christian, Caldwell, Allen Christopher, Cao, Lu, Chekelian, Vladimir, Dieguez, Angel, Dingfelder, Jochen Christian, Dolezal, Zdenek, Fras, Markus, Frey, Ariane, Gabriel, Miroslav, Gadow, Karsten, Gessler, Thomas, Getzkow, Dennis, Gioi, Luigi Li, Greenwald, Daniel, Heck, Martin, Hensel, Martin, Hoek, Matthias, Huber, Stefan, Kandra, Jakub, Kapusta, Pjotr, Karl, Robert, Kehl, Jasper, Kiesling, Christian, Kisielewski, Bartlomiej, Kittlinger, David, Klose, Daniel, Kodys, Peter, Koffmane, Christian, Konorov, Igor, Krein, Matthäus, Krivokuca, Silvia, Kuhr, Thomas, Kurz, Simon, Kvasnicka, Peter, Lange, Jens Sören, Lautenbach, Klemens, Leis, Ullrich, Leitl, Philipp, Levit, Dmytro, Liemann, Gerhard, Liu, Qingyuan, Liu, Zhen’An, Lück, Thomas, Marinas, Carlos, Mccarney, Sara, Moser, Hans-Günther, Moya, David, Müller, Felix Johannes, Müller, Felix, Niebuhr, Carsten, Ninkovic, Jelena, Paschen, Botho, Paul, Stephan, Peric, Ivan, Pitzl, Daniel, Rabusov, Andrei, Reif, Markus, Reiter, Simon Patrik, Richter, Rainer, Ritter, Martin, Ritzert, Michael, Sanchez, Javier Gonzalez, Scavino, Bianca, Schaller, Gerhard, Schmitz, Jannes, Schnecke, Martina, Schopper, Florian, Schreeck, Harrison, Schwenker, Benjamin, Schwickardi, Marike, Sedlmeyer, Reinhard, Sfienti, Concettina, Simon, Frank, Skambraks, Sebastian, Skorupa, Justin, Soloviev, Yuri, Spruck, Björn, Stefkova, Slavomira, Stever, Reimer, Tafelmayer, Eva, Takahashi, Maiko, Vila, Ivan, Virto, Amparo Lopez, Vogt, Sven, Wang, Chunjie, Wieduwilt, Philipp, Windel, Hendrik, Ye, Hua, Zhao, Jingzhou, and Zlebcik, Radek

Subjects
ddc:620, Engineering & allied operations
Abstract

The Belle II experiment at the super KEK B-factory (SuperKEKB) in Tsukuba, Japan, has been collecting $e^+e^−$ collision data since March 2019. Operating at a record-breaking luminosity of up to $4.7×10^{34} cm^{−2}s^{−1}$, data corresponding to $424 fb^{−1}$ has since been recorded. The Belle II VerteX Detector (VXD) is central to the Belle II detector and its physics program and plays a crucial role in reconstructing precise primary and decay vertices. It consists of the outer 4-layer Silicon Vertex Detector (SVD) using double sided silicon strips and the inner two-layer PiXel Detector (PXD) based on the Depleted P-channel Field Effect Transistor (DePFET) technology. The PXD DePFET structure combines signal generation and amplification within pixels with a minimum pitch of $(50×55) μm^2$. A high gain and a high signal-to-noise ratio allow thinning the pixels to $75 μm$ while retaining a high pixel hit efficiency of about $99%$. As a consequence, also the material budget of the full detector is kept low at $≈0.21%$$\frac{X}{X_0}$ per layer in the acceptance region. This also includes contributions from the control, Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC), and data processing Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) as well as from cooling and support structures. This article will present the experience gained from four years of operating PXD; the first full scale detector employing the DePFET technology in High Energy Physics. Overall, the PXD has met the expectations. Operating in the intense SuperKEKB environment poses many challenges that will also be discussed. The current PXD system remains incomplete with only 20 out of 40 modules having been installed. A full replacement has been constructed and is currently in its final testing stage before it will be installed into Belle II during the ongoing long shutdown that will last throughout 2023.

Published
2023

7. EUDAQ—a data acquisition software framework for common beam telescopes

Author

Ahlburg, Patrick, Arfaoui, S., Arling, Jan-Hendrik, Augustin, Heiko, Barney, D., Benoit, M., Bisanz, Tobias, Corrin, E., Cussans, D., Dannheim, Dominik, Dreyling-Eschweiler, Jan, Eichhorn, T., Fiergolski, A., Gregor, I.-M., Grosse-Knetter, J., Haas, D., Huth, Lennart, Irles, Adrián, Jansen, Hendrik, Janssen, Jens, Keil, M., Keller, John Stakely, Kiehn, M., Kim, H. J., Kroll, J., Krüger, K., Kulis, Szymon, Kvasnicka, Jiri, Lange, J., Liu, Y., Luetticke, Florian, Marinas, C., Martinengo, Paolo, Nuernberg, Andreas, Paschen, Botho, Perrey, Hanno, Peschke, Richard, Pitzl, Daniel, Pohl, D.-L., Quadt, A., Quast, Thorben, Reidt, Felix, Rossi, E., Rubinsky, Igor, Rummler, Andre, Schreeck, Harrison, Schütze, Paul, Schwenker, B., Spannagel, Simon, Stanitzki, Marcel, Stolzenberg, Ulf, Suehara, Taikan, Suljic, Miljenko, Troska, G., Varga-Kofarago, M., Weingarten, Jens, and Wieduwilt, Philipp

Subjects
Calorimeters, Detector control systems (detector and experiment monitoring and slow-control systems, architecture, hardware, algorithms, databases), data acquisition, charged particle: beam, Particle tracking detectors, Data acquisition concepts, data management, control system, 7. Clean energy, programming, performance
Abstract

Journal of Instrumentation 15(01), P01038 (1-28) (2020). doi:10.1088/1748-0221/15/01/P01038, EUDAQ is a generic data acquisition software developed for use in conjunction with common beam telescopes at charged particle beam lines. Providing high-precision reference tracks for performance studies of new sensors, beam telescopes are essential for the research and development towards future detectors for high-energy physics. As beam time is a highly limited resource, EUDAQ has been designed with reliability and ease-of-use in mind. It enables flexible integration of different independent devices under test via their specific data acquisition systems into a top-level framework. EUDAQ controls all components globally, handles the data flow centrally and synchronises and records the data streams. Over the past decade, EUDAQ has been deployed as part of a wide range of successful test beam campaigns and detector development applications., Published by Inst. of Physics, London

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